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Chapter 24 Lecture Presentation Chapter 24 The Digestive System © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to the Digestive System . Digestive system – Acquires nutrients from environment • Used to synthesize essential compounds (anabolism) • Broken down to provide energy to cells (catabolism) 2 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Digestive system – Digestive tract • Gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal • Muscular tube • Extends from oral cavity to anus – Accessory organs • Teeth, tongue, and various glandular organs 3 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24–1 Organs of the Digestive System (Part 1 of 2). Major Organs of the Digestive Tract Oral Cavity (Mouth) Ingestion, mechanical digestion with accessory organs (teeth and tongue), moistening, mixing with salivary secretions Pharynx Muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus Esophagus Transport of materials to the stomach Stomach Chemical digestion of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical digestion through muscular contractions Small Intestine Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions Large Intestine Dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination Anus 4 Figure 24–1 Organs of the Digestive System (Part 2 of 2). Accessory Organs of the Digestive System Teeth Mechanical digestion by chewing (mastication) Tongue Assists mechanical digestion with teeth, sensory analysis Salivary Glands Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates Liver Secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions Gallbladder Storage and concentration of bile Pancreas Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones 5 24-1 The Digestive System . Integrated processes of digestive system – Ingestion – Mechanical digestion and propulsion – Chemical digestion – Secretion – Absorption – Defecation 6 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Ingestion – Occurs when food enters oral cavity . Mechanical digestion and propulsion – Crushing and shearing of food – Propelling food along digestive tract 7 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Chemical digestion – Chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments for absorption by digestive epithelium . Secretion – Release of water, acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts – By epithelium of digestive tract, glandular organs, and gallbladder 8 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Absorption – Movement of organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and water – Across digestive epithelium – Into interstitial fluid of digestive tract . Defecation – Elimination of wastes from body – Compacted, dehydrated wastes are called feces 9 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Lining of digestive tract – Safeguards surrounding tissues against • Corrosive effects of digestive acids and enzymes • Mechanical stresses, such as abrasion • Bacteria either ingested with food or that reside in digestive tract 10 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Peritoneum – Serous membrane lining peritoneal cavity – Superficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissue – Visceral peritoneum (serosa) • Covers organs within peritoneal cavity – Parietal peritoneum • Lines inner surfaces of body wall 11 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Peritoneal fluid – Produced by serous membrane lining – Allows sliding of parietal and visceral surfaces without friction or irritation – About 7 liters produced and absorbed daily, but very little in peritoneal cavity at one time • Ascites—abdominal swelling due to buildup of peritoneal fluid 12 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Mesenteries – Double sheets of peritoneal membrane – Suspend portions of digestive tract within peritoneal cavity – Connect parietal peritoneum with visceral peritoneum – Provide a route to and from digestive tract for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels – Stabilize positions of attached organs – Prevent intestines from becoming entangled 13 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . During embryonic development – Digestive tract and accessory organs are suspended in peritoneal cavity by • Dorsal mesentery • Ventral mesentery – Ventral mesentery later disappears along most of digestive tract • Persists in adults only as lesser omentum and falciform ligament 14 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24–2a The Mesenteries. Neural tube Notochord Mesoderm Parietal Dorsal peritoneum Coelomic mesentery Peritoneal cavity cavity Digestive tract Developing Visceral liver peritoneum Digestive tract 4 weeks Ventral mesentery 5 weeks a During embryonic development, the digestive tube is initially suspended by dorsal and ventral mesenteries. In adults, the ventral mesentery is lost except at the lesser omentum between the stomach and liver and the falciform ligament between the liver and diaphragm (see part d). 15 24-1 The Digestive System . Lesser omentum – Stabilizes position of stomach – Provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver . Falciform ligament – Helps stabilize position of liver relative to diaphragm and abdominal wall 16 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Dorsal mesentery – Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, the greater omentum • Extends inferiorly between body wall and anterior surface of small intestine • Hangs like an apron from lateral and inferior borders of stomach 17 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Adipose tissue in greater omentum – Conforms to shapes of surrounding organs – Pads and protects surfaces of abdomen – Provides insulation to reduce heat loss – Stores lipid energy reserves – Contributes to “beer belly” 18 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Mesentery proper – Thick mesenterial sheet – Provides stability – Permits some independent movement – Suspends all but first 25 cm of small intestine . Mesentery associated with duodenum and pancreas – Fuses with abdominal wall, locking organs in place – Posterior to peritoneal cavity—retroperitoneal 19 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Mesocolon – Mesentery associated with part of large intestine – During development, mesocolon of ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum • Fuse to posterior body wall • Lock regions in place 20 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24–2b The Mesenteries. Lesser Greater omentum omentum (cut) Stomach Mesocolon of ascending Transverse and descending colons colon fused to posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum Transverse mesocolon Ascending colon Descending Mesentery colon proper (mesenterial Small sheet) intestine Sigmoid colon b A diagrammatic view of the organization of mesenteries in an adult. As the digestive tract enlarges, mesenteries associated with the proximal portion of the small intestine, the pancreas, and the ascending and descending portions of the colon fuse to the body wall. 21 Figure 24–2c The Mesenteries. Falciform ligament Diaphragm Inferior vena cava Esophagus Coronary ligament Pancreas of liver Right kidney Left kidney Duodenum Attachment of transverse mesocolon Superior mesenteric Position of artery and vein ascending Position of colon Root of descending colon mesentery Attachment of proper sigmoid mesocolon Rectum Parietal Urinary peritoneum bladder c An anterior view of the empty peritoneal cavity, showing the attachment of mesenteries to the posterior body wall. Some visceral organs that were originally suspended within the peritoneal cavity are now retroperitoneal due to fusion of the serosa with the parietal peritoneum. 22 Figure 24–2d The Mesenteries. Falciform Diaphragm Visceral ligament peritoneum Liver Lesser omentum Stomach Pancreas Transverse Duodenum mesocolon Transverse Mesentery colon proper Greater omentum Sigmoid mesocolon Parietal peritoneum Rectum Small Urinary intestine bladder Uterus d A sagittal section showing the mesenteries of an adult. Notice that the pancreas, duodenum, and rectum are retroperitoneal. 23 24-1 The Digestive System . Histology of digestive tract – Major layers of digestive tract • Mucosa • Submucosa • Muscular layer • Serosa . Lining of digestive tract varies by region – Longitudinal folds in empty stomach – Permanent transverse folds in small intestine 24 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 24–3 Histological Organization of the Digestive Tract (Part 1 of 2). Mesenteric artery and vein Circular Mesentery folds Mucosa Submucosa Muscular layer Serosa 25 Figure 24–3 Histological Organization of the Digestive Tract (Part 2 of 2). Circular fold Mucosa Mucosal epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Villi Intestinal glands Submucosal gland Lymphatic vessel Mucosa Artery and vein Submucosa Submucosal neural plexus Muscular Circular muscle layer layer Myenteric plexus Serosa Longitudinal muscle layer 26 24-1 The Digestive System . Mucosa – Inner lining of digestive tract – Mucous membrane consisting of • Epithelium, moistened by glandular secretions • Lamina propria of areolar tissue • Muscular muscularis mucosae 27 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24-1 The Digestive System . Digestive epithelium – Mucosal epithelium is simple or stratified • Depending on location, function, and stresses – Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal • Stratified squamous epithelium – Stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine • Simple columnar epithelium •
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