THAILAND THE UNWANTED: Rohingya Muslim refugees at an immigration detention center in southern . They have no citizenship in where they are fleeing bloody conflict. REUTERS/ATHIT PERAWONGMETHA

A Reuters investigation finds that Thai authorities are secretly dumping Myanmar refugees into human trafficking rings. Thailand’s clandestine Rohingya policy uncovered

BY JASON SZEP AND ANDREW R.C. MARSHALL , THAILAND, DECEMBER. 5, 2013

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SECRET TRAFFICKING CAMPS: A villager walks through a rubber plantation towards a secret human trafficking camp. A blue tent seen through the trees marks the site of the camp. REUTERS/JASON SZEP/ATHIT PERAWONGMETHA

ne afternoon in October, in They took our photographs. Ismail said he ended up in a camp the watery no-man’s land be- They took our fingerprints. And in southern Thailand. So did Bozor Otween Thailand and Myanmar, then once in the boats, about 20 Mohamed, a Rohingya whose frail body Muhammad Ismail vanished. minutes out at sea, we were told makes him seem younger than his 21 years. Thai immigration officials said he was we had been sold.” The camp was guarded by men with guns being deported to Myanmar. In fact, they and clubs, said Mohamed, and at least one sold Ismail, 23, and hundreds of other Muhammad Ismail. person died every day due to dehydration Rohingya Muslims to human traffickers, Myanmar Rohingya sold to human traffickers or disease. who then spirited them into brutal jungle “I used to be a strong man,” the former camps. rice farmer said in an interview, as he mas- As thousands of Rohingya flee from dehydration or disease, survivors said saged his withered legs. Myanmar to escape religious persecution, a in interviews. Mohamed and others say they en- Reuters investigation in three countries has The Thai authorities say the movement dured hunger, filth and multiple beatings. uncovered a clandestine policy to remove of Rohingya through their country doesn’t Mohamed’s elbow and back are scarred Rohingya refugees from Thailand’s immi- amount to human trafficking. But in inter- from what he said were beatings admin- gration detention centers and deliver them views for this story, the Thai Royal Police istered by his captors in Thailand while he to human traffickers waiting at sea. acknowledged, for the first time, a covert telephoned his brother-in-law in Malaysia, The Rohingya are then transported policy called “option two” that relies upon begging him to pay the $2,000 ransom they across southern Thailand and held hostage established human-smuggling networks to demanded. Some men failed to find a bene- in a series of camps hidden near the border rid Thailand of Rohingya detainees. factor in Malaysia to pay their ransom. The with Malaysia until relatives pay thousands Ismail was one of five Rohingya who camp became their home. “They had long of dollars to release them. Reporters located said that Thai immigration officials had beards and their hair was so long, down to three such camps – two based on the testi- sold him outright or aided in their sale to the middle of their backs, that they looked mony of Rohingya held there, and a third human traffickers. “It seemed so official at liked women,” said Mohamed. by trekking to the site, heavily guarded, first,” said Ismail, a wiry farmer with a long “HOLDING BAYS” near a village called Baan Klong Tor. narrow face and tight curly hair. “They took Thousands of Rohingya have passed our photographs. They took our finger- What ultimately happens to Rohingya who through this tropical gulag. An untold prints. And then once in the boats, about can’t buy their freedom remains unclear. A number have died there. Some have been 20 minutes out at sea, we were told we had Thai-based smuggler said some are sold to murdered by camp guards or have perished been sold.” shipping companies and farms as manual

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Sittwe Naypyitaw

RAKHINE STATE MYANMAR (where the majority of Rohingya originate)

Yangon

Bay of THAILAND Bengal

Andaman Sea

CAMBODIA THE ROHINGYA Gulf of Thailand EXODUS Rohingya camps Ranong To escape religious persecution in (Myanmar port town) Myanmar, thousands of Rohingya have fled the country, seeking refuge in Thailand. However, a Reuters Phang-Nga investigation found that Thai authorities are removing Rohingya refugees from its immigration detention centers and delivering them to human traickers. Baan Klong Tor 100 miles The Rohingya are transported across Strait of Sadao 100 km southern Thailand and held hostage in Malacca Padang Besar a series of camps hidden near the border with Malaysia until relatives pay the ransom for their release. Penang MALAYSIA Source: Reuters.

