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Full text of "Indian Psychology Perception" http://www.archive.org/stream/indianpsychology014878mbp/indianpsych... Web Moving Images Texts Audio Software Patron Info About IA Projects Home American Libraries | Canadian Libraries | Universal Library | Community Texts | Project Gutenberg | Children's Library | Biodiversity Heritage Library | Additional Collections Search: Advanced Search Anonymous User (login or join us) Upload See other formats Full text of " Indian Psychology Perception " INDIAN PSYCHOLOGY PERCEPTION BY JADUNATH SINHA Professor of Philosophy, Meerat College LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD. BROADWAY HOUSE, CARTER LANE, B.C. 1934 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD., HERTFORD CONTENTS XV PREFACE BOOK I CHAPTER I THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF PERCEPTION . Introduction The Nature of the Sense-organs The Buddhist The Jaina The Samkhya The Origin of the Sense-organs The Principal and Subordinate Organs The Vrtti of the Sense-organs Suirata and Caraka The Vedanta The Nature of the Sense-organs The Ny&ya- Vaisesika The MimSmsaka Ar,e the Karmendriyas really Sense-organs? Are there three Internal Organs? Is the Manas a Sense-organ ? The External Organs and Internal Organ or Organs Are the External Sense-organs Prapyakari or Aprapyakari ? The Buddhist The Ny2ya- Vaisesika The Samkhya The MimSmsaka The VedSntist Are the External Sense-organs Physical (thautika) or Psychical (ahamkarika) ? Is there only one Sense-organ ? Is the Tactual Organ the only Sense-organ ? 1 of 275 3/22/2011 4:49 PM Full text of "Indian Psychology Perception" http://www.archive.org/stream/indianpsychology014878mbp/indianpsych... BOOK II CHAPTER II 31 INDETERMINATE PERCEPTION AND DETERMINATE PERCEPTION Introduction amkara The Buddhist The saka The Samkhya The Vaisesika The NaiySyika The Neo-NaiySyika The Neo- amkarite RsmSnuja Madhva and VaUabha The 3sbdika The NaiySyika Criticism of the Sabdika ViewProof of the Existence of Indeterminate Perception Proof of the Existence of Determinate Perception The NySya-Vaifesika Analysis of Definite and Determinate Perception Does Determinate Perception involve Inference ? ri CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER II! THE OBJECTS AND CONDITIONS OF PERCEPTION ... 66 The Objects of Perception Olfactory Perception Gustatory Perception Auditory Perception Visual Per- ception Tactual Perception Internal Perception Common Sensibles The Condition of Knowledge The General Conditions of External Perception The Conditions of the Visual Perception of Colour The Conditions of Tactual, Olfactory, and Gustatory Perception. BOOK III CHAPTER IV PERCEPTION AND SANNIKARSA 75 Introduction The earlier Nyaya-Vaisesika The later Nyaya-Vaisesika Samanya-Laksana-Sannikarsa Jnana- Laksana-Sannikarsa Yogaj a-Sannikarsa The Mlrna"rii~ saka The Samkarite The other Schools of VedSnta. CHAPTER V ACQUIRED PERCEPTION ....... 86 Introduction The Jaina The Samkara-Vedantist The Nyaya-Vaisesika. CHAPTER VI RECOGNITION 93 The Nature of Recognition The Buddhist The NySya- Vai^esika The Mlmarhsaka The Samkara-VedSntist The Jaina The Jaina Criticism of the Nyaya-Vaisesika View The Jaina Criticism of the Buddhist View. BOOK IV CHAPTER VII THEORIES OF PERCEPTION 103 The Buddhist Theory of Perception The Jaina Theory of Perception The NaiySyika Theory of Perception The Neo-Naiyayika Theory of Perception the MlmSmsaka 2 of 275 3/22/2011 4:49 PM Full text of "Indian Psychology Perception" http://www.archive.org/stream/indianpsychology014878mbp/indianpsych... Theory of Perception. CONTENTS vii CHAPTER VIII THEORIES OF PERCEPTION (continued) . .117 The S2mkhya Theory of Perception The Place and Function of the Sense-organs The Function of the External Sense-organs The Function of the Manas The Function of Ahamkara - The Function of Buddhi The Unity of the Functions of the Internal Organs The Relation of the External Sense-organs to the Internal Organ The Purusa as the Transcendental Principle in Perception The Relation of the Sense-organs to the Purusa The Conditions of Per- ception The Vedanta Theory of Perception The Identi- fication of Pramana-caitanya with Prameya-caitanya The Identification of Pramatr-caitanya with Pramana-caitanya The Internal Perception The Identity of Locus of the Mental Mode and the Object The Identity of the Time- position of the Mental Mode and the Object The Fitness of the Object The Different Kinds of Perception The Function of Antahkarana and the Sense-organs in Per- ception The Vedantist Doctrine of Vrtti Objections to the Vedantist Doctrine of Vrtti considered. BOOK V CHAPTER IX PERCEPTION OF SPACE AND MOVEMENT . .141 Introduction The MimSmsaka Direct Auditory Per- ception of Direction Direct Auditory Perception of Distance and Position The Mim5msaka Explanation of the Extra-organic Localization of Sounds The Buddhist Explanation of the Extra-organic Localization of Sounds The Mimamsaka Criticism of the Buddhist View Per- ception of Movement The PrabhSkara The Bhftta Mimamsaka The Vaisesika. CHAPTER X PERCEPTION OF TIME . .149 Introduction Is Time an Object of Perception ? No Perception of Time as an Independent Entity Perception of the Present The Sensible Present is Instantaneous (The Buddhist View) The Sensible Present ,has Duration (The NaiySyika and the VedSntist View). viii CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER XI PERCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSAL (Jati) . .163 Introduction Tlie Buddhist Doctrine of Nominalism The Buddhist Criticism of the Nyaya-Vaisesika Realism The Buddhist Criticism of the Srotriya View The Buddhist Criticism of the Bhatta Realism The Buddhist's Refutation of the Realist's Objections The Modified Nominalism of the Jaina The Jaina Criticism of the Nyaya-Vaisesika 3 of 275 3/22/2011 4:49 PM Full text of "Indian Psychology Perception" http://www.archive.org/stream/indianpsychology014878mbp/indianpsych... Realism The Jaina Refutation of the Mimamsaka Objections The Modified Nominalism of Ramanuja The Modified Conceptualism of Kanada The Nyaya-Vais'esika Realism The Psychological Basis of Realism Perception of the Universal The Nyaya-Vaisesika Criticism of Buddhist Nominalism The Prabhakara Realism The Bhatta Realism The Bhatta Criticism of the Buddhist Doctrine The Bhatta Criticism of the Jaina Doctrine The Bhatta Criticism of the Nyaya-Vaisesika Doctrine The Bhatta Criticism of Prabhakara's Objections The Bhatta Doctrine of Identity-in-Difference The Modified Realism of Samkara. CHAPTER XII PERCEPTION OF COGNITION 199 Introduction The Bhatta Mimamsaka The Nyaya- Vaisesika Criticism of the Bhatta Doctrine The Jaina Criticism of the Bhatta Doctrine The RSmSnujist's Criticism of the Bhatta Doctrine Another School of MlmSmsa Criticism of the Doctrine Prabhakara Criticism of Prabhakara's Doctrine The Nyaya-Vaisesika The Jaina Criticism of the NySya-Vaisesika Doctrine The Samkhya-Patanj ala The fSamkara- Vedantist RamSnuj a's Criticism of Samkara's Doctrine. CHAPTER XIII PERCEPTION OF THE SELF 222 Introduction The CarvakaThe Buddhist Idealist The NaiySyika The NaiySyika's Criticism of the Bhatta Mimamsaka View The Naiyayika's Criticism of amkara's ViewThe Vaifesika The Samkhya -Patanjala The Bhatta Mimamsaka The Bhatta's Criticism of the Naiyayika Doctrine The Bhatta's Criticism of Prabha- kara's Doctrine The Bhatta's Criticism of Samkara's CONTENTS ix PAGE Doctrine The Pra"bhakara MimSmsaka Prabhakara's Criticism of Samkara's View Prabhakara's Criticism of Kumarila's View The Jaina The Upanisads The Samkara-Vedantist The Self and Consciousness Samkara and Prabhakara Jiva and Atman Samkara's View of Atmapratyaksa The later Samkarites' View