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Del Uso Indígena Al Comercio Mundial Ciencia, Poder Y Explotación En La Escuela Nacional Universidad Federal Florestan Fernandes de Juiz de Fora Especialización en Estudios Latinoamericanos IV Turma Soledad Barret (2013-2015) Trabajo de Conclusión del Curso (TCC) DEL USO INDÍGENA AL COMERCIO MUNDIAL CIENCIA , PODER Y EXPLOTACIÓN EN LA MERCANTILIZACIÓN DE LA KA’A HE’E (S TEVIA ) Alumno: Santiago Liaudat Landívar Orientador: Mariano Zukerfeld 1 Para citar este trabajo: Liaudat, S. (2015). Del uso indígena al comercio mundial: ciencia, poder y explotación en la mercantilización de la Ka’a He’e (Stevia) . Tesis para optar por el título de Especialista en Estudios Latinoamericanos. Juiz de Fora (MG): Universidad Federal de Juiz de Fora y Escola Nacional Florestan Fernandes. 174 p. Correo electrónico del autor : [email protected] Resumen El pasaje de una planta que se encontraba fuera del capitalismo a una mercancía global altamente tecnificada está lejos de ser sencillo o transparente. Sin embargo, los análisis sobre mercantilización se han reducido la mayoría de las veces al momento de la manufacturación. Esta centralidad ha implicado concentrar la atención exclusivamente en los tradicionales tres factores de producción (trabajo, capital, materia prima) así como en un único lugar físico (la unidad productiva). Nuestro foco estuvo puesto, en cambio, en develar los mecanismos socio-cognitivos que antecedieron a la fase estrictamente económica y que fueron determinantes en la distribución de beneficios posterior. Se destacan las relaciones entre productores, intermediarios, mediadores y explotadores de conocimientos tradicionales, científicos y tecnológicos, y el papel de las regulaciones sobre los conocimientos. Sostenemos que la mercancía final cristalizó las relaciones de fuerza expresadas en esa historia previa a la comercialización. Con un saldo al final del proceso de ampliación de las asimetrías globales. En un esfuerzo por complementar la clásica visión marxista (centrada en la acumulación de capital mediante la explotación de la fuerza de trabajo), nos interesaba traer a colación esos otros mecanismos de acumulación que han cobrado un creciente protagonismo en la actual etapa del capitalismo: los derechos de propiedad intelectual. En cierto modo, la historia de la mercantilización de la Stevia se volvió un ángulo más desde donde mirar el comportamiento de la totalidad capitalista y, sobre todo, de las formas de concentración y acumulación de capital vinculadas a la explotación de conocimientos. ABSTRACT The passage from a plant that was outside capitalism to a highly technical global commodity is far from simple or transparent. However, commercialization analyzes have been reduced mostly at the time of manufacturing. This centrality has meant concentrating attention exclusively on the traditional three factors of production (labor, capital, raw material) as well as in a single physical place (the productive unit). Our focus was, instead, on unveiling the socio-cognitive mechanisms that preceded the strictly economic phase and that were decisive in the subsequent distribution of benefits. The relations between producers, intermediaries, mediators and exploiters of traditional, scientific and technological knowledge, and the role of regulations on knowledge are highlighted. We hold that the final merchandise crystallized the power relations expressed in that history prior to commercialization. With a balance at the end of enlargement of the global asymmetries. In an effort to complement the classic Marxist vision (focused on the accumulation of capital through the exploitation of labor power), we were interested in bringing up these other mechanisms of accumulation that have become increasingly important in the current stage of capitalism: the Intellectual Property Rights. In a way, the history of the commodification of Stevia became an angle from which to look at the behavior of the capitalist whole and, above all, the forms of concentration and accumulation of capital linked to the exploitation of knowledge. Resumo A passagem de uma planta que estava fora do capitalismo para uma mercadoria global altamente técnica está longe de ser simples ou transparente. No entanto, os estudos de sua mercantilização foram reduzidos, na maioria das vezes, ao momento da fabricação. Essa centralidade fez com que a atenção dos estudos se concentrasse exclusivamente nos três fatores tradicionais de produção (trabalho, capital, matéria-prima) e em um único lugar físico (a unidade produtiva). Nosso foco foi, ao contrário, o de desvelar os mecanismos socio-cognitivos que antecederam a fase estritamente econômica e que foram decisivos na posterior distribuição de ganhos econômicos. As relações entre produtores, intermediários, mediadores e exploradores do conhecimento tradicional, científico e tecnológico, bem como