Dinâmicas Ideológicas No Movimento Punk Marco Antonio Milani

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Dinâmicas Ideológicas No Movimento Punk Marco Antonio Milani Dinâmicas ideológicas no movimento punk Marco Antonio Milani * Resumo : O movimento punk teve duas partes em sua ideologia, a negação do poder macro e a negação do poder micro. A primeira parte existiu nas idéias dos primeiros punks, em Nova Iorque e Inglaterra, a segunda parte evoluiu da primeira com a adoção de doutrinas políticas como o anarquismo e o comunismo, ela está presente na maioria dos punks ao redor do mundo. Palavras-chave : Punk; ideologia; política; poder. Abstract : The punk movement has two parts on your ideology, the deny of the macro and the deny of the micro power. The first part existed in the ideas of the first punks, in New York and England, the second part evolutes from the first with adoption of politics doctrines, like anarchism and communism, it is present in the most of punks around the world. Key words : Punk. Ideology; politics; power. Em 1º de dezembro de 1976 é dito o primeiro palavrão da televisão inglesa: Johnny Rotten declara no programa de Bill Grundy, bem na hora do chá das cinco: “Fuck”. O apresentador é suspenso por duas semanas e a imprensa inglesa faz uma sensação. A Inglaterra ficou chocada! (BIVAR, 1992). João Gordo, vocalista da banda Ratos de Porão, declara antes de um show nos anos 80: “Pau no cu da Globo, pau no cu de Deus” Atitudes como essas se tornaram extremamente comum entre os punks e é através delas que eles são muitas vezes lembrados. Como explicar tais atitudes sem ser contraditório ou sem seguir o senso comum que as trata como “rebeldia adolescente” e “falta de educação”? Para fugir dessas idéias simplistas este estudo vê nas atitudes do movimento punk uma ideologia autêntica e tenta explicá-la; o que, contudo, não é tarefa fácil, já que suas características são muito discutidas até mesmo entre os punks. Portanto ele lança mão de letras de músicas e depoimentos de integrantes desse movimento para tentar explicá-la de forma livre de filtros culturais. Não podemos negar que os traços do movimento expostos nas atitudes citadas acima são condizentes com as características mais gerais dos grupos jovens, onde eles buscam sua afirmação em um novo grupo social diferente de sua família. Esses novos grupos geralmente adotam posturas que subvertem a do status quo e buscam a mudança dos elementos repressores de seu grupo (Souza, 1997). * Graduando em História pela Unesp/Assis. End. eletrônico: [email protected] Isso no entanto não pode ser usado para negar o valor das idéias e dos atos dos punks, já que mesmo as idéias de importantes pensadores são adotadas por milhares de jovens, como as de Marx, Nietzsche e até Adam Smith, sem que isso lhes tire o mérito. Seria hipocrisia também acusar os punks de “rebeldes sem causa”, já que o movimento surgiu de um contexto muito comum nas grandes cidades do mundo, carregado de desemprego, abismos sociais e violência. Mesmo o fato de um jovem viver em um lar que não seja ameaçado pelas mazelas do capitalismo selvagem, isso não significa que ele não tenha o direito de se indignar com as injustiças ao seu redor. Enfim, deve ser deixada de lado a visão demasiado simplista que classifica o movimento punk como simples revolta adolescente, seja cultural, social, ou politicamente, para tentar entender o que ele realmente nos tem a dizer. Sendo adolescente ou não, é uma revolta ideologicamente bem estruturada (mesmo que não necessariamente homogenia) que deixou marcas profundas em nossa sociedade de massas. Sem querer assumir aqui o objetivo de definir um marco específico para o surgimento do Punk, vamos partir da cena novaiorquina onde surgiram bandas como New York Dolls e Ramones. No início da década de 1970, John Lennon proferiu sua famigerada frase: “O sonho acabou”. Esse evento é um marco para os muitos movimentos sócio-culturais jovens, mas para muitos garotos que confortavam-se com uma realidade extremamente dura, em subúrbios de cidades como Nova Iorque e Detroit, o sonho nunca existira. A cultura “paz e amor” e a psicodelia nunca atraíra esses jovens; estamos falando de pessoas que não buscavam, nas drogas, uma forma de expandir a percepção das coisas do universo, mas de fugir do mundo em que viviam. Esses jovens não se sentiam representados por nem uma liderança e não encontravam seu lugar na sociedade, eles foram chamados pelo poeta, ator, escritor e músico Richard Hell de Blank Generation , ou seja, a geração vazia. Nota-se aí uma forte influência do existencialismo que, no entanto, é agora potencializado. Esses garotos e garotas não possuíam uma ideologia a qual se apegar, a maioria buscava as drogas e se apegava todos os elementos proibidos pelas convenções sociais, símbolos considerados negativos pela sociedade, que iam desde o Livro Vermelho de