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laborers for 5,000 to 50,000 baht each, or $155 to $1,550. “Prices vary according to their skills,” said the smuggler, who spoke on condition of anonymity. The Arakan Project, a Rohingya advo- cacy group based in Thailand, says it has interviewed scores of Rohingya who have passed through the Thai camps and into Malaysia. Many Rohingya who can’t pay end up as cooks or guards at the camps, said Chris Lewa, Arakan Project’s director. Presented with the findings of this re- port, Thailand’s second-highest-ranking policeman made some startling admissions. Thai officials might have profited from Rohingya smuggling in the past, said Police Maj-Gen Chatchawal Suksomjit, Deputy Commissioner General of the Royal Thai Police. He also confirmed the existence of PHONY DEPORTATIONS: Thai immigration authorities put Rohingyas on boats near the Thai port city illegal camps in southern Thailand, which of Ranong to send them back to Myanmar. Instead they end up being sold at the maritime border to he called “holding bays”. human traffickers.REUTERS/ANDREW R.C. MARSHALL Tarit Pengdith, chief of the Department of Special Investigation, Thailand’s equiva- lent of the U.S. FBI, was also asked about carries the threat of U.S. sanctions. In prac- thousands of Rohingya in one of the big- the camps Reuters discovered. “We have tice, the United States is unlikely to sanc- gest movements of boat people since the heard about these camps in southern tion Thailand, one of its oldest treaty allies end of the Vietnam War. Thailand,” he said, “but we are not investi- in Asia. But to be downgraded would be a Widespread bias against the Rohingya gating this issue.” major embarrassment to Thailand, which in the region, however, makes it difficult Besieged by a political crisis and violent is now lobbying hard for a non-permanent for them to find safe haven – and easy street protests this week, Thailand faces dif- position on the United Nations Security to fall into the hands of traffickers. “No ficult questions about its future and global Council. one is there to speak for them,” says Phil status. Among those is whether it will join Robertson, deputy director for Asia at THE ROHINGYA EXODUS North Korea, the Central African Republic Human Rights Watch. “They are a lost and Iran among the world’s worst offenders Rohingya are Muslims from Myanmar and people.” in fighting human trafficking. , where they are usually state- Rohingya men, women and children The signs are not good. less and despised as illegal immigrants. In squeeze aboard overloaded fishing boats The U.S. State Department’s annual 2012, two eruptions of violence between and cargo ships to cross the Bay of Bengal. Trafficking In Persons (TIP) report ranks Rohingyas and majority Buddhists in Their desired destination is Malaysia, a countries on their record for combating Rakhine State in western Myanmar killed Muslim-majority country where at least the crime. For the past four years, Thailand at least 192 people and made 140,000 31,000 Rohingya already live. As Reuters has sat on the TIP Report’s so-called Tier homeless. Most were Rohingya, who live reported in July, many of these refugees 2 Watch List, the second-lowest rank. It in wretched camps or under apartheid-like were waylaid in Thailand, where the Thai will be automatically downgraded to Tier segregation with little access to healthcare, navy and marine police worked with smug- 3 next year unless it makes what the State schools or jobs. glers to extract money for their onward trip Department calls “significant efforts” to And so they have fled Myanmar by sea to Malaysia. eliminate human trafficking. in unprecedented numbers over the past Hundreds of Rohingyas were arrested Dropping to Tier 3 status theoretically year. Ismail and Mohamed joined tens of in two headline-grabbing raids by the Thai

