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Professor Alex Wayman
RESEARC.HES JN Essays in Honour of Professor Alex Wayman Edited by RAM KARAN SHARMA MOTILAL nANARSIDASS PUnLlSHERS PR(VATE LIMITED .DELHI Firsl Edilion: Delhi, 1993 C MOTILAL HANARSIDASS PUBLlSHERS PRIVATE LrMITED AII Rights R.:servcd ISBN: 81-208-0994-7 Also avail"hle at; MOTILAL BANARSIDASS 41 U.A., Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagar, Delhi 110007 120 Royapettah High Road, Mylapore, Madras 600004 16 Sto Mark's Road, Bangalore 560001 Ashok Rajpath, Patna 800 004 Chowk, Varanasi 221001 PRINTFD IN INDIA BY JAINI!NDRA PRAKASH JAIN AT SURI JAINE='OORA PREs.". A-45 NARAlNA NDUSTRIAL ARI!A, PHASI! 1, NEW DELHI 110028 AND PUBLISIIED BY NARI!NDRA PRAKASH JAI:-¡ FOR MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PRIVATI! LIMn"BD, BUNOALOW ROA/), JAWAHAR NAOAR, DELHI 110007 ~ f CONTENTS Pr(fclC(' VII Em('ll('ou'.1" B/c.l"l"ill.I;'.1" XI Biilgrtlphicll/ Skc!ch nl,41I'.\" IVIZI'lllIlI/ xiii Bib/iograph.l' xxiii BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHICAL RESEARCHES A. ~1ISCELLANEOUS l. The List of th\: A.\"U1]lSkrtú-tlharmaAccording to Asaóga A1':DRÉ BAREAU 2. The ~ven PrincipIes of thc Vajjian Republic: Thcir Differl;nt Interpretation:) HAJIME NAKAMURA 7 3. A Difficult Beginning: Comments on an English Translation of C.mdragomin's Desandstava MICHAEL HAHN 31 4. A Study of Aspects of Rága N. H. SAMTANI 61 B. KARMA THEORY 5. PrincipIe of Life According to Bhavya SHINJO KAWASAKI 69 6. TJle Buddhist Doctrine of Karma HARI SHANKAR PRASAD 83 7. A Critical Appraisal of Karmaphalaparik~aof Nagarjuna T. R. SHARMA 97 C. DEPENDENT ORIGINATION 8. Thc Rclationship bctweenPatíccasamllppüda and Dhóttl AKIRA lfIRAKAWA 105 9. -
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Jataka Mani Manjusha Parasara Astrology Jataka Mani Manjusha Parasara Astrology Jysothisha Vignana Bhaskara Challa Soma Sundaram Jataka Mani Manjusha Parasara Astrology by Jyothisha Vignana Bhaskara Challa Soma Sundaram All rights reserved with the Author. No part of this publication can be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise) without prior permission in writing of the Author. First Edition: 2 February 2014 Price: Rs. 450 Cover Design: T. Shashi Kumar ISBN: 978‐81‐7233‐897‐8 eISBN: 978-93-8774-185-0 Copies are available with the Author. Please send requests to: Sri Challa Soma Sundaram 3 Type IV, Kendranchal Colony, GPRA Vivek Vihar, New Pali Road Jodhpur 342005 Rajasthan eMail: [email protected] Printed by: Scientific Publishers 5A New Pali Road, PO Box 91 Jodhpur 342001 Rajasthan eMail: [email protected] On Namo Sri Venkatesaya Namaha :: Vina Venkatesam Nanaado Nanaadah | Sadaa Venkatesam Smaraami Smaraami || Hare Venkatesa Praseeda Praseedah | Priyam Venkatesa Prayascha Smaraami || Om Yaa Sivonaama Roopaabhyaam Ya Deevee Sarva Mangalaa | Tamoo Tam Samsmarana Deevaa Sarvatoo Mangalam || Tundamu Neeka Dantamunu Doorapubojjayu Vamahastamun | Menduga Mrooyoyu Gajjelunu Mellani Choopulu Mandahaasamun || Kondoka Gujjaroopamuna Koorina Vidyalakella Nojjayai | Yundedi Parvateetanaya Yooyi Ganaadhipa Neeku Mrokkedan || Preface Sri Vadrevu Suryanarayana Murty garu was a famous Astrologer of Rajahmundry. He was born on 8 October 1904 in Vijayanagaram at 1:55pm, and attained moksha on 5 May 1978 at Rajahmundry at 22:10pm. During his distinguished life period 1904-1978, he made special contributions to the subject of Astrology. He wrote a book initially in Telugu in two volumes, the first in 1925 titled Jataka Narayaneeyam in 227 pages and the second in 1945 titled Yogavali Khandamu in 146 pages. -
17-Chapter-16-Versewise.Pdf
