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Press Report on Development of Youth Clubs and Associations in Perak Before the Second World War

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Press Report on Development of Youth Clubs and Associations in Perak Before the Second World War Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No.3 (2021), 273-280 Research Article Press Report on Development of Youth Clubs and Associations in Perak before the Second World War Siti Zahrah Mahfood1, Wan Noorlizawati Wan Mat Ali2, Nazirah Binti Lee3, Rabaah Abdullah4 1,2,3,4History Department, Sultan Idris Education University [email protected] Article History: Received: 10 November 2020; Revised: 12 January 2021; Accepted: 27 January 2021; Published online: 05 April 2021 Abstract: Activities of youth clubs and associations in Perak were reported in newspapers prior to the Second World War. Based on library research, the primary sources examined, were newspapers such as Taiping Weekly, The Times of Malaya and Planters & Miners Gazette. Other documents and previous studies related to this study contributed to the discussions presented in this paper. This paper focused on details relating to the foundation of clubs and associations in Perak since the British set foot in Malaya. The establishment of these youth clubs and associations opened new avenues for youths from different ethnic backgrounds to participate in activities within their communities which garnered encouragement from the British for youth activities in Perak. Such support from the British reflected their eagerness in developing clubs and associations in Perak. This then served as a catalyst for youths to be involved in organising and establishing clubs and societies. While these clubs and associations developed and expanded, so did the leadership skills among their youths in Perak. There has not been much discussions about youth development and issues related to youth clubs and associations prior to the Second World War. As such, this study attempts to demonstrate the importance and role of youth clubs and associations in Perak that served as a vehicle in shaping peoples’ perception prior to the Second World War. Keywords: Club, Association, Youth, Perak, Second World War 1. Introduction Before the Second World War, the colonisation of Malaya by the British had raised concern amongst youth to be involved in social movements and activities through the creation of clubs and associations (Mohamad Kamil, 2013: 16). There is however very little information about development of these associations. This was acknowledged by William Roff in his book, Malay Nationalism. He stated that"... only once in a while associations were being mentioned in the local newspapers” (William. R, 1967: 284). His statement proved true as it was found that the various local papers had reported activities related to associations (William. R, 1967: 284). Amongst them were reports by Taiping Weekly, The Times of Malaya and Planters & Miners Gazette. Activities that attracted the press were those on culture, welfare and progress which represented Malay, Chinese and Indian communities while the in evolvement of other ethnic groups with associations were general in nature and were about local matters as membership was still small and limited. However, dates relating to associations’ activities could not be ascertained because such dates were not specified by the press. Towards the mid of the 20th century, youth associations in Perak experienced changes with the penetration of the Islah movement which originated from the Middle East (Maymon, 1973:43). Islah’s ideology on Islamic revival movement, influenced the associations’ approach and activities. They were fed with the spirit of nationalism and thus began activities toward uniting as a nation (Eko Prayitno, 2016 : 1). As a result of the changes, the dynamic approach toward revivalism had brought about overwhelming response from various ethnic groups to be involved in the activities of clubs and associations in Perak. This has thus caused an increase in the formation of new associations in Perak before the Second World War (S.M. Pengasih, 1931: 8). In addition, all activities organised by the associations and clubs, such as tournaments, competitions and festivals received overwhelming participation from the public. The public’s participation provided an opportunity to be affiliated with the association. They then had the advantage of being a registered member who then later became loyal members of the association. These grand events also provided a platform for cooperation between associations, creating common interests and social values while establishing strong networks. As these associations and clubs progressed, they began to appoint office bearers and committees to oversee activities that were being organised. Planned activities had to be discussed and approved at the associations meetings. Annual meetings were also held at the Ipoh Club which had become the centre for activities of clubs and associations in Perak due to its strategic location. (The Times, 1911: 11). Clubs imposed membership fees either on a monthly or yearly basis depending on the clubs regulations. As mentioned in the Golf Club’s financial report, part of the profit earned werefrom the membership fees (The 273 Siti Zahrah Mahfood, Wan Noorlizawati Wan Mat Ali, Nazirah Binti Lee, Rabaah Abdullah Times, 1911: 11). This revenue made it possible and affordable for the clubs to organise activities beneficial to club members. 