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SECRET POLICY: A poster outside a Thai immigration center in the port city of Ranong warns against human trafficking. The truck is taking Myanmar refugees to boats at the nearby pier, where many will wind up in the hands of human traffickers. REUTERS/ANDREW R.C. MARSHALL

authorities on Jan. 9 in the towns of Padang nationwide, the Thai government set a July “mega camp” in Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Besar and Sadao, both near the Malaysia deadline to deport them all and opened another province in southern Thailand. border. At the time, Colonel Krissakorn talks with Myanmar on how to do it. The It was rejected after an outcry from local Paleetunyawong, deputy commander of talks went nowhere, because the Myanmar people. police in the area, declared the Rohingya government refused to take responsibility In early August, 270 Rohingya rioted at would be deported back to Myanmar. That for what it regards as illegal immigrants the IDC in Phang Nga. Men tore off doors never happened. from Bangladesh. separating cells, demanding to be let out- Ismail and Mohamed were among the Men and teenage boys languished for side to pray at the close of the Muslim holy 393 Rohingya that Thai police say were months in cramped, cage-like cells, often month of Ramadan. Over the last three arrested that day in Padang Besar. So was with barely enough room to sit or stand, weeks of August, more than 300 Rohingya Ismail’s friend Ediris, 22. The three young much less walk. In June, Reuters journal- fled from five detention centers. men all hailed from Buthedaung, a poor ists visited an IDC in Phang Nga, near the By this time, Mohamed, the 21-year- township in northern Rakhine State. tourist Mecca of Phuket. There were 269 old refugee, could no longer walk, let alone Their story reveals how Thailand, a men and boys crammed into a space built escape. His leg muscles had wasted away rapidly developing country in the heart for no more than 100. It reeked of urine from months in detention in a cell shared of Southeast Asia, shifted from cracking and sweat. Some detainees used crutches by 95 Rohingya men. Ismail and Ediris down on human trafficking camps to facili- because their muscles had atrophied. were shuttled between various IDCs, end- tating them. A doctor who inspected Sadao’s IDC in ing up in , a city on Thailand’s July said he found five emaciated Rohingya northern border with Laos. A SECRET POLICY clinging to life. Two died on their way Thailand saw its options rapidly dwin- After their arrest, Ediris and Ismail were to hospital, said the doctor, Anatachai dling, a senior government official said, brought to an immigration detention center Thaipratan, an advisor of the Thai Islamic speaking on condition of anonymity. It (IDC) in Sadao, where they joined another Medical Association. couldn’t protest to Myanmar’s government 300 Rohingya rounded up from a nearby As the plight of Rohingya detainees to improve the lives of Rohingya and stem smuggler’s house. The two-story IDC, de- made world headlines, pressure mounted the exodus, the official said. That could ruf- signed for a few dozen inmates, was over- on Thailand. But Myanmar wouldn’t take fle diplomatic feathers and even jeopardize flowing. Women and children were moved them, nor would Malaysia. With thousands the access of Thai companies hoping to in- to sheltered housing, while some men were more arriving, the U.N.’s refugee agency is- vest in Myanmar, one of the world’s hottest sent to other IDCs across Thailand. sued an urgent appeal for alternative hous- frontier markets. With about 1,700 Rohingya locked up ing. The government proposed building a Nor could Thailand arrest, prosecute and

