Strong and Enduring People I Reggimenti Irlandesi Nelle Fiandre Cattoliche

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Strong and Enduring People I Reggimenti Irlandesi Nelle Fiandre Cattoliche Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Economia e Gestione delle Aziende Prova finale di Laurea Strong and Enduring People I Reggimenti Irlandesi nelle Fiandre Cattoliche Relatore Prof. Luciano Pezzolo Laureando Nicola Reffo Matricola 829391 Anno Accademico 2011 / 2012 INDICE ESTRATTO …………………………………………………………………………………...4 GLOSSARIO ………………………………………………………………………………….5 ABBREVIAZIONI ……………………………………………………………………………8 NOTA SU MONETA E VALUTA …………………………………………………………..9 CAPITOLO I: La Guerra degli Ottant’Anni Province ricche e irrequiete: i Paesi Bassi nel Cinquecento………………………………….12 Prima fase del conflitto: arriva il Duca d’Alba……………………………………………….21 La Tregua dei Dodici Anni…………………………………………………………………...43 La ripresa delle ostilità………………………………………………………………………..47 Caratteristiche della guerra nelle Fiandre…………………………………………………….58 Fatti d’arme e politici: riepilogo……………………………………………………………...64 CAPITOLO II: Gli Irlandesi nelle Fiandre: Quando, Come, Perché L’Irlanda come terra di emigrazione militare………………………………………………...74 Poner una pica en Flandes : costi di reclutamento e di trasporto…………………………….87 CAPITOLO III: I Reggimenti Irlandesi nelle Fiandre I comandanti…………………………………………………………………………………105 Organigramma di un reggimento irlandese………………………………………………….112 Salari, stipendi, benefit e adeguamenti salariali……………………………………………..119 Salari e potere d’acquisto……………………………………………………………………126 Ritardi nei pagamenti: l’ammutinamento di Zichem………………………………………..130 2 CAPITOLO IV: La Società Militare Irlandese nelle Fiandre Famiglie……………………………………………………………………………………..135 Istituti religiosi………………………………………………………………………………138 Rapporti con la popolazione locale………………………………………………………….142 CAPITOLO V: Relazioni con la madrepatria Progetti di riscossa: dalla nascita del reggimento alla morte di Hugh O’Neill……………...147 Si riparla d’invasione: il mancato aiuto spagnolo…………………………………………...152 La Confederazione di Kilkenny……………………………………………………………..157 EPILOGO …………………………………………………………………………………..160 APPENDICE A …………………………………………………………………………….161 APPENDICE B ……………………………………………………………………………..165 APPENDICE C …………………………………………………………………………….172 APPENDICE D …………………………………………………………………………….176 APPENDICE E ……………………………………………………………………………..184 RINGRAZIAMENTI ………………………………………………………………………189 BIBLIOGRAFIA …………………………………………………………………………...190 3 ESTRATTO Negli anni ’60 del Cinquecento i ricchi e prosperi Paesi Bassi, soggetti all’autorità di Filippo II di Spagna, iniziarono a essere percorsi da tumulti e insofferenza all’autorità regia a causa di una peculiare concomitanza di questioni irrisolte in campo economico, politico e religioso. Per ripristinare la sua autorità il re costituì e inviò un esercito, l’Esercito delle Fiandre, a domare la rivolta, col risultato di scatenare una guerra aperta durata ottant’anni e fondamentalmente inconcludente con le Province settentrionali, grossomodo quelle che oggi costituiscono i Paesi Bassi propriamente detti. Facevano parte dell’Esercito contingenti delle più disparate nazionalità, accomunati dal fatto di essere composti da cattolici. Quest’opera si propone di approfondire, con l’ausilio tanto di fonti bibliografiche quanto di materiale d’archivio raccolto agli Archivi Generali del Reame (Bruxelles), le vicende di uno di questi contingenti, di dimensioni ridotte ma spesso presente sul campo di battaglia: il contingente irlandese. Dopo una ricostruzione per sommi capi dei fatti politici e militari intercorsi durante il conflitto analizzeremo la struttura dei reggimenti d’Irlanda, le paghe degli uomini, i loro costi di reclutamento e di trasporto, le relazioni instaurate con la popolazione locale e quelle mantenute presso la madrepatria. 4 GLOSSARIO Alférez Tenente portabandiera Alguaciles Guardie al servizio dell’ auditor Alojamiento Acquartieramento militare Armada Flotta Asiento Contratto (solitamente di fornitura) stipulato da un privato con l’amministrazione statale Asientista Titolare di un asiento Atambor Tamburino Auditor Giudice-avvocato Ayudante Aiutante di campo Barrechel de campaña Capo della polizia militare di un tercio Cabo de escuadra Caporale Caballero Gentiluomo Chirurgeano Chirurgo Contador Contabile – Contaduría Mayor de Cuentas , ufficio di revisione della finanza reale spagnola Criado Giovane inserviente alle dipendenze di un ufficiale Doppelsolden Supplemento di paga spartito mensilmente da picchieri e moschettieri di un reggimento di tipo tedesco Ducado La più alta unità monetaria di conto, del valore di 375 maravedís . Entretenido Gentiluomo o gentildonna che riceveva un salario mensile permanente dalla tesoreria militare. Se uomo, generalmente 5 serviva nell’esercito Entretenido cerca la persona Entretenido nominato dal Capitano Generale