BHAGAVAD GITA Chapter 16 Daivasura-Sampad-Vibhaga Yoga (The Divine and Demoniac Natures Defined) 1 Chapter 16 Introduction : 1) Of vain hopes, of vain actions, of vain knowledge and senseless (devoid of discrimination), they verily are possessed of the delusive nature of raksasas and asuras. [Chapter 9 – Verse 12] Asura / Raksasa Sampad : • Moghasah, Mogha Karmanah – false hopes from improper actions. Vicetasah : • Lack of discrimination. • Binds you to samsara. 2) But the Mahatmas (great souls), O Partha, partaking of My divine nature, worship Me with a single mind (with a mind devoted to nothing else), knowing Me as the imperishable source of all beings. [Chapter 9 – Verse 13] Daivi Sampad : • Seek Bagawan. • Helps to gain freedom from Samsara. 2 • What values of the mind constitute spiritual disposition and demonic disposition? Asura – Sampad Daivi Sampad - Finds enjoyment only in - Make choice as per value sense objects. structure, not as per - Will compromise to gain convenience. the end. • Fields of experiences - Kshetram change but the subject Kshetrajna, knower is one in all fields. • Field is under influence of different temperaments – gunas and hence experiences vary from individual to individual. • Infinite is nature of the subject, transcendental state of perfection and pure knowledge (Purushottama). • This chapter describes how the knower pulsates through disciplined or undisciplined field of experience. • Field is the 3 gunas operative in the minds of individuals. • Veda is a pramana only for prepared mind. Values are necessary to gain knowledge – chapter 13, 14, 15 are direct means to liberation through Jnana yoga. Chapter 16, 17 are values to gain knowledge. 3 Chapter 16 - Summary Verse 1 - 3 Verse 4 - 21 Verse 22 Daivi Sampat (Spiritual) – 18 Values Asuri Sampat (Materialistic) – 18 Values - Avoid 3 traits and adopt daivi sampat and get qualifications 1. -
APA Newsletter on Asian and Asian-American Philosophers And
NEWSLETTER | The American Philosophical Association Asian and Asian-American Philosophers and Philosophies FALL 2018 VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 1 Prasanta Bandyopadhyay and R. Venkata FROM THE EDITOR Raghavan Prasanta S. Bandyopadhyay Some Critical Remarks on Kisor SUBMISSION GUIDELINES AND Chakrabarti’s Idea of “Observational INFORMATION Credibility” and Its Role in Solving the Problem of Induction BUDDHISM Kisor K. Chakrabarti Madhumita Chattopadhyay Some Thoughts on the Problem of Locating Early Buddhist Logic in Pāli Induction Literature PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE Rafal Stepien AND GRAMMAR Do Good Philosophers Argue? A Buddhist Approach to Philosophy and Philosophy Sanjit Chakraborty Prizes Remnants of Words in Indian Grammar ONTOLOGY, LOGIC, AND APA PANEL ON DIVERSITY EPISTEMOLOGY Ethan Mills Pradeep P. Gokhale Report on an APA Panel: Diversity in Īśvaravāda: A Critique Philosophy Palash Sarkar BOOK REVIEW Cārvākism Redivivus Minds without Fear: Philosophy in the Indian Renaissance Reviewed by Brian A. Hatcher VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 1 FALL 2018 © 2018 BY THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL ASSOCIATION ISSN 2155-9708 APA NEWSLETTER ON Asian and Asian-American Philosophy and Philosophers PRASANTA BANDYOPADHYAY, EDITOR VOLUME 18 | NUMBER 1 | FALL 2018 opponent equally. He pleads for the need for this sort of FROM THE EDITOR role of humanism to be incorporated into Western analytic philosophy. This incorporation, he contends, has a far- Prasanta S. Bandyopadhyay reaching impact on both private and public lives of human MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY beings where the love of wisdom should go together with care and love for fellow human beings. The fall 2018 issue of the newsletter is animated by the goal of reaching a wider audience. Papers deal with issues SECTION 2: ONTOLOGY, LOGIC, AND mostly from classical Indian philosophy, with the exception EPISTEMOLOGY of a report on the 2018 APA Eastern Division meeting panel on “Diversity in Philosophy” and a review of a book about This is the longest part of this issue. -
An Understanding of Maya: the Philosophies of Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva
An understanding of Maya: The philosophies of Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva Department of Religion studies Theology University of Pretoria By: John Whitehead 12083802 Supervisor: Dr M Sukdaven 2019 Declaration Declaration of Plagiarism 1. I understand what plagiarism means and I am aware of the university’s policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this Dissertation is my own work. 3. I did not make use of another student’s previous work and I submit this as my own words. 4. I did not allow anyone to copy this work with the intention of presenting it as their own work. I, John Derrick Whitehead hereby declare that the following Dissertation is my own work and that I duly recognized and listed all sources for this study. Date: 3 December 2019 Student number: u12083802 __________________________ 2 Foreword I started my MTh and was unsure of a topic to cover. I knew that Hinduism was the religion I was interested in. Dr. Sukdaven suggested that I embark on the study of the concept of Maya. Although this concept provided a challenge for me and my faith, I wish to thank Dr. Sukdaven for giving me the opportunity to cover such a deep philosophical concept in Hinduism. This concept Maya is deeper than one expects and has broaden and enlightened my mind. Even though this was a difficult theme to cover it did however, give me a clearer understanding of how the world is seen in Hinduism. 3 List of Abbreviations AD Anno Domini BC Before Christ BCE Before Common Era BS Brahmasutra Upanishad BSB Brahmasutra Upanishad with commentary of Sankara BU Brhadaranyaka Upanishad with commentary of Sankara CE Common Era EW Emperical World GB Gitabhasya of Shankara GK Gaudapada Karikas Rg Rig Veda SBH Sribhasya of Ramanuja Svet. -
Ćaramaśloka (Bhagawadgita 18.66) Jako Tajemnica Śriwisznuicka W Mumukszuppadi Pilleja Lokaćarji
Wratislaviensium Studia Classica olim Classica Wratislaviensia VI–VII (XXXVII–XXXVIII) Wrocław 2017–2018 JACEK WoźniAK Uniwersytet Warszawski ĆarAMAśLOKA (BHAGAWADGITA 18.66) JAKO TAJEMNICA śRIWISZNUICKA W MumuKSZUPPADI PILLEJA LOKAĆARJI Pillej Lokaćarja (Piḷḷai Ulakāccāriyār/Lōkācāriyar, sanskr. Lokācārya; XIII/ XIV w.1), śriwisznuicki aćarja, czyli nauczyciel i jednocześnie przywódca religijny, był wybitnym filozofem i teologiem, głównym reprezentantem szkoły południo- wej tego odłamu wisznuizmu. Podział śriwisznuizmu na dwie szkoły, północną (vaṭakalai) i południową (teṉkalai), zaznaczył się po około dwóch wiekach od jego ukonstytuowania przez Ramanudźę (Irāmāṉujar; sanskr. Rāmānuja; 1017–1137), choć do ostatecznego rozłamu doszło dopiero około XVII lub XVIII w. (Mumme 1997: 80)2. Pillej Lokaćarja stoi na czele sukcesji aćarjów (kuruparamparai, sanskr. guruparampara) południowej linii tego nurtu, która powstała i rozwijała się pod wpływem jego nauk3. Pillej Lokaćarja jest autorem licznych prac filozoficzno-teologicznych, głównie w tamilskim maniprawalam. W sumie przypisuje się mu autorstwo 18 dzieł (w tym dwóch skomponowanych z własnym bratem Alahijamanawalapperumalem Najana- rem (Aḻakiyamaṇavāḷapperumāḷ Nāyaṉār), który również był aćarją śriwisznuickim) 1 Okres jego życia jest różnie datowany, np. 1205–1311 (Mumme 1987: 14) lub 1213–1327 (Appadurai 1983: 78). 2 Srilata Raman (2007: 10) przesuwa datę ostatecznego rozłamu śriwisznuizmu na XIX wiek; Steven P. Hopkins (2003: 31) mówi o wieku XVIII i XIX. 3 Rozłam śriwisznuizmu nastąpił -
Master of Arts (Philosophy) (10-Oct-2012)
Design and Structure of various courses of Semester based Credit system to be implemented from June-2010 (Revised June -2012) Course No. of hours per week Course Department No. Name Lectures Others Practicals Total Credit Semester PHI401 Indian logic & Peistemology-I 3 1 - 4 4 PHI402 Indian EThics 3 1 - 4 4 PHI403 Symbolic Logic 3 1 - 4 4 PHI404EA Modern Indian Thought 1 3 1 - 4 4 PHI404EB Philosophy of Education PHI405EA Advaita Vedanta 3 1 - 4 4 PHI405EB Philosophy of Madhva PHI406S Seminar 3 1 - 4 4 Total 18 6 0 24 24 PHI407 Indian Logic & Epistemology-II 3 1 - 4 4 PHI408 Western Ethics 3 1 - 4 4 PHI409 Advance Symbolic Logic 3 1 - 4 4 PHI410EA Philosophy of Religion 2 3 1 - 4 4 PHI410EB Phenomenology and Existentialism PHI411EA Indian Aesthetics 3 1 - 4 4 PHI411EB Western Aesthetics PHI412S Seminar 3 1 - 4 4 Total 18 6 0 24 24 PHI501 Indian Metaphysics 3 1 - 4 4 Philosophy PHI502 Philosophy of Bhagwadgita 3 1 - 4 4 PHI503 Mysticism 3 1 - 4 4 PHI504EA Buddhist Philosophy 3 3 1 - 4 4 PHI504EB Nyaymanjari (Third Ahnika) textual study PHI505EA Yoga Philosophy and Psychology 3 1 - 4 4 PHI505EB Jain Philosophy PHI506S Seminar 3 1 - 4 4 Total 18 1 0 24 24 PHI507 Western Metaphysics 3 1 - 4 4 PHI508 Philosophy of Kant 3 1 - 4 4 PHI509 Philosophy of Ramanuj 3 1 - 4 4 PHI510EA Environmental Philosophy 4 3 1 - 4 4 PHI510EB Philosophical Tradition in Gujarat PHI511EA Seminar 3 1 - 4 4 PHI511EB Philosophy of Sartre PHI512 Project 3 1 - 4 4 Total 18 1 0 24 24 Page 1 of 59 DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY GUJARAT UNIVERSITY AHMEDABAD SEMESTER SYSTEM Syllabus [M.A.] Sem-I to IV [ With effect from Academic Year – June 2010 ] [ Revised June – 2012 ] Semester-I (PHI401) Indian logic and Epistemology (1) Objectives : This course aims at introducing the distinctive features of Indian epistemology. -
Indian Philosophy Encyclopædia Britannica Article
Indian philosophy Encyclopædia Britannica Article Indian philosophy the systems of thought and reflection that were developed by the civilizations of the Indian subcontinent. They include both orthodox (astika) systems, namely, the Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva-mimamsa, and Vedanta schools of philosophy, and unorthodox (nastika) systems, such as Buddhism and Jainism. Indian thought has been concerned with various philosophical problems, significant among them the nature of the world (cosmology), the nature of reality (metaphysics), logic, the nature of knowledge (epistemology), ethics, and religion. General considerations Significance of Indian philosophies in the history of philosophy In relation to Western philosophical thought, Indian philosophy offers both surprising points of affinity and illuminating differences. The differences highlight certain fundamentally new questions that the Indian philosophers asked. The similarities reveal that, even when philosophers in India and the West were grappling with the same problems and sometimes even suggesting similar theories, Indian thinkers were advancing novel formulations and argumentations. Problems that the Indian philosophers raised for consideration, but that their Western counterparts never did, include such matters as the origin (utpatti) and apprehension (jñapti) of truth (pramanya). Problems that the Indian philosophers for the most part ignored but that helped shape Western philosophy include the question of whether knowledge arises from experience or from reason and distinctions such as that between analytic and synthetic judgments or between contingent and necessary truths. Indian thought, therefore, provides the historian of Western philosophy with a point of view that may supplement that gained from Western thought. A study of Indian thought, then, reveals certain inadequacies of Western philosophical thought and makes clear that some concepts and distinctions may not be as inevitable as they may otherwise seem. -
