VOYAGER State-Of-The-Art Report
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STATE-OF-THE-ART REPORT DELIVERABLE 2 CONTRACT N° : GTC2-2000-33029 ACRONYM: TITLE: Vehicle for Mobility Advancing Public Passenger Transport in Europe PROJECT CO-ORDINATOR: UITP - Union Internationale des Transports Publics PARTNERS: POLIS I.A.S.B.L. Socialdata - Institut für Verkehrs- und Infrastrukturforschung GmbH CERTU - Centre d’études sur les réseaux, les transports, l’urbanisme e les constructions publiques TIS Pt – Consultores em Transportes, Innovacão e Sistemas S.A. Rupprecht Consult – Forschung & Beratung GmbH AMT – Azienda Mobilita’ e Trasporti S.p.A. Bureau Zuidema bv Babtie spol. s.r.o. UWE - University of West England, Bristol, Faculty of Built Environment PROJECT START DATE: 01/09/2001 DURATION: 40 months Date of issue of this report : 24 November 2003 Project funded by the European Community under the ‘Competitive and Sustainable Growth’ Programme (1998-2002) Co-authors of the VOYAGER state-of-the-art report This state-of-the-art report was produced by Rupprecht Consult Forschung & Beratung GmbH with the collaboration of all VOYAGER Working Group leaders and the project co-ordinator. The quality control was carried out by the project co-ordinator (UITP). The contact details of the people that contributed to this report are given below. UNION INTERNATIONAL DES TRANSPORTS PUBLICS (UITP) Ms Andrea Soehnchen Rue Ste Marie 6 B-1080 Brussels Belgium Tel.: +32-2-663 6640 Fax: +32-2-660 1072 Email: [email protected] SOCIALDATA - INSTITUT FUER VERKEHRS- UND INFRASTRUKTURFORSCHUNG GmbH (Socialdata) Mr Franz Barta Mr Erhard Erl Hans-Grässel-Weg 1 81375 München Germany Tel.: +49-89-7108 1 Fax: +49-89-7164 20 Email: [email protected], [email protected] CENTRE D’ÉTUDES SUR LES RÉSEAUX, LES TRANSPORTS, L’URBANISME ET LES CONSTRUCTIONS PUBLIQUES (CERTU) Ms Maryvonne Dejeammes Mr Francois Rambaud 9 rue Juliette Récamier 39456 Lyon France Tel.: +33-4-7274 5830 Fax: +33-4-7274 5930 Email: [email protected], [email protected] TISPT, CONSULTORES EM TRANSPORTES, INOVACÃO E SISTEMAS S.A. (TISPT) Ms Maria de Rosário Macário Mr Patrick van Egmond Av. 5 de Outubro 75, 7° 1050-049 Lisbon Portugal Tel.: +351-21-359 3020 Fax: +351-21-359 3021 Email: [email protected] RUPPRECHT CONSULT – FORSCHUNG UND BERATUNG GmbH (RUPPRECT CONSULT) Mr Siegfried Rupprecht Mr Ludger Rogge Waltherstrasse 49-51 51069 Köln Germany Tel.: +49-221-96813-0 Fax: +49-221-96813-29 Email: [email protected], [email protected] 2 AZIENDA MOBILITA’ E TRASPORTI S.P.A. (AMT) Mr Alexio Picco Via Montaldo 2 16137 Genova Italy Tel.: +39-010-558 2289 Fax: +39-010-839 3119 Email: [email protected] BUREAU ZUIDEMA BV (Bureau Zuidema) Mr Hans Brouwer Olmenlaan 4, P.O.Box127 3830 AC Leusden Netherlands Tel.: +31-33-434 5800 Fax: +31-33-434 5801 Email: [email protected] BABTIE SPOL S.R.O. (Babtie) Mr Paul Riley Nekvasilova 2/625 18000 Prague Czech Republic Tel.: +420-2-781 2537 Fax: +420-2-781 2497 Email: [email protected] 3 Table of contents 0 Executive summary .................................................................................................................. 5 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 10 2 State-of-the-art analysis.......................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Public Transport and economic sustainability................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.2 PT market analysis .................................................................................................... 13 2.1.3 Organisation of the PT Sector.................................................................................... 19 2.1.4 Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 30 2.1.5 Rolling stock .............................................................................................................. 35 2.1.6 PT operation.............................................................................................................. 39 2.1.7 Organisational and personnel development............................................................... 43 2.1.8 PT Marketing ............................................................................................................. 46 2.1.9 Summary: Key problems............................................................................................ 50 2.2 Public Transport and financial sustainability..................................................................... 53 2.2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 53 2.2.2 Operational coverage ................................................................................................ 53 2.2.3 Infrastructure investments.......................................................................................... 55 2.2.4 Summary: Key problems............................................................................................ 60 Public Transport and social sustainability .................................................................................. 61 2.2.5 Introduction................................................................................................................ 61 2.2.6 Availability of Public Transport................................................................................... 61 2.2.7 Accessibility of PT...................................................................................................... 69 2.2.8 Attractiveness of PT................................................................................................... 77 2.2.9 Summary: Key problems............................................................................................ 90 2.3 Public Transport and environmental sustainability............................................................ 92 2.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................ 92 2.3.2 Air and noise pollution ............................................................................................... 92 2.3.3 Natural resource consumption ................................................................................... 96 2.3.4 Environment related marketing campaigns ................................................................ 98 2.3.5 Defining environment related quality standards in contracts ...................................... 98 2.3.6 Summary: Key problems............................................................................................ 99 3 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 100 4 Terminology and abbreviations............................................................................................. 102 4 0 Executive summary This report describes the outcomes of the state-of-the-art analysis of public transport (PT) development in Europe that has been undertaken by the VOYAGER project in Workpackage 2. The state-of-the-art report identifies the major current trends of PT in Europe and analyses the existing key problems and solutions of PT on the way to more efficient and effective PT systems and increasing PT patronage. The content of this state-of-the-art report has mainly been provided by the state-of-the-art reports of the 6 VOYAGER Working Groups (WG), dedicated to the following PT relevant topics: Market and customer relations (WG1), Infrastructure and rolling stock (WG2), Roles and structures of PT actors (WG3), Seamless intermodal networks and services (WG4), PT and ITS use (WG5), Training and human resources development (WG6). In addition to the six WG reports, a CEE state-of-the-art review has been carried out, which provides CEE-specific information related to the priority issues of the Working Groups. The structure of this state-of-the-art report is based on the different sustainability categories as defined by the World Bank. According to this definition, a sustainable transport policy has to respond equally to the efficiency demand of economy (economic and financial sustainability), to the social demands of individuals and society (social sustainability) and to the protection demand for the environment (environmental sustainability). All different PT related topics, which are elaborated in this state-of-the-art report, are structured according to their relevance with respect to these categories of sustainable transport. PT and economic sustainability Some of the main trends that currently affect regional and urban public transport (PT) are the increasing deregulation and privatisation of PT and the scarcity of public money. For the following areas, which are all expected to be relevant for achieving a more economic sustainable PT, existing trends are described. Analysis of PT market and customer’s perspective. The report gives an overview of the commonly used indicators for describing the role of public transport within the transport market. Moreover, the different instruments for the description of the transport market are described as well as the latest status of knowledge on the reasons for and against