Evaluating the Water Quality Within the Reticulation System of Kwekwe Municipality During the Dry and Wet Seasons
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EVALUATING THE WATER QUALITY WITHIN THE RETICULATION SYSTEM OF KWEKWE MUNICIPALITY DURING THE DRY AND WET SEASONS. BY CHINOMONA SILENCE R134823G A DISSERTATION Submitted to The Midlands State University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements For the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE LAND AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT HONOURS DEGREE JUNE 2017 Abstract The research sought to evaluate the water quality within the reticulation system of Kwekwe municipality during the dry and wet seasons and to measure the water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, total coliforms, free and combined chlorine from the source, final stage of treatment and throughout the distribution system. It also had to consider how distance from one sampling point to another affect the quality of water. It had to consider measurement, the water treatment process, causes for poor water quality as well as desired international standards of World and Health Organisation, (WHO). Data was collected from nine different sampling points including schools, clinics, residential areas of Mbizo and Amaveni, Dutchman Pool Waterworks formerly known as Sebakwe Treatment Works as well as dam water. The data was collected in January and February 2016 representing wet season as well as in May and June 2016 representing dry season. Laboratory tests were conducted in order to analyse the quality of water at the different sampling sites. For statistical analysis both one way and two way ANOVA were used. Regression analysis was done to establish a relationship between water quality parameters and distance. i Declaration The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended for submission to the department of Land and Water Resources Management, in partial fulfilment of the Bachelor of Science Degree in Land and Water Resources Management, a research by Silence Chinomona entitled: EVALUATING THE WATER QUALITY WITHIN THE RETICULATION SYSTEM OF KWEKWE MUNICIPALITY DURING THE DRY AND WET SEASONS. Supervisor Professor A. Munodawafa Signed ………………………… Date ……………/…………………/….……………. Coordinator (Mr E. T. Mupfiga) Signed………………………….. Date………/…………/………… ii Dedication I dedicate this piece of work to my father Philip, my mother Memory and my siblings Sincere, Kundai, Onai and Terrence. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my industrial supervisor, Mr Tafirenyika for assisting me in coming up with the study. His contribution is greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank my academic supervisor Professor Munodawafa for helping me with my research. I also want to thank Mrs Chimudzeka, Mr Timire, Mr Moyo, Mr Mugano, my lecturers, the staff from the Land and Water Resources Management department and all staff members of the Kwekwe City Council Engineering department for supporting me throughout my study. iv Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... i Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. ii Dedication .............................................................................................................................................. iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ iv List of appendices ................................................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Justification ....................................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.5 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 The Conventional Water Treatment Process..................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 pH ................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Turbidity ........................................................................................................................................ 8 2.1.3 Free or residual chlorine .............................................................................................................. 10 2.1.4 Combined chlorine ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.5 Total coliforms ............................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Causes of poor water quality ........................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Study Area ...................................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Sampling Method ............................................................................................................................ 17 3.3 Analytical methods ......................................................................................................................... 17 3.3.1 pH ................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.3.2 Turbidity ...................................................................................................................................... 17 3.3.3. Free chlorine ............................................................................................................................... 18 3.3.4 Combined chlorine ....................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.5 Coliforms ..................................................................................................................................... 19 3.4Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 20 4.0 Results and Discussion ................................................................................................................... 20 4.1. pH ................................................................................................................................................... 20 4.1.2 Free chlorine ................................................................................................................................ 20 4.1.3 Combined chlorine ....................................................................................................................... 22 4.1.4 Total Coliforms ............................................................................................................................ 23 4.1.5 Turbidity ...................................................................................................................................... 24 v 4.2 Relationships between the different parameters and distance ......................................................... 25 4.2.1 Free chlorine concentration .......................................................................................................... 25 4.3 Combined chlorine .......................................................................................................................... 26 4.4 pH .................................................................................................................................................... 27 4.5 Turbidity ........................................................................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 5 ......................................................................................................................................... 30 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................................................. 30 5.1Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 30 5.2Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 30 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Appendix I