Aesthetic Philosophy of Abhina V Agupt A
AESTHETIC PHILOSOPHY OF ABHINA V AGUPT A Dr. Kailash Pati Mishra Department o f Philosophy & Religion Bañaras Hindu University Varanasi-5 2006 Kala Prakashan Varanasi All Rights Reserved By the Author First Edition 2006 ISBN: 81-87566-91-1 Price : Rs. 400.00 Published by Kala Prakashan B. 33/33-A, New Saket Colony, B.H.U., Varanasi-221005 Composing by M/s. Sarita Computers, D. 56/48-A, Aurangabad, Varanasi. To my teacher Prof. Kamalakar Mishra Preface It can not be said categorically that Abhinavagupta propounded his aesthetic theories to support or to prove his Tantric philosophy but it can be said definitely that he expounded his aesthetic philoso phy in light of his Tantric philosophy. Tantrism is non-dualistic as it holds the existence of one Reality, the Consciousness. This one Reality, the consciousness, is manifesting itself in the various forms of knower and known. According to Tantrism the whole world of manifestation is manifesting out of itself (consciousness) and is mainfesting in itself. The whole process of creation and dissolution occurs within the nature of consciousness. In the same way he has propounded Rasadvaita Darsana, the Non-dualistic Philosophy of Aesthetics. The Rasa, the aesthetic experience, lies in the conscious ness, is experienced by the consciousness and in a way it itself is experiencing state of consciousness: As in Tantric metaphysics, one Tattva, Siva, manifests itself in the forms of other tattvas, so the one Rasa, the Santa rasa, assumes the forms of other rasas and finally dissolves in itself. Tantrism is Absolute idealism in its world-view and epistemology. -
Theosophical Review V39 N232 Dec 1906
THE TH EOSOPH ICAL REVIEW Vol. XXXIX DECEMBER, 19o6 No. 232 ON THE WATCH-TOWER " " The article on The Master which appeared in our last number may perhaps have served to remind some of our readers of the nature of one of the fundamental con- " " TS^ddha°f ceptions of the christology of Buddhism according to the Great Vehicle or Mahayana School. Those who are interested in the subject of the Trikaya, or Three Modes of Activity, generally called the Three Bodies, of the Buddha —and what real student of Theosophy can fail to be interested ? —will be glad to learn that an excellent resume of the manifold views of the Buddhist doctors, and of the labours of Occidental scholars on this mysterious tenet has just appeared in The Journal of the - Royal Asiatic Society, from the pen of " M. Louis de la Valine Poussin, entitled : Studies in Buddhist Dogma : The Three Bodies of a Buddha (Trikaya)." This sym pathetic scholar of Buddhism, —who has done so much to restore the balance of Buddhistic studies, by insisting on the importance of the Mahayana tradition in face of the one-sidedness of the Paliists who would find the orthodoxy of Buddhism in the 2g0 THE THEOSOPHICAL REVIEW Hinayana, or School of the Little Vehicle, alone, — says that the Trikaya teaching was at first a "buddhology," or speculative doctrine of the Buddhahood alone, which was subsequently made to cover the whole field of dogmatics and ontology. This may very well be so if we insist on regarding the subject solely from the standpoint of the history of the evolution of dogma; but since, as M. -
Ten Universal Virtues
TEN UNIVERSAL VIRTUES SUPREME Munishri Ram Kumar Nandi Ten Universal Virtues Munishri Kam Kumar Nandi English Rendering by: Naresh Chandra Garg (Jain) M.A. (English & Hindi) Rtd. Vice Principal Senior-most English Lecturer J.V. Jain Inter College, Saharanpur Printed at: Vikalp Printers Anekant Palace, 29, Rajpur Road, Dehradun- 248 001 Ten Universal Virtues Munishri Kam Kumar Nandi Financiers: Shri Girnari Lal Chunni Lal Jain Chowk Fowara, Saharanpur Shri Sundar Lal Ramesh Chandra Jain Shaheed Ganj, Saharanpur Cost Price: Rs. 45/- Price for Mundane Souls: Utility First Edition: 1994, 1000 copies [c] All rights reserved Available at: Shri Vinod Jain V.K.J. Builders and Contractors (Pvt.) Ltd. 162/3/1, Rajpur Road, Dehradun 248 001 Tel: (0135) 623540, 28035 Shri Vivek Jain 229/1 Krishnapuri, Muzaffarnagar - 251 002 (U.P.) Tel: (0131) 26762 Typesetting and Printing at: Vikalp Printers Anekant Palace, 29, Rajpur Road, Dehradun -248 001 Tel: (0135) 28971 MUNISHRI 108 KAM KUMAR NANDI Monkshood Name Muni Kam Kumar Nandi Birth Place Village Khawat Kappa, Distt. Belgaum (Karnataka) Father’s Name Late Shri Bhimappa Mother’s Name Shrimati Ratnva Brothers Four brothers Sisters Three sisters Real Name Shri Bhramappa (fourth child of the family) Date of birth 6th June, 1967 Renunciation year November, 1988 Place of Celibacy Vow Ankloose (Maharastra) Celibacy Vow & Gandhar Acharya Shri Kunthu Sagarji Initiation ceremony by Place of Initiation Ceremony Holy mount Shri Sammed Shikher ji Teachers of Jain thought 1. Acharya Shri Vidhya Nand ji 2. Upadhaya Shri Kanak Nand ji Study of Languages Kannad, Hindi, English, Sanskrit, Prakrit, Marathi and Brahami script Daily Routine Constant meditation, incessant study (reading, writing, learning of sacred books), delivering sermons and religious discourse Up-to-date Chaturmas Under the supervision of Gandhar (Four-month rainy season Acharya Shri Kunthu Sagarji at Aara stay) (Bihar), Baraut (U.P.), Muzaffarnagar (U.P.), Rohtak Haryana) Under the supervision of Acarya Vidya Nand ji at Kundkund Bharati, New Delhi. -
Notes on Modern Jainism
'J UN11 JUI .UBRARYQr c? IEUNIVER%. fHONVSOV | I ! 1 I i r^ 5, 3 ? \E-UNIVER. <~> **- 1 S 'OUJMVJ'iU ' il g i i i I s fc i<^ vvlOS-ANCELfX^ " - ^ <tx-N__^ # = =3 1( ^ Af-UNIVfl% il I fe ^'^ t $ ^ ^*-~- ^ ^ NOTES ON MODERN JAINISM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE S'VETA'MBARA, DIGAMBARA AND STHA'NAKAVA'SI SECTS. BY MRS. SINCLAIR STEVENSON, M.A. (T.C.D.) SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF SOMERVILLE COLLEGE, OXFORD. OXFORD S i B. H. BLACKWELL, 50 & 51 BROAD REET LONDON SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & Co, LIMITED SURAT : IRISH MISSION PRESS 1910. Stack Annfv r 333 HVNC LIBELLVM DE TRISTS VITAE SEVERITATE CVM MEAE TVM MARITI MATR! MEMORiAE MONVMENTVM DEDICO QVAE EXEMPLVM LONGE ALIVM SECVTAE NOMEN MATERNVM TAM FELICITER ORNAVERVNT. ** 2029268 PREFACE. THESE notes on Jain ism have been compiled mainly from information supplied to me by Gujarati speaking Jaina, so it has seemed advisable to use the Gujarati forms of their technical terms. It would be impossible to issue this little book without expressing my indebtedness to the Rev. G. P. Taylor, D. D., Principal of the Fleming Stevenson Divinity College, Ahmedabad, who placed all the resources of his valuable library at my disposal, and also to the various Jaina friends who so courteously bore with my interminable questionings. I am specially grateful to a learned Jaina gentleman who read through all the MS. with me, and thereby saved me, I hope, from some of the numerous pitfalls which beset the pathway of anyone who ventures to explore an alien faith. MARGARET STEVENSON. Irish Mission, Rajkot. India.