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Ion Sources for High-Power Hadron Accelerators
Ion sources for high-power hadron accelerators Daniel C. Faircloth Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK Abstract Ion sources are a critical component of all particle accelerators. They create the initial beam that is accelerated by the rest of the machine. This paper will introduce the many methods of creating a beam for high-power hadron accelerators. A brief introduction to some of the relevant concepts of plasma physics and beam formation is given. The different types of ion source used in accelerators today are examined. Positive ion sources for producing H+ ions and multiply charged heavy ions are covered. The physical principles involved with negative ion production are outlined and different types of negative ion sources are described. Cutting edge ion source technology and the techniques used to develop sources for the next generation of accelerators are discussed. 1 Introduction 1.1 Ion source basics An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, thus giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. The name ion (from the Greek ιον, meaning "going") was first suggested by William Whewell in 1834. Michael Faraday used the term to refer to the charged particles that carry current in his electrolysis experiments. Ion sources consist of two parts: a plasma generator and an extraction system. The plasma generator must be able to provide enough of the correct ions to the extraction system. There are numerous ways of making plasma: electrical discharges in all of their forms; heating by many different means; using lasers; or even being hit by beams of other particles. -
United States Patent Office 368)
Patented May 8, 1945 2,375,638 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 368). OSPORCAC) AND METHOD OF PSEPARNG SE SAE Leonard H. Egguani, Winona, illinn. No Drawing. App3.cation May 17, 1942, Seria Ne, 393,938 6 Claims. (C. 23-166) This invention relates to the provision and pro phosphorus pentoxide P2O5, to about four molec diction of phosphorus pentoxide derivatives and ular equivalents of the boric acid B(OH) are has as a general object the provision and prepa employed in the reaction which is represented by ration of a novel boro-phosphoric acid and a the following equation: . method of preparing various salts thereof. A more specific object of the invention is the provision of a novel powdery non-hygroscopic While do not wish the invention imited to acid comprising acid oxide groups of boron and any theory of the reactions which may be in phosphorus together with certain molecular pro voived, in view of the generai belief stated above, portions of water. C it Enight toe we to point out by way of possible Another object of the invention is the pro explanation that i believe the two molecular vision of a novel boro-phosphoric acid which has equivalents of the phosphorus pentoxide, 2Paos, a relatively great capacity for neutralizing bases abstract from the four noiecular equivalents of and which can be readily stored and handled as the horic acid, 43(OH)3, three Eholecular equiva other non-corrosive powders without requiring lents of Water. Tiki as the boron oxide groups experasive subber-coated or rubber-lined equip ray be C33 'feite it one notects r equivalent ment and containers. -
Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Draft for Public Comment May 2019 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE Ii
f Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine Draft for Public Comment May 2019 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE ii DISCLAIMER Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This information is distributed solely for the purpose of pre dissemination public comment under applicable information quality guidelines. It has not been formally disseminated by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. ***DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT*** 1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE iii FOREWORD This toxicological profile is prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The original guidelines were published in the Federal Register on April 17, 1987. Each profile will be revised and republished as necessary. The ATSDR toxicological profile succinctly characterizes the toxicologic and adverse health effects information for these toxic substances described therein. Each peer-reviewed profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is also presented, but is described in less detail than the key studies. The profile is not intended to be an exhaustive document; however, more comprehensive sources of specialty information are referenced. The focus of the profiles is on health and toxicologic information; therefore, each toxicological profile begins with a relevance to public health discussion which would allow a public health professional to make a real-time determination of whether the presence of a particular substance in the environment poses a potential threat to human health. -
WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/074683 Al 19 May 2016 (19.05.2016) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every C12N 15/10 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/DK20 15/050343 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 11 November 2015 ( 11. 1 1.2015) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, (25) Filing Language: English PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, (26) Publication Language: English SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: PA 2014 00655 11 November 2014 ( 11. 1 1.2014) DK (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every 62/077,933 11 November 2014 ( 11. 11.2014) US kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 62/202,3 18 7 August 2015 (07.08.2015) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, (71) Applicant: LUNDORF PEDERSEN MATERIALS APS TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, [DK/DK]; Nordvej 16 B, Himmelev, DK-4000 Roskilde DK, EE, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, (DK). -
(Inorganic-Chemistry) 1
www.Padasalai.Net www.TrbTnpsc.com 9943009170----{ KNS - STUDY MATERIAL FOR +2 CHEMISTRY }----8248795898 (INORGANIC-CHEMISTRY) 1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE-II I. Choose the correct answer: BOOK BACK QUESTIONS: 1. En = -313.6/n2, If the value of Ei = -34.84 to which value ‘n’ corresponds a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1 2. Dual character of an electron was explained by a) Bohr b) Heisenberg c) de-Broglie d) Pauli 3. de-Broglie equation is a) λ=mv/h b)λ=hmv c) λ =hv/m d) λ=h/mv 4. The value of Bohr radius for hydrogen atom is a) 0.529 x10-8 cm b) 0.529 x10-10 cm c) 0.529 x10-6 cm d) 0.529 x10-12 cm 5. Which of the following particle having same kinetic energy, would have the maximum de-Broglie wave length a) α-particle b) proton c) β-particle d) neutron 6. If the energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of H-atom is -E, whatis the energy of the electron in the Bohr’s first orbit? a) 2E b) -4E c) -2E d) 4E 7. The energy of electron in an atom is given by En = a)-4 2me4/n2h2 b)-2 2me2/n2h2 c) -2 2me4/n2h2 d) -2 me4/n2h2 8. The bond order of oxygen molecule is a) 2.5 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2 9. The hybridization in SF6 molecule is a) sp b) sp3d2 c) sp3d d) sp3d3 10. The intramolecular hydrogen bonding is present in a) o-nitrophenol b) m-nitro phenol c) p-nitro phenol d) None (INSIDE QUESTIONS (MARCH 2006 – JUNE - 2015) 1. -
Boron Compounds As Additives to Lubricants
ISSN: 1402-1544 ISBN 978-91-86233-XX-X Se i listan och fyll i siffror där kryssen är LICENTIATE T H E SIS Faiz Ullah to Shah Lubricants Additives Compounds Boron as Division of Chemical Engineering Division of Machine Elements Boron Compounds as Additives to Lubricants ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-027-8 Synthesis, Characterization and Tribological Luleå University of Technology 2009 Optimization Synthesis, Characterization and Tribological Optimization Tribological Characterization and Synthesis, Faiz Ullah Shah Boron Compounds as Additives to Lubricants: Synthesis, Characterization and Tribological Optimization Faiz Ullah Shah Division of Chemical Engineering & Division of Machine Elements Luleå University of Technology SE- 971 87 Luleå SWEDEN November 2009 Printed by Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå 2009 ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-027-8 Luleå www.ltu.se The most fundamental and lasting objective of synthesis is NOT production of new compounds but PRODUCTION OF NEW PROPERTIES George S. Hammond. Norris Award lecture, 1968 SUMMARY Developing new technological solutions, such as use of lightweight materials, less harmful fuels, controlled fuel combustion processes or more efficient exhaust gas after-treatment, are possible ways to reduce the environmental impact of machines. Both the reduction of wear and the friction control are key issues for decreasing of energy losses, improving efficiency and increasing of the life-span of an engine. Dialkyldithiophosphates (DTPs) of different metals have been extensively used as multifunctional additives in lubricants to control friction and reduce wear in mechanical systems. Among these DTP-compounds, zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZnDTPs) are the most common additives used for more than 60 years. These additives form protective films on steel surfaces and, thus, control friction and reduce wear. -
WO 2016/196440 Al 8 December 2016 (08.12.2016) P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2016/196440 Al 8 December 2016 (08.12.2016) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61P 3/04 (2006.01) A61K 33/40 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, A61P 9/10 (2006.01) A61K 38/44 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, A61K 35/74 (2015.01) A61K 31/17 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (21) International Application Number: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, PCT/US20 16/034973 KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, (22) International Filing Date: MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, 3 1 May 2016 (3 1.05.2016) PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, (25) Filing Language: English TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 62/169,480 1 June 2015 (01 .06.2015) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, ST, SZ, 62/327,283 25 April 2016 (25.04.2016) US TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, (71) Applicant: XENO BIOSCIENCES INC. -
N FUEL CHEMISTRY DIVISION ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT for 1988 S. Vaidyanathan
2-o3 BARC/1991/P/002 00 > n o o to FUEL CHEMISTRY DIVISION ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR 1988 S. Vaidyanathan 1991 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION o o U a: < CD FUEL CHEMISTRY DIVISION ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT FOR 1908 EdiLecl by S. VaidyanaLhan BHADHA ATOMIC RLSLAROI CLN7KI HOMHAY, INDIA 199 I BARC/1991/P/002 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION SHEET FOR TECHNICAL REPORT (as per IS : 9400 - 1980) 01 Security classification : Uncl assi-f ied 02 Distribution : External 03 Report status : New 04 Series : BARC External 05 Report type : Progress Report 06 Report ND. : BARC/1991/P/002 07 Part No. or Volume No. : 08 Contract No. ; 10 Title and subtitle : Fuel Chemistry Division : annual progress report for 19BB 11 Collation : 158 p., 61 tabs., 13 figs. 13 Project No. : 20 Personal author(s) : S. Vaidyanathan <ed.) 21 Affiliation Df author(s) :Fuel Chemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 22 Corporate author(s) : Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay - 400 0B5 23 Originating unit : Fuel Chemistry Division, BARC, BDHIIJU 24 Sponsor(s) Name ; Department of Atomic Energy Type : Government 30 Date of submission : July 1991 31 Publication/Issue date : August 1991 Contd... <i i) (ii) 40 Publisher/Distributor : Head, Library and Information Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 42 Form of distribution : Hard Copy 50 Language of text : Engli sh 51 Language of summary : English 52 No. of references : 53 Gives data on : 60 Abstract : The progress report gives the brief descriptions of various activities of the Fuel Chemistry Division of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay for the year 1988. -
Chemical Names and CAS Numbers Final
Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number C3H8O 1‐propanol C4H7BrO2 2‐bromobutyric acid 80‐58‐0 GeH3COOH 2‐germaacetic acid C4H10 2‐methylpropane 75‐28‐5 C3H8O 2‐propanol 67‐63‐0 C6H10O3 4‐acetylbutyric acid 448671 C4H7BrO2 4‐bromobutyric acid 2623‐87‐2 CH3CHO acetaldehyde CH3CONH2 acetamide C8H9NO2 acetaminophen 103‐90‐2 − C2H3O2 acetate ion − CH3COO acetate ion C2H4O2 acetic acid 64‐19‐7 CH3COOH acetic acid (CH3)2CO acetone CH3COCl acetyl chloride C2H2 acetylene 74‐86‐2 HCCH acetylene C9H8O4 acetylsalicylic acid 50‐78‐2 H2C(CH)CN acrylonitrile C3H7NO2 Ala C3H7NO2 alanine 56‐41‐7 NaAlSi3O3 albite AlSb aluminium antimonide 25152‐52‐7 AlAs aluminium arsenide 22831‐42‐1 AlBO2 aluminium borate 61279‐70‐7 AlBO aluminium boron oxide 12041‐48‐4 AlBr3 aluminium bromide 7727‐15‐3 AlBr3•6H2O aluminium bromide hexahydrate 2149397 AlCl4Cs aluminium caesium tetrachloride 17992‐03‐9 AlCl3 aluminium chloride (anhydrous) 7446‐70‐0 AlCl3•6H2O aluminium chloride hexahydrate 7784‐13‐6 AlClO aluminium chloride oxide 13596‐11‐7 AlB2 aluminium diboride 12041‐50‐8 AlF2 aluminium difluoride 13569‐23‐8 AlF2O aluminium difluoride oxide 38344‐66‐0 AlB12 aluminium dodecaboride 12041‐54‐2 Al2F6 aluminium fluoride 17949‐86‐9 AlF3 aluminium fluoride 7784‐18‐1 Al(CHO2)3 aluminium formate 7360‐53‐4 1 of 75 Chemical Abstract Chemical Formula Chemical Name Service (CAS) Number Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide 21645‐51‐2 Al2I6 aluminium iodide 18898‐35‐6 AlI3 aluminium iodide 7784‐23‐8 AlBr aluminium monobromide 22359‐97‐3 AlCl aluminium monochloride -
Download and Execute the Full Code for These Examples Themselves and Modify Them for Their Own Applications
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Benchmarking Coordination Number Prediction Algorithms on Inorganic Crystal Structures Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0sj353dg Journal Inorganic Chemistry: including bioinorganic chemistry, 60(3) ISSN 0020-1669 Authors Pan, Hillary Ganose, Alex Horton, Matthew et al. Publication Date 2021-02-01 DOI 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02996 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Benchmarking Coordination Number Prediction Algorithms on Inorganic Crystal Structures Hillary Pan,y,{ Alex M. Ganose,y,{ Matthew Horton,y,z Muratahan Aykol,y Kristin Persson,y,z Nils E.R. Zimmermann,∗,y and Anubhav Jain∗,y yLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Energy Technologies Area, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States zDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, United States {Equal contribution E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Coordination numbers and geometries form a theoretical framework for understand- ing and predicting materials properties. Algorithms to determine coordination num- bers automatically are increasingly used for machine learning and automatic structural analysis. In this work, we introduce MaterialsCoord, a benchmark suite containing 56 experimentally-derived crystal structures (spanning elements, binaries, and ternary compounds) and their corresponding coordination environments as described in the research literature. We also describe CrystalNN, a novel algorithm for determining near neighbors. We compare CrystalNN against 7 existing near-neighbor algorithms on the MaterialsCoord benchmark, finding CrystalNN to perform similarly to several well-established algorithms. For each algorithm, we also assess computational demand and sensitivity towards small perturbations that mimic thermal motion. Finally, we 1 investigate the similarity between bonding algorithms when applied to the Materials Project database. -
Patented July 21, 1953 2,646,344
Patented July 21, 1953 2,646,344 Jonas Kamlet, Easton, Conn, assignor to Amer ican Potash & Chemical Corporation, Trona, Calif., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application September 27, 1952, serial No. 311,943 s. 1. Claim. (C1.23-203) 1 : 2 : . This invention relates to a process for the with ammonia in the Vapor phase to form adipo manufacture of boron phosphate (BPO4). More dinitrile for the nylon process (Arnold and partietary, it relates to a simple process where Iazier-U.S. Patent : 2,200,734); . by-boron phosphate:may be manufactured in a (e). As a catalyst in the dehydration of ethyl single step from cheap and readily available raw senic and cycloaliphatic alcohols (Usines. de . Melle-British Patent. 589,709); materials.Boron phosphate has heretofore been s manu (f) As a catalyst in the vapor phase methyl factured by the following methods: . ation of benzene with dimethyl ether to form (a) By the reaction of boric anhydride with toluene . (Given and Hammick, Journ. Chem. phosphorus oxychloride or phosphorus penta () Soc. 1947,928-935); chloride, according to the equations: (g) As a catalyst in the vapor phase nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum with NO2 (Rout, U. S. Patent 2,431,585); (h) As a catalyst in the desulfurization of at 150°-170° C. for 8-10 hours, or by the reaction hydrocarbons in petroleum refining (Krug, U. S. of phosphorus pentoxide with boron trichloride Patent 2,441,493); at 200° C. for 2-3 days (Gustavson, Berichte 3, (i) As a catalyst in the dehydration of hy 426 (1871), Zeit. -
United States Patents on Powder Metallurgy
UNITED STATES PATENTS ON POWDER METALLURGY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE W. AVERELL HARRIMAN, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS E. U. CONDON, Director NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION M184 UNITED STATES PATENTS ON POWDER METALLURGY By RAYMOND E. JAGER and ROLLA E. POLLARD Issued July 1 , 1947 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1947 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price 30 cents PREFACE Patents are disclosures of inventions, in return for which the inventor is given the right to exclude all others from making, using, or selling his invention for the term of 17 years. After this period the invention becomes public property. Patent literature is a valuable source of technical information, for, by these disclosures, the de- velopment of an art may be traced through a long period of time. This publication, based on a collection search of United States patents of the present series, which began in 1836, represents more than a century of progress in the art of powder metallurgy. Patents issued up to January 1, 1947, are included. The collection search was made for the National Bureau of Standards by Invention, Inc., under the direction of Raymond E. Jager, president: R. E Pollard, metallurgist, of the Bureau's staff, edited the abstracts, eliminating those not pertinent to powder metallurgy, and revised the classification. E. U. Condon, Director. n CONTENTS Page. Preface II I. Introduction 1 II. Production of metal powders 1 2 1. Atomization, vaporization, spraying molten metal, or physically contacting it with other fluids, to obtain fine particles 2 2.