of Atmaprat- yaksa The Ramanuja-Vedantist Comparison of the Different Views. BOOK VI CHAPTER XIV INDEFINITE PERCEPTIONS 263 Different Kinds of Indefinite Perceptions Sams'aya Uha Sams'aya and Uha Anadhyavasaya Sams'aya and Anadhya- vasaya. CHAPTER XV ILLUSIONS {jfi&j > . *$&r^<* 272 Introduction Different Kinds of Illusions Anubhuyama"na"- ropa viparyaya and smaryamanaropa viparyaya Indriyaja 4 of 275 3/22/2011 4:49 PM Full text of "Indian Psychology Perception" http://www.archive.org/stream/indianpsychology014878mbp/indianpsych... bhr^nti (Illusion) and Manas! bhranti (Hallucination) Different Causes of Illusions Psychological Analysis of an Illusion Prabhakara's Analysis The Nyaya-Vaisesika Analysis The Samkara-VedSntist's Analysis Illusion (vifaryaya) and Doubtful Perception ($aat/aya) Different Theories of Illusions The Doctrine of Akhyati The Doctrine of Asatkhyati The Doctrine of Atmakhyati The Doctrine of AlaukikakhySti The Doctrine of Anirvacamya- khySti The Doctrine of Satkhyati The Doctrine of Sadasatkhyati The Doctrine of Prasiddharthakhyati The Doctrine of Vivekskhyati The Doctrine of AnyathakhySti Different Theories of Illusion Compared. CHAPTER XVI DREAMS 306 The Psychological Character of Dream-Consciousness The Presentative Theory of Dreams The Representative Theory of Dreams Prabhakara's Representative Theory of Dreams The Nyaya-Vaifesika Criticism of the Prabhakara Theory The Samkarite Criticism of the Nya'ya-Vais'esika CONTENTS PAGE Tlieor7 Dreams, Illusions, and Indefinite Perceptions Dreams and Hallucinations Classification of Dreams Caraka's Classification The Vaisesika Classification The Buddhist Classification Different Kinds of Dreams Dreams due to Peripheral Stimulation (Dream-illusions) Dreams due to Subconscious Impressions (Dream-hallucina- tions) Dreams as the Fulfilment of Desires (Dream- hallucinations) Prophetic or Veridical Dreams Telepathic Dreams Dreams-within-dreams Physiological Basis of Dreams Theories of Dream. CHAPTER XVII ABNORMAL PERCEPTION
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  • Problem of Plurality of Selves in the Sāṁkhya Philosophy

    Problem of Plurality of Selves in the Sāṁkhya Philosophy

    SSRG International Journal of Humanities and Social Science ( SSRG – IJHSS ) Volume 2 Issue 3 May to June 2015 Problem of Plurality of Selves in the Sāṁkhya Philosophy Sukanta Das Department of Philosophy and the Life-world, Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, West Bengal, India Abstract Puruṣa ↔ Prakṛti It is known to all that the Sāṁkhya ↓ Philosophy is a dualistic system. They have admitted Intellect (mahat) two main realities puruṣa (sentient) and prakṛti ↓ (insentient). Both puruṣa and prakṛti are individual I-feeling (ahaṁkāra) and contradictory entities. Due to their own ↓ necessities become connected with each other. As a Mind, five sense-organs, five action- result, evolution becomes started. Their total organs, five tanmātras admitted realities are twenty-five in respect of number. They have established that selves are many ↓ in respect of many bodies or empirical jīvas. But, they are failed to give sufficient reason that how many Five gross elements. selves (jīvas) are derived or appeared as many jīvas This picture indicates that mahat, ahaṁkāra etc. have from one non-transformed eternal puruṣa. The main been derived from the root prakṛti. Here, prakṛti aim of this paper is to show the problem of plurality becomes transformed with the help of sentient puruṣa. of selves and how the Sāṁkhya have protected other’s The Sāṁkhya divides these twenty five realities in objections against them and tried to establish their four parts viz. prakṛti, vikṛti, prakṛti-vikṛti and puruṣa concept. or jña. Prakṛti is that which derives other only. Vikṛti is that which are derived only, have not power to Keywords: Puruṣa, prakṛti, self, plurality, jīva, create.