2. Development of Clubs and Associations in Perak Development of associations and clubs in the state of Perak before the Second World War were influenced by the nature of the associations such as sports, culture or from the uniformed categories. In the early part of the 20th century the founding of the associations by youths were inspired by clubs and associations established by the British. Until the 1910s, many associations and clubs formed were related to or involved sports activities. (The Taipeng Weekly, 1935). The establishment of these sports clubs by Europeans were basically as a centre for social activities and as a centre for socialisation among club members. The influx of immigrants from China and India to Malayalater in the 1930s attributed to further expansion and formation of more clubs and associations. These new associations were characterised by their different ethnic identities which were oriented toward activities relating to their ethnic and religious interests. At the same time their activities through these associations became an avenue to look into the wellbeing of their people. In contrast, the Malays involvement with associations were to create awareness toward progress of the Malay race. At this stage of their establishment therefore, was more racial in nature involving Malays, Indians, and Chinese (The Taipeng Weekly, 1935). The need for such establishments was to serve as a benchmark for unifying each group of people to achieve their specific goals (Hussain, 1997: 31). Furthermore, the association also plays a role in developing the nation by changing attitudes, values, and ways of living amongst the youth with the hope of developing a more open-minded society among the people of Malaya. Active participation of the youth with associations and clubs in Perak began in the early years of the 20th century especially with the arrival of the British into Malaya (Faezah, 2017: 191). In 1911 there were a total of 22 active associations in Perak. The following Table 1.1 provides a listing of the said associations. Table 1.1. List of Association Clubs in Perak in 1911 No. Clubs 1. Ipoh Club 2. Ipoh Turf Club 3. Silver Billiard Club 4. Teutonia Club 5. Birch Club 6. Brewster Club 7. Club K.R 8. Gymkhana Club 9. M.S. M.S.V.R Club (Ipoh Branch) 10. Ipoh Golf Club 11. Perak Shooting Club 12. New Club 13. Taiping Recreation Club 14. Kinta Recreation Club 15. M.S.V Shooting Club 16. Lower Perak Club 17. Chinese Club 18. UnionParty 19. South Perak Church 20. Natural History Association 21. Perak State Band 22. Men’s Scout Association Source: The Times of Malaya and Planters & Miners Gazette (Weekly Edition), 1911. The formation of clubs and associations began to increase and this was evident with 36 newly registered societies in 1935. These new associations were as listed in the following Table 1.2. 274 The Mediation Effect Firm Performance on Green Innovation and Firm Value: Evidence the Mining Industry Table 1.2. Associations and Clubs in Perak, 1935 No. Clubs & Associations No. Clubs & Associations 1. Chinese Recreation Club 19. Kempe Tennis Club 2. Rugby Club 20. Taiping Turf Club 3. Perak Club 21. Perak Postal Athletic Club 4. New Club 22. Perak Flying Club 5. Golf Club 23. The Taiping Ramblers Tennis Club 6. Taiping Swimming Club 24. Police Cadet 7. Taipeng Literary Improvement Club 25. Men's Scout Union 8. Ellerton Club 26. Malayan Scout Association 9. Kempe Club 27. Taipeng Indian Association 10. Clayton Club 28. Taiping District Badminton Association 11. Taiping Inter Club 29. Hokkien Club 12. Sikh Athlete Club 30. Floral Badminton Party 13. Ipoh Golf Club 31. Evergreen Badminton Party 14. Boat Club 32. Chettiar Community 15. Silver Turf Club 33. Malayan Girl Guides Association 16. Recreational Club Krian 34. Taiping District Association 17. ParitBuntar Recreation Club 35. Ex- Services Association of Malaya 18. Perak Golf Club Source: The Taipeng Weekly Record, 1935 The increasing number of associations in the state of Perak after 1930s clearly showed that development of clubs and associations received a lot of attention from young people. For youths, clubs and associations were seen as a platform for public entertainment. At the same time these clubs and associations became a channel to bring together the various ethnic groups to be united as onecommunity in Malaya. With interests in sports becoming popular, the purpose of most new clubs and associations were sports based and such activities were reported in the Press at that time. The activities and events of 16 such associations were recorded in the Press reports of 1911. These sports based clubs were mostly founded by the Europeans. Table 1.3 below enlists clubs that were mostly founded by the Europeans: Table 1.3.
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