o papel das regulações sobre o conhecimento são destacadas. Consideramos que a mercadoria final cristalizou as relações de poder expressas nessa história anterior à comercialização.Com um saldo no final do processo de ampliação das assimetrias globais. Em um esforço para complementar a visão marxista clássica (com foco na acumulação de capital através da exploração da força de trabalho), interessávamo-nos em trazer os outros mecanismos de acumulação que tiveram um papel crescente na fase atual do capitalismo: os direitos de propriedade intelectual. De certa forma, a história da mercantilização da Stevia tornou-se um ponto de fuga a partir do qual se olha o comportamento do todo capitalista e, acima de tudo, as formas de concentração e acumulação de capital, ligadas à exploração do conhecimento. Keywords: Stevia, Stevia rebaudiana, stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Moisés Bertoni, explotación de conocimientos, biopiratería, mercantilización de la naturaleza, derechos de propiedad intelectual, conocimientos tradicionales, centro y periferia, teoría del valor, redes científicas, conocimiento tecnológico, normativas sanitarias, Organización Mundial de la Salud, JECFA; knowledge exploitation, biopiracy, commodification of nature, intellectual property rights, traditional knowledge, center and periphery, value theory, scientific networks, technological knowledge, health regulations, World Organization of Health; exploração do conhecimento, biopirataria, mercantilização da natureza, direitos de propriedade intelectual, conhecimento tradicional, centro e periferia, teoria do valor, redes científicas, conhecimento tecnológico, regulação sanitária, Organização Mundial de Saúde KA’A HE’E - HIERBA DULCE (STEVIA REBAUDIANA BERTONI) 3 ÍNDICE 0. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………………………………….p. 8 AGRADECIMIENTOS……………………………………………………………………………………..p. 13 1. USO INDÍGENA. Lugar de origen de la planta, pobladores originarios y conocimientos tradicionales…………………………………………………………………………p. 17 a. Lugar de origen y rareza de la especie vegetal. b. La Conquista y después. c. ¿Qué tan antiguo es el uso de la planta entre los guaraníes? d. Conocimientos tradicionales y biodiversidad. e. ¿Hubo conocimientos indígenas en el caso de la Stevia? 2. DE LO LOCAL A LO “UNIVERSAL”. Traducciones de conocimiento, ciencia periférica y colonialidad lingüística……………………………………………………..……….p. 33 a. Avatares detrás del primer registro científico de la Ka’a He’e. b. El nacimiento de la botánica de la Ka’a He’e. c. El nacimiento de la química de la Stevia. d. El nacimiento de la economía de la planta. e. Todos los caminos conducen a Roma. f. El poder de dar nombre y la colonialidad lingüística. 3. DE LA PERIFERIA AL CENTRO. Mediadores locales, instituciones imperiales y redes científicas ……………………………………………………………………..……….……………p.56 a. El Imperio Británico y los Reales Jardines Botánicos de Kew. b. Una rápida difusión de la noticia. c. Los laboratorios del Imperio Alemán. d. La estabilización como objeto científico de la química y la botánica. e. De la química de la Tercera República a la botánica de Harvard. f. Preeminencia norteamericana en la posguerra. g. Última expedición botánica a Paraguay. h. Peligro de extinción de la Ka’a He’e silvestre. 4 4. DEL LABORATORIO AL MERCADO. Explotación agrícola, desarrollo tecnológico y propiedad intelectual……………………………………………………………………………………p. 84 a. Primeras tentativas de producción de la Ka’a He’e. b. Primera explotación agrícola exitosa e inicio de la domesticación. c. Desarrollo tecnológico local. d. Una inesperada irrupción desplaza a Paraguay. e. Investigación y desarrollo en Japón. f. Biopiratería a la zaga de la primera patente. g. Excursus. Por los caminos de Dios. h. Mercantilización material y propertización intelectual. 5. DE LO PROHIBIDO A LO CODICIADO. Regulaciones de sanidad, empresas transnacionales y mercado global……………………………………………………..……….p. 113 a. Recapitulación. b. Corea del Sur y Brasil. c. Primera (y frustrada) comercialización en los Estados Unidos. d. Ciencia, intereses encontrados y el papel de los organismos de sanidad. e. Siglo XXI y un rápido cambio de posición frente a la Ka’a He’e. f. Nuevas regulaciones y apertura del mercado mundial. g. ¿Una oportunidad para el Paraguay? h. Al fin… el comercio mundial de la Ka’a He’e. 6. EPÍLOGO………………………….…………………………………………………………………………p. 149 7. ANEXOS…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………p. 152 a. Cronología de la mercantilización de la Ka’a He’e. b. Siglas y acrónimos. 8. BIBLIOGRAFÍA….…………………………………………………………………………………………p. 160 a. Publicaciones académicas y técnicas b. Documentos de entidades gubernamentales y organismos internacionales c. Artículos periodísticos y revistas de divulgación 5 ÍNDICE DE IMÁGENES Capítulo I 1. Lugar de origen de la planta………………………………………………………………………….……………….p.18
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