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jail the Rohingya for breaking Thai immi- gration law - there were simply too many of them. “There would be no room in our prison cells,” Police Maj-Gen Chatchawal said. That growing problem gave birth to “option two” in October, a secret policy to deport the refugees back to Myanmar that led to Rohingyas being sold to human traf- ficking networks. A hint of the policy shift came weeks earlier, on Sept. 13, when Police Lt. Gen. Panu Kerdlarppol, chief of the Immigration Bureau, met with officials from other agen- cies on the resort island of Koh Samui to decide what to do with the Rohingya. Afterwards, Kerdlarppol announced that immigration authorities would take state- ments from the Rohingya “to arrange their deportation” and see if any want to go PREFERRED DESTINATION: Bozor Mohamed now lives in Malaysia’s capital of Kuala Lumpur after he home. Arrangements would be made for escaped a human trafficking camp in southern Thailand. Most Myanmar Rohingyas are trying to get to those who did. Muslim-majority Malaysia. REUTERS/SAMSUL SAID By early October, 2,058 Rohingya were held in 14 IDCs across Thailand, accord- ing to the Internal Security Operations trawlers from Thailand and Burma ply the of 1,200 km (746 miles) from Nong Khai. Command, a national security agency run same waters as dive boats and yachts. So do At Ranong’s IDC, they were photo- by the Thai military. A month later, that wooden “long-tail” boats, named after their graphed and told by Thai immigration offi- number stood at about 600, according extended drive-shafts, which ferry Burmese cers they were being sent back to Myanmar. to non-governmental organizations and migrant workers to the Myanmar port of “They said no other countries were accept- Muslim aid workers. By the first week of Kawthaung, only a 30-minute voyage away. ing Rohingya, and Myanmar had become December, it was 154, Thailand’s immigra- By late October, hundreds of Rohingya peaceful,” said Ismail. tion department said. were being packed onto immigration Then they were driven to a Ranong Rohingya were fast disappearing from trucks and driven to Ranong for processing pier and herded onto four long-tail boats, Thailand’s IDCs, and nobody knew where and deportation. Among them were Ismail each with a three-man crew of Thais and they were going. and Ediris, who arrived in the port city af- Burmese. Once at sea, the Rohingya asked ter a grueling, standing room-only journey the boat driver to help them. The Burmese- “WE NOW BELONGED TO THEM” speaking driver shook his head and told the Central to the policy was Ranong, a sparse- Rohingya they had been sold by Thai im- ly populated Thai province whose geogra- migration officials for 11,000 baht ($350) phy has always made it a smugglers’ para- each. dise. Ranong shares a long, ill-policed land “They told us we now belonged to them,” and sea border with Myanmar. Its coast- said Ismail. line is blanketed in dense mangrove forest After about 30 minutes at sea, the boats and dotted with small, often uninhabited stopped. It was early afternoon on Oct. islands. 23. The vessels waited until about 6 p.m., The provincial capital, also called when a large fishing boat arrived. They were Ranong, was built on tin mining but now loaded aboard and sailed through the night lives off fishing and tourism. Rust-streaked until they reached a jungle island, separated

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from the mainland by a narrow river. It was before dawn, the two men made their THE JUNGLE CAMPS about 4 a.m. move. A guard fired shots in the air as they Bozor Mohamed, the third young Ismail said he saw about 200 other ran through the jungle and waded through Rohingya from Buthedaung, said he was Rohingya in that camp, mostly sleeping a river to reach the mainland. For the next held for 10 days at a jungle camp in Padang and guarded by men with guns. The guards 24 hours, they survived by drinking stream- Besar. shoved Ismail and the others into a muddy water and eating the bark of banana trees. He, too, said he had been delivered by clearing. There was no water or food. He They emerged onto a rubber plantation, Thai officials to trafficking boats along was told he must pay 60,000 Thai baht their feet lacerated from the bare-foot the maritime border with Myanmar. ($1,850). Did he have family who could jungle trek, and met a Burmese man who Afterwards, in torrential rain and under send the money? If he did, he could go promised to spirit them into Malaysia for cover of darkness, along with perhaps 200 wherever he wanted, Ismail said he was 8,000 baht, or $250, each. other Rohingya, Mohamed said he was told. “If you don’t, we’ll use this,” one guard They agreed and were driven to a house ferried back across the strait to Thailand, said, showing an iron rod. in southern Thailand, where Reuters in- where a new ordeal began. Ismail had some cash but not enough. terviewed them hours before they were The men were taken on a two-day jour- “We need to escape,” he whispered to smuggled by pick-up across the Malaysian ney by van, motor-bike, and foot to a smug- Ediris. After an hour at the camp, just border. gler’s camp on the border with Malaysia. Thailand’s anti-trafficking effort loses steam

The U.S. State Department is gathering of them an official - resulted in convictions, engaged in trafficking-related corruption.” information for its next Trafficking In Persons the report said. When Reuters described what it learned (TIP) Report, due to be published in June. Corruption among Thai law enforcement about Rohingya trafficking to DSI chief Tarit It ranks countries on their efforts to combat personnel allowed human trafficking to Pengdith, he said it was the responsibility of human trafficking. Thailand faces an prosper, said the State Department. Thai the Thai police and military to investigate. automatic downgrade to Tier 3, the lowest police and immigration officials “extorted “The DSI has heard about cases of rank, unless it makes “significant efforts” to money or sex” from detainees or “sold Rohingya being moved from immigration improve its record, the State Department Burmese migrants unable to pay labor detention centers across Thailand to other says. brokers or sex traffickers,” the 2013 report parts of the country where they are sold to In an interview with Reuters, Police said. human traffickers, but we are not responsible Maj-Gen Chatchawal Suksomjit of the Royal The same report urged the Department for investigating these cases,” Tarit said. Thai Police defended Thailand’s record for of Special Investigation (DSI), Thailand’s Ultimately, the stateless Rohingya are not investigating and prosecuting traffickers and answer to the FBI, to “increase efforts . . . to the police’s responsibility either, Police Maj- the Thai officials who help them. investigate, prosecute, and convict officials Gen Chatchawal said: “The Rohingya are Nine people have been arrested in Myanmar’s problem because they don’t want Thailand in relation to Rohingya-smuggling to stay in Myanmar. They are persecuted so far in 2013, including two government there.” officials, according to data provided by Myanmar, meanwhile, disowns them, Chatchawal’s office. None of the arrests have recently rejecting a U.N. resolution urging led to convictions, however, and charges citizenship for the Rohingya. Myanmar against one of the two officials were dropped. 9 The number of people prosecuted government spokesman Ye Htut referred to a The numbers suggest the enforcement for trafficking in Thailand so far in 1982 citizenship law that effectively renders is losing steam. Thailand prosecuted 27 2013, down from 27 in 2012 and the Rohingya stateless. people for trafficking in 2012, down from 67 67 in 2011 “Citizenship will not be granted to those the previous year, according to the 2013 TIP who are not entitled to it under the law no Report. Only 10 of those prosecutions - one Source: Royal Thai Police matter who applies pressure on us,” he said.

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On the final hike, men with canes beat the young Rohingya and the others, many of them hobbled by months of detention. They stumbled and dragged themselves up steep forested hills. Making the same trek was Mohamed Hassan, a fourth Rohingya to escape Thailand’s trafficking network. Hassan is a baby-faced 19-year-old from the Rakhine capital of Sittwe. He said he arrived at the camp in September after an overnight journey in a pick-up truck, followed by a two-hour walk into the hills with dozens of other Rohingya. Their captors ordered them to carry supplies, he said. Already giddy with fatigue and hunger after eight days at sea, the 19-year-old shouldered a sack of ETHNIC CONFLICT: Violence between majority Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar first rice. “If we stopped, the men beat us with erupted in June 2012, destroying this neighbourhood in the Rakhine state capital of Sittwe. REUTERS/ sticks,” he said. SOE ZEYA TUN The camp was partially skirted by a barbed-wire fence, he said, and guarded by about 25 men with guns, knives and Thailand. Hassan said he had his brother’s reporters didn’t attempt to enter. Villagers clubs. Hassan reckoned it held about 300 telephone number with him, but at first his who have visited the camp said the num- Rohingya. They slept on plastic sheets, captors wouldn’t let him call it. (Traffickers ber of people held inside ranged from an unprotected from the sun and rain, and are reluctant to deal with relatives in estimated 500 to a thousand or more, de- were allowed only one meal a day, of rice Thailand, in case they have contacts with pending on the number of people arriving, and dried fish. He said he was constantly the Thai authorities that could jeopardize departing or escaping. hungry. operations.) Interviews with about a dozen villag- One night, two Rohingya men tried Eventually, Hassan reached his brother, ers also confirmed two other large camps: to escape. The guards tracked them down, who said he sold his motorbike to help one less than a mile away, and another in bound their hands and dragged them back raise the equivalent of about $3,000 to se- Padang Besar, near the Malaysia border. to camp. Then, the guards beat the two cure Hassan’s freedom, after 20 days in the “THAT RED LINE IN THE SEA” men with clubs, rods and lengths of rubber. camp. “Everybody watched,” said Hassan. “We Reporters were able to trace the location Major General Chatchawal of the Royal said nothing. Some people were crying.” of three trafficking camps, based on the tes- Thai Police in Bangkok admitted there was The beating lasted some 30 minutes, he timony of Rohingya who previously were an unofficial policy to deport the Rohingya said. Then a guard drew a small knife and held in them. to Myanmar. He called this “a natural way slit the throat of one of the fugitives. Three journalists traveled on motor- or option two.” But he said the Rohingya The prisoners were ordered to dispose bikes and then hiked through rubber plan- went voluntarily. of his corpse in the forest. The other vic- tations and dense jungle to directly confirm “Some Rohingya in our IDCs can’t tim was dumped in a stream. Afterwards, the existence of a major camp near Baan stand being in limbo, so they ask to return Hassan vomited with fear and exhaustion, Klong Tor. to where they came from,” said Chatchawal. but tried not to cry. “When I cried they Concealed by a blue tarpaulin tent, “This means going back to Myanmar.” beat me. I had already decided that I would the Rohingya were split into groups of Rohingya at the IDCs, for instance, sign die there.” men and women. Some prayed. The en- statements in the presence of a local Islamic His only hope of release was his old- campment was patrolled by armed guards leader, in which they agree they want to re- er brother, 42, a long-time resident of and protected by villagers and police. The turn to Myanmar.

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These statements, however, were at times produced in the absence of a Rohingya lan- guage translator. When reporters visited the Sadao IDC for this story, the translator was a Muslim from Myanmar who spoke only Thai and Burmese, and thus unable to explain what the detainees were signing. Chatchawal was also presented with recent testimony from Rohingya who said they weren’t taken to back to Myanmar. Instead, they were put in boats by Thai im- migration officials, told they had been sold and taken under duress to Thailand’s camps. Reporters interviewed four Rohingya for this story who said they fell prey to traf- ficking with official complicity. At the house where Ediris and Ismail were interviewed were two other survivors of the trafficking camps: Abdul Basser, 24, NUMBERED: Rohingya Muslims, wearing numbered shirts that identify them for officials, pray at an and Fir Mohamed, 28. They told similar immigration detention center in southern Thailand. The camps are fast emptying under Thailand’s stories. Both were arrested after arriving in policy of deporting them back to Myanmar. Many instead are sold to traffickers. Thailand on Jan. 25, and held at the over- REUTERS/ATHIT PERAWONGMETHA crowded Phang Nga IDC for about eight months. On Oct. 17, the two men, along with dozens of other Rohingya, were driv- exchange for Rohingya, but not anymore. like these. They could be hidden deep in en overnight to Ranong. “In the past, and I stress in the past, there the jungle.” “We were told we could go back to may have been cases of officials taking pay- Myanmar,” said Mohamed. ments for handing over migrants to boats,” Additional reporting by Jutaret Skulpichetrat That day, 48 Rohingya and five Buddhist he said. “I am not ruling it out, but I don’t and Amy Sawitta Lefevre in Bangkok, and Burmese were loaded into trucks and driv- know of any specific cases recently.” Stuart Grudgings in Kuala Lumpur. Editing by en to a pier. The five Burmese were put on He said it was possible the Rohingya Michael Williams and Bill Tarrant one boat; the Rohingya were put on an- were intercepted by brokers and never other. After about a half hour at sea, the made it to Myanmar. “Once they’ve crossed captain cut the engine. “We thought the that border, that red line in the sea, they are engine had stalled or broke down,” said Myanmar’s responsibility,” he said. Basser. “The captain told us we could not He also admitted the camps uncovered go back to Myanmar, that we had been sold by Reuters exist in breach of Thai laws. by the immigration and police,” he added. He referred to them as “temporary shel- FOR MORE INFORMATION Mohamed and Basser, too, escaped after ters” for a people who ultimately want to Jason Szep, Southeast Asia Bureau Chief being brought to an island near mainland reach Malaysia. The smugglers who run the [email protected] Thailand. camps “extort money from Rohingya” but Andrew R.C. Marshall Until now, the Thai government has de- police don’t accept bribes from them, he [email protected] nied official complicity in the smuggling or said. Bill Tarrant, Enterprise Editor trafficking of Rohingya. But in a break with As for the trafficking way stations in [email protected] that position, Chatchawal said Thai officials Padang Besar and Sadao, Chatchawal said: Michael Williams, Global Enterprise Editor might have received money previously in “I do believe there could be more camps [email protected]

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