Entretretenimiento Il salario mensile ricevuto da un entretenido Escudo Moneta sia fisica che di conto, del valore di 340 maravedís Escuadra Sezione di 25 uomini avente un cabo de escuadra o caporale Estado coronel Ufficiali maggiori presenti in un tercio Etape Punto di ristoro per un esercito in marcia, spesso allestito da un asientista Flandes Fiandre Furier Furiere Leva o Recluta Reclutamento di uomini per l’Esercito Limosna Elemosina – Real de limosna , pagamento mensile di 1 real da parte dei soldati per finanziare l’ospedale militare di Malines Maravedí La più piccola unità monetaria di conto Maestre de campo Comandante di un tercio ; colonnello Mayor Secondo in comando in un tercio , equivalente al tenente- colonnello Ordenanza Ordinanza Pagador Pagatore – Pagaduría , ufficio del Pagador Pan de munición Pane del governo Patacón Moneta da 8 reales , del valore di 275 maravedís Pica seca Picchiere senza armatura Placa muerte Stipendio reso disponibile alle casse dell’Esercito dalla 6 morte o dimissione di un soldato. Il beneficiario non era obbligato a servire continuativamente sotto le armi, né a presentarsi regolarmente agli appelli. Plantation Colonia inglese Planter Colonizzatore inglese Pliego de asiento Fascicolo contenente i termini di un contratto ( asiento ) Proveedor de víveres Responsabile della fornitura del pan de munición Real Moneta da 34 maravedís Reformación Fusione di più unità militari per ragioni di risparmio. Reformado Un ufficiale che aveva perso il posto a causa di una reformación . Teniente Tenente Tercio Reggimento di tipo spagnolo, di circa 12 compagnie, per circa 2,500 uomini a pieno organico (raro), al comando di un maestre de campo Valido Primo ministro Veedor Ispettore contabile dell’Esercito – Veeduría , ufficio del Veedor Ventaja Supplemento di paga spesso accordato ai soldati in virtù del loro lungo e/o valoroso servizio. 7 ABBREVIAZIONI AGRB Archives Générales du Royaume, Bruxelles AJ Archives Jésuitiques CF Conseil des Finances CPE Conseil Privé Espagnol EA Papiers d’Etat et de l’Audience SEG Secrétairerie d’Etat et de Guerre, Registres des Patentes, Titres, Ordes et Dépechês SEG CG Secrétairerie d’Etat et de Guerre, Correspondance des Gouverneurs SEG GS Secrétairerie d’Etat et de Guerre, Gastos Secretos 8 NOTA SU MONETA E VALUTA Prima di iniziare la trattazione sembra opportuno illustrare quali divise circolassero nelle Fiandre e quali fossero i tassi di cambio reciproci. Nell’intervallo di tempo considerato le principali unità monetarie di conto presenti nei Paesi Bassi erano il fiorino ( guilder) da 40 grosse (ovvero 20 placas 1) e l’ escudo da 50 placas (ragion per cui 1 escudo (ϑ) = 2,5 fl.). Tuttavia il valore dello scudo non rimase stabile: si passò dal valore di 39 placas prima del 1580 a quello di 57 placas nel 1585, per poi stabilizzare il sistema a 50 placas per 1 ϑ a partire dal 1590 2, basando la contabilità sull’argento anziché sull’oro. L’ escudo così concepito era un’unità monetaria del valore di 10 reales d’argento, ciascuno dei quali quindi valeva 5 placas , ovvero 34 maravedís (altra tipica unità monetaria di conto spagnola) 3. L’ escudo “fisico”, ovvero la moneta aurea nota con questo nome, esisteva in 3 varianti: quello d’Italia (57 placas ), quello di Spagna (59 placas ) e quello di Francia (60 placas ). Lo scudo “fisico” aveva quindi un valore di quasi 3 fl., leggermente superiore alla sua corrispondente unità valutaria di conto 4. Il real “piccolo” ( real de véllon ) non va confuso con un “parente” assai più nobile, una moneta fisica del valore di 8 reales noto come real de plata o, più spesso, come patacon : il “pezzo da 8 (275 maravedís )” reso celebre da tante storie di pirati, di quando in quando menzionato nei documenti contabili dell’Esercito delle Fiandre 5. Valendo 8 reales per 40 1 M. A. Echevarría, Flandes y la Mornarquía Hispánica , pag. 397. 2 G. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659. The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries’ Wars , pag. XVI. 3 R. A. Stradling, The Armada of Flanders , pag. XV. 4 G. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-1659. The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries’ Wars , pag. XVI. 5 R. A. Stradling, The Spanish Monarchy and Irish Mercenaries: The Wild Geese in Spain, 1618-68 , pag. 12. Pagamenti in patacones sono menzionati nel registro AGRB SEG GS, reg. 168, usati nella misura di 30 ciascuno nel 1663 per fornire abiti ai Padri Solevo e Bonaventura de Brudin (Francescani) e a Guillermo de Burgos (William Burke?, Domenicano). Dallo stesso registro apprendiamo che nel 1664 40 patacones serviranno a finanziare la licenza per l’Irlanda, con moglie e figlio al seguito, assegnata al colonnello James Dempsey (e dedotta dal suo stipendio), mentre nel 1668 32 monete dello stesso conio saranno assegnate a Patrick 9 placas il suo valore,
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