Mao Tsé- Tung e Suásticas à elementos sadomasoquistas e homossexuais. Foi nesse contexto que surgiu, em Nova Iorque, uma escola de teatro que e auto- intitulava Ridiculous Theather , que tinha como princípio exaltar tudo aquilo que a sociedade norte-americana desprezava na época, seu elenco era composto por Drag Queens e deficientes físicos. Essa escola ficou famosa pelo uso de purpurina sobre os atores, que segundo um dos diretores, John Vaccaro: “A purpurina era a ostentação da América, era assim que eu a interpretava. E era bonito. A purpurina era maquiagem. Eu a usava porque ela empurrava o traseiro da América na cara dos americanos. Era a ostentação do Times Square” (MCCAIN, 2004). O Teatro Ridículo influenciou muitos jovens da cidade, que passaram a usar as roupas femininas (inclusive os garotos) e a purpurina. Nessa cena, surgiu o New York Dolls, que tinham um estilo inovador e agressivo, eles eram rudes com a própria platéia, flautulavam e cuspiam diante dela e a xingavam; sua música era igualmente agressiva e falava de assuntos de que os jovens da periferia da cidade gostavam de falar. As melodias eram simples e lembravam o rock da década de 1950, o que contrastou com o rock da época, que tinha arranjos complexos, produções de centenas de dólares. Na verdade, a própria banda não usava a purpurina, nem sequer se definia como Glitter , entretanto, o que fez com que a platéia se identificasse com ela foi o estilo escandaloso e agressivo dos Dolls, os integrantes vestiam-se com roupas femininas e sua performance tinha um tom considerado homossexual, o que era visto como cool 1 na época. Pela platéia, a imprensa chamou o estilo dos New York Dolls de Glitter Rock . Durante os anos 1960 e 1970, o rock era repleto das Rock Stars , celebridades ligadas a música que eram contratadas pelas grandes gravadoras, elas levavam uma vida extremamente luxuosas, andavam de limusines e moravam em mansões. Os fãs raramente chegavam perto desses músicos. Além disso, o rock vinha evoluindo em busca de novas experiências, muitas impulsionadas por alucinógenos e estimulantes, Led Zeppelin gravara uma música chamado Moby Dick, que era um solo de bateria que ocupava um lado todo do disco de vinil em que foi publicada. Tudo isso fazia com que o rock se distanciasse de seu público, e boa parte dos jovens já não se identificava mais com ele. A Blank Generation , da mesma forma que era descontente com os movimentos sociais, o era com a música. A rompimento dos Dolls com o seu contexto musical atraiu então esses jovens. Isso inspirou diversas outras bandas, que numa ética do do it yourself , se formaram para cantar sobre suas realidades. 1 Cool é um termo que aparece freqüentemente nos depoimentos de Mate-me por favor . Ele designa uma atitude ou algo que é considerado moderno, bonito e interessante. Ele era usado principalmente para designar o que inovava e fugia do comum. Dessa forma nasceram os Ramones, quatro garotos que viajavam do Queens para Manhattan para assistir os New York Dolls. Dee Dee Ramone chegou a declarar em entrevista para o documentário The End of The Century (GRAMAGLIA, 2004) que participar da banda salvou sua vida; durante sua vida artística ele diminuiu drasticamente o consumo de drogas e deixou para trás a perigosa vida de garoto de programa, que conta na música 53 th and 3 th . A família de Joey Ramone conta, no mesmo documentário, que em sua infância, os médicos declararam que seus transtornos psicológicos o impediriam de levar uma vida normal; isso nos mostra o quão grande era sua falta de perspectivas. Os Ramones são um marco para o punk rock e foram diversas vezes considerados um marco para a música mundial. Suas músicas têm melodias bastante simples, bases geralmente com três acordes que foram diversas vezes usadas por outras bandas punks em suas músicas. Mesmo depois dos New York Dolls, eles conseguiram chocar e agradar com a sua simplicidade, crueza e agressividade na forma da qual eram tocadas. Paralelamente, Malcolm McLarem punha um de seus projetos artísticos em prática; ele já havia empresariado, por algum tempo, os Dolls e agora mantinha uma butique em Londres chamada Sex. Ele reuniu alguns garotos que freqüentavam a loja e formou uma banda chamada Sex Pistols. A Idéia da banda era criar uma imagem oposta à de bem a que estava ligada a maioria dos movimentos sociais, principalmente o Hippie, na opinião de Malcolm. Para ele, a idéia do bem estava atrelada à do normal, que lhe era assustadora (MCCAIN, 2004). É importante ressaltar que o contexto em que ele se encontrava era uma Inglaterra extremamente conservadora, que defendia a sua estrutura social ignorando o caos em que ela se encontrava, milhares de jovens viviam do seguro-desemprego. Em 1972, Kubrick já mostrara a todos através de Laranja Mecânica que algo não ia bem com os jovens ingleses.
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