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0A Copyright INSPECTION, TESTING, AND MONITORING OF BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES EDITED BY PAUL ZIEHL AND JUAN CAICEDO Inspection, Testing, and Monitoring of Buildings and Bridges ISBN: 978-1-60983-198-1 Cover Design: Duane Acoba Publications Manager: Mary Lou Luif Project Head: Sandra Hyde Project Editor: Daniel Mutz Typesetting: Amy O'Farrell COPYRIGHT © 2012 â Published by the International Code Council ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This publication is a copyrighted work owned by the National Council of Structural Engineers Associ- ations (NCSEA). Without advance written permission from the copyright owner, no part of this book may be reproduced, distrib- uted, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including, without limitation, electronic, optical, or mechanical means (by way of example, and not limitation, photocopying or recording by or in an information storage retrieval system). For information on per- mission to copy material exceeding fair use, please contact: ICC Publications, 4051 West Flossmoor Road, Country Club Hills, IL 60478. Phone 1-888-ICC-SAFE (422-7233). The information contained in this document is believed to be accurate; however, it is being provided for informational purposes only and is intended for use only as a guide. Publication of this document by the ICC should not be construed as the ICC, NCSEA, or the authors engaging in or rendering engineering, legal or other professional services. Use of the information contained in this book should not be considered by the user to be a substitute for the advice of a registered professional engineer, attorney or other profes- sional. If such advice is required, it should be sought through the services of a registered professional engineer, licensed attorney or other professional. Back cover photo (lower left) courtesy of K.C. Ward, Inc. First Printing: May 2012 PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. PREFACE This book addresses both applications and emerging technologies related to the inspection, testing, and monitoring of civil engineering structures and structural systems. It covers a variety of topics by recognized experts in their respective fields. These topics include the evaluation and remediation of corrosion and fire damage, load testing, nondestructive evaluation, and long-term monitoring. The orga- nization of the book proceeds from primarily visual inspection and evaluation of structures to more in-depth analysis procedures. Many materials are addressed, including reinforced concrete, structural steel, timber, masonry, and fiber-reinforced polymers. The book is intended as a helpful reference for engineers who are routinely faced with complex evaluation requirements. For this rea- son, illustrative figures are included as well as a significant number of references at the conclusion of each chapter for further reading and information. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The help of Dr. Tim Mays in the coordination of this project is greatly appreciated. We also wish to acknowledge the help of Jeanne Vogelzang, JD, CAE, at NCSEA and Sandra Hyde, PE, at ICC. Paul Ziehl would like to thank his wife, Michele, for her continuous en- couragement and support. The National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA) acknowledges the hard work of the NCSEA Publications Commit- tee. This group consists of individuals from many backgrounds, including consulting, engineering, research, education, design, and private practice. Individuals who serve on the NCSEA Publications Committee include: Timothy W. Mays, PhD, PE, Chairman Roberto Leon, PhD, PE Clem McCarey, PE C. Michael Donoghue, PE Chun Lau, PE Jon P. Kiland, SE, SECB John Finke, PE The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Drs. Engelhardt and Fowler to Chapter 10. iv ABOUT THE AUTHORS This book was coordinated by Dr. Paul Ziehl, PE, of the University of South Carolina. Dr. Ziehl obtained his Bachelor of Science de- gree at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, and his Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degrees at the University of Texas at Austin. He has substantial background in both building and bridge design and analysis. He is a member of the American Concrete Institute and the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute and serves on several ACI technical committees, includ- ing ACI 437: Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures and ACI 335: Composite and Hybrid Structures. He is an Associate Professor at the University of South Carolina where he teaches graduate courses in Prestressed Concrete Design, Advanced Rein- forced Concrete Analysis and Design, and Composite Materials for Civil Applications in addition to an undergraduate course Rein- forced Concrete Analysis and Design. He has particular interest and expertise in nondestructive evaluation, full-scale experimental characterization, seismic design and detailing of prestressed and reinforced concrete structures, numerical modeling and simulations, and structural health monitoring. Dr. Ziehl has served as an investigator on more than 30 sponsored research projects and has authored over 100 publications, including journal articles, conference proceedings, book chapters, and research reports. He has pro- fessional registration in four states and maintains active status in South Carolina and Texas. He and Michele are the proud parents of David, Zachary, Michael, Theresa, and Bernadette. Mr. William Barna, PE, is a graduate of The Citadel, from which he received his Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering. Throughout his 12 year career, Mr. Barna has accumulated extensive experience in the design and inspection of waterfront facilities for numerous Departments of Transportation and government agencies, with particular emphasis on both above-water and below-water bridge inspection. He is experienced in SCUBA diving and is a trained ADCI Surface-Supplied Air Diver. He has worked in various haz- ardous conditions including poor visibility, strong currents, and high altitudes. He also has a vested interest in nondestructive testing and hydrographic surveying. Currently, Mr. Barna is a Registered Professional Engineer in South Carolina, Alaska, and New York. Mr. Jonathan P. Carroll, PE, received his education at Ohio University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil Engineering. Mr. Carroll has been involved in the transportation and structural field for nearly a decade and has accumulated extensive experience in bridge design and inspection. He has prepared designs for numerous Departments of Transportation and local municipalities, which have included multi-span, multi-lane, curved, and straight bridges over water and urban expressways. He has also conducted above-water and below-water structural inspections on numerous bridges, overhead signs, and marine structures. His bridge inspec- tion experience includes the NBIS inspection of bridges comprised of concrete deck slabs, post-tensioned slabs, concrete beams, post/prestressed concrete girders/boxes, steel girders, steel box caps, cable-stay spans, and steel trusses. He is a certified SCUBA diver with surface-supplied diving experience as well. Currently, Mr. Carroll is a Registered Professional Engineer in Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Ohio, and South Carolina. Mr. James K. O’Connor, PE, is the Regional Manager of Collins Engineers, Inc., in Charleston, South Carolina. Carl J. “Chuck” Larosche has over 25 years of experience in consulting services for the preservation and restoration of historic and existing structures, structural design, and the investigation and evaluation of existing structures and materials. He has successfully combined his broad construction background with his knowledge of material behavior in existing structures to provide insight and knowledge in the area of masonry, concrete, and steel evaluation, including strengthening and repair of these materials. Prior to his en- gineering career, Mr. Larosche worked in the construction field for 14 years. Mr. Larosche then worked 10 years in bridge design, con- struction, and maintenance for the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Upon receiving his Master of Science degree in Structural Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin, Mr. Larosche founded his own firm: Sparks, Larosche & Associates. Since 2004, Mr. Larosche has been a Principal of Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates Inc. (WJE). He is also Chair of ACI Committee 437: Strength Evaluation of Existing Concrete Structures, and Sub-committee Chair of ACI 562: Evaluation, Repair and Rehabilita- tion—Structural Analysis, and Secretary of ACI Committee E702: Designing Concrete Structures. Mr. Larosche is currently a Licensed Professional Engineer in Texas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. Scott Hancock, PE, obtained his Bachelor of Science and Master of Engineering degrees at the University of Florida. He has substan- tial background in geotechnical engineering, construction-materials testing, special inspections, and forensic investigation of structure distress. He has directed development of a web-based special inspection and construction materials test reporting system that com- plies with International Building Code requirements. The system receives input of tests and observations from the field, allows on-line review, allows identification and tracking of discrepancies to resolution, and presents reports to clients on the web. He is currently a Technical Principal and Vice President with S&ME, Inc., a southeast regional engineering consulting firm with approximately 1,000 em- ployees. In this role, he is responsible
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