The Many Faces of Human Security
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The Many Faces of Human Security Case Studies of Seven Countries in Southern Africa EDITED BY KEITH MULOONGO, ROGER KIBASOMBA AND JEMIMA NJERI KARIRI This research was made possible through the generous funding of the Royal Danish government through their embassy in South Africa www.issafrica.org © 2005, Institute for Security Studies All rights reserved Copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Institute for Security Studies, and no part may be reproduced in whole or part without the express permission, in writing, of both the authors and the publishers. The opinions expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute, its Trustees, members of the ISS Council, or donors. Authors contribute to ISS publications in their personal capacity. ISBN: 1-919913-88-2 First published by the Institute for Security Studies PO Box 1787, Brooklyn Square 0075 Pretoria, South Africa Cover photo: PictureNet Cover design and layout: Marketing Support Services Printers: Business Print Centre CONTENTS Preface v Abbreviations vii List of tables and figures xiii Introduction 1 PART I: POVERTY AND HUMAN SECURITY CHAPTER ONE Human security, popular participation and poverty reduction in Zambia 7 Dr Fredrick Mutesa and Wilma Nchito PART II: MULTIPARTY POLITICS AND HUMAN SECURITY CHAPTER TWO Zanzibar: Conflict resolution and human security in the 2005 elections 39 Professor Gaudens P Mpangala and Dr Jonathan M K Lwehabura CHAPTER THREE Individual confidence and personal security in the 2005 Zimbabwean elections 97 Michael M Mataure PART III: THE SECURITY OF THE YOUNG CHAPTER FOUR Urban security in Kinshasa: A socio-demographic profile of children in distress 161 Hubert Kabungulu Ngoy CHAPTER FIVE Profiling youth involved in the informal markets of Luanda 201 Colonel Manuel Correira de Barros iii iv Contents CHAPTER SIX Perceptions of human security in democratic South Africa: Opinions of students from tertiary institutions 225 Dr Norman Mlambo PART IV: RURAL INSECURITIES CHAPTER SEVEN The impact of stock theft on human security: Strategies for combating stock theft in Lesotho 265 Dr J Dzimba and Matsolo Matooane Conclusion 303 PREFACE This book represents the combined efforts of a team of researchers at the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), our partners and friends through the Southern African Peace and Security Network (SAPSNet) and the Royal Danish embassy in South Africa, who funded the work. At the Institute the most important word of thanks must be to Dr Roger Kibasomba, Senior Research Fellow, who joined the ISS from the University of the Witwatersrand to take up the challenge of advancing the cause of human security in a divided and complex region. Keith Muloongo, deputy director of the Institute, brought many of his talents to bear, as did Jemima Njeri Kariri, my previous close working partner and now the civil society liaison officer at the ISS. They laboured under difficult and sometimes frustrating conditions to complete this volume, working with and through our partners in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Lesotho, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The efforts of the following individuals also demand a particular word of appreciation: Colonel Manuel Correia de Barros (ret) from the Centro de Estudos Estratégicos de Angola (CEEA); Hubert Kabungulu Ngoy at Labor Optimus, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Ana Leão from the ISS; Dr John Dzimba and Matsolo Matooane, from the Lesotho Institute for Public Administration (LIPAM); Dr Norman Mlambo from the Africa Institute of South Africa; Michael M Mataure from the Public Affairs and Parliamentary Support Trust (PAPST) in Zimbabwe; Dr Jonathan Lwehabura, then at the Mwalimu Nyerere Foundation in Tanzania; Professor Gaudens Mpangala, Department of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and Dr Fredrick Mutesa, Department of Development Studies and Wilma Nchito, Department of Geography, University of Zambia. A special word of thanks to Ambassador Torben Brylle and Ms Lone Spanner at the Royal Danish embassy for their inspiration and support as well as their patience in awaiting this volume. Compared with the rest of the continent, southern Africa is a recently liberated region. South Africa achieved majority rule only in 1994, and Namibia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique some years earlier after destructive wars. Conflict in Angola, a legacy of the Cold War and South African destabilisation, concluded only after the death of Jonas Savimbi v vi Preface in early 2002. It should come as no surprise that the concept of human security is a contested one in a region where state security, for much of the previous century, has been against rather than for the region’s people. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has made a great deal of progress since its early days as an alliance of Frontline States against apartheid South Africa. Yet much remains to be done if the region is to move beyond the divisions of the past. If this volume demonstrates one issue, it is the real challenges facing people – rooted in poverty, marginalisation and a legacy of mistrust. It is these challenges, not the threats of armed invasion, international terrorism or failed states, that currently impact on much of Africa. SADC, as an organisation, and the region need to invest heavily in a discourse on the nature of security and undertake policy research, development and planning in order to cease understanding security from a threat perception and vulnerabilities perspective. Peace, justice and order should come together to constitute the main pillars of our security in the future. We also need to find a way to manage power and the relative balance between states. Finally, building security in southern Africa implies promoting and protecting common values, including a respect for human rights, individual freedom, democracy and the peaceful resolution of disputes. Common values are important because they foster the idea of common vision, the sense of purpose of a given society. We have a long way to go, but the journey is well under way. Jakkie Cilliers Pretoria July 2005 ABBREVIATIONS ACC Anti-Crime Associations and Committees AFRONET African Network on Human Rights and Development AGOA Africa Growth and Opportunities Act AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIPPA Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act ANC African National Congress APRM African Peer Review Mechanism ARV Antiretroviral Drug ASP Afro-Shirazi Party AU African Union BB Butha-Buthe BFD Bunge Foundation for Democracy BICE Catholic International Bureau for Children BR Berea BSAC British South Africa Company CAZ Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe CC Central Committee CC Constitution Commission CCJPZ The Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CDP Constituency Development Programme CEEA Centro de Estudos Estratégicos de Angola (Angolan Centre for Strategic Studies) CFU Commercial Farmers Union CHS Commission on Human Security CMA Common Monetary Area CPRK Penitentiary and Re-education Centre CRC Constitutional Review Commission CRW Constituency Relations Workshop CSO Central Statistical Office CSO Civil Society Organisation CSO Central Statistical Office CSPR Civil Society for Poverty Reduction CUF Civic United Front CYP Commonwealth Youth Programme DA Democratic Alliance vii viii Abbreviations DC Delimitation Commission DDCC District Development Coordinating Committee DDR Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration DPO District Planning Office DPP Director of Public Prosecution DPRS District Poverty Reduction Strategy DPU District Planning Unit DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo DSA District Situational Analysis DTV Dar es Salaam Television ECF Electoral Commissioners Forum EMB Electoral Management Body ENMSP Special Protection Measures ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme ESAURP Eastern and South African Universities Research Programme ESC Electoral Supervisory Commission EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FINNIDA Department for International Development Cooperation of Finland FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola FTLRP Fast-Track Resettlement Programme GDP Gross Domestic Product GNI Gross National Income GoZ Government of Zimbabwe HDI Human Development Index HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Country HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HR House of Representatives HSN Human Security Network IDP Internally Displaced Person IEC Independent Electoral Commission IFES International Foundation for Election Systems IFP Inkatha Freedom Party IMF International Monetary Fund INGO International Non-Governmental Organisation IPC Inter-Party Commission IPLG Institute of Leadership and Governance ISPRA Instituto Superior Privado de Angola ISS Institute for Security Studies ix IZG Independent Zimbabwe Group JKU Jeshi la Kujenga Uchumi JPCSC Joint Presidential Supervisory Commission LEC Lesotho Evangelical Church LHWP Lesotho Highlands Water Project LIPAM Lesotho Institute of Public Administration and Management LMPS Lesotho Mounted Police Service LPLFSP Luapula Province Livelihood and Food Security Programme LPMS Livestock Produce and Marketing Services LR Leribe MDC Movement for Democratic Change MDGs Millennium Development Goals MFT Mafeteng MH Mohale’s Hoek MKG Mokhotlong MONUC United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. MP Member of Parliament MPLA People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola MPs Members of Parliament MS-Zambia Danish Association for International Cooperation MSU Maseru NANGO National