Australia Australia

Australia LEVELED BOOK • U A Reading A–Z Level U Leveled Book Word Count: 1,704 AAUUSSTTRRAALLIIAA

Written by Terry Miller Shannon

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Cover: Koala bear

Title page: Sydney Opera House

Back cover: Twelve Apostles rock formations on the Australian coast

Australia Written by Terry Miller Shannon Level U Leveled Book © Learning A–Z Correlation Written by Terry Miller Shannon LEVEL U Maps by Craig Frederick Fountas & Pinnell Q All rights reserved. Reading Recovery 40 DRA 40 www.readinga-z.com www.readinga-z.com Asia Europe North America Africa

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Antarctica Australia is one of the world’s richest natural areas.

Introduction Table of Contents The official name of Australia is the Introduction ...... 4 Commonwealth of Australia, but Australians call Geography ...... 6 their land “Oz .” It is a place so unique, it might have come from a fantasy story rather than real Animals ...... 8 life . Many of the things you see in Australia, The Outback ...... 11 from the incredible landscapes to the amazing creatures, are unlike anything else on Earth . History ...... 13 Australia has a rich and fascinating history . Modern Australia ...... 19 A group of people called Aborigines has lived Explore More ...... 23 in Australia for over 40,000 years . Britain claimed Australia just over 200 years ago . Since then, the Glossary ...... 24 country has changed from a small colony to a Index ...... 24 nation with approximately 22 million citizens .

Australia • Level U 3 4 Australia’s population is also unique . Geography Although Australia has lots of industry, most Australia is the only country that is also a areas have almost no people . Those under- continent (landmass) . Australia is the oldest populated areas are known as the outback, and continent, at 40 million years old, the smallest the people who live there have a frontier spirit, continent, and the world’s largest island! It is even in this day . However, most Australians live also the world’s flattest continent . Australia is in cities and lead modern lives . the sixth largest country in the world . It is as large To learn more about the fascinating country as the United States (not counting Hawaii and called Australia, simply turn the page . Welcome Alaska) . The continent covers 7,692,024 square to Australia! kilometers (2,969,907 sq mi) of land . Australia is located in the southern hemisphere (half of the earth) . The Indian Ocean borders Australia on the west and south, while the Pacific Ocean surrounds the northern and eastern edges . The country of Australia includes the island state of Tasmania, which is 240 kilometers (150 mi) off Australia’s southern tip, across the Bass Strait .

There are three main areas in Australia: the Western Plateau, the Central Lowlands, and the Eastern Highlands . The Western Plateau, covering two-thirds of Australia, is a flat, dry, desert area with hot weather . Scientists have found the world’s oldest rocks in the Western Plateau . Dry grasslands are found in the Central Lowlands, where it is hot all year during the day,

Most Australians live in coastal towns and cities, such as Sydney.

Australia • Level U 5 6 but can be very cold at night . The Great Dividing Range, part of the Eastern Highlands, holds rivers, valleys, and Australia’s highest mountains .

(Clockwise from top left) Kangaroos, crocodiles, koala bears, Tasmanian devils, cockatoos, and frilled lizards have become symbols of Australia.

Animals Western Plateau Central Lowlands Eastern Highlands Australia’s animals are amazing! Because of the continent’s isolation and harsh conditions, animals seen nowhere else on Earth have developed .

Today, some of these animals are threatened (in danger of dying out and becoming extinct) . As cities grow larger, the natural areas have grown smaller . Homes and food for some animals The Natural Regions of Australia are becoming scarce .

Australia • Level U 7 8 Only in Australia can you find a platypus . Koalas look like This unusual animal has four legs, fur, beady teddy bears, but eyes, a tail like a they aren’t bears at beaver’s, a duck’s bill, all . They’re actually and webbed feet . When a related to the British scientist first saw kangaroo, another a platypus, he believed common Australian someone was playing a animal . Koalas are the practical joke! An adult Platypus only animals besides male platypus has a primates (a group of venomous spur on its back ankles . Although a animals that includes platypus is a mammal (a warm-blooded animal humans, apes, and Koalas eat only one thing: that nurses its young), females lay eggs . eucalyptus leaves. monkeys) that have unique fingerprints . There are around 700 types of Australian snakes and lizards . When one lizard called a Many of Australia’s mammals are marsupials . thorny devil feels threatened, it inflates with air A marsupial gives birth to a tiny, helpless baby to look bigger and shows its skin spikes . If it’s that lives in a pouch or pocket on its mother’s really scared, it tucks its head between its front body . On other continents, most marsupials legs, and a big spiny knob sticks out on the back disappeared long ago . But Australia’s isolation of its neck—like allowed marsupials to thrive . Kangaroos, a fake head . A wallabies, and koalas are all marsupials . thorny devil can The animals on these pages are just a few eat thousands of of the large number of creatures found only ants in one day . in Australia!

Thorny devil

Australia • Level U 9 10 Some residents of the outback live and work on enormous ranches called stations. Some stations are actually larger than some small countries! Other people work in mining and oil production . The only city in the outback, Alice Springs, welcomes tourists who come to Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, is one of the most famous sights visit Uluru . in Australia.

The Outback The Australian outback is the huge dry inland area . Rain may not fall there for years at a time . There can be hundreds of miles between “towns,” which are usually just a few buildings . The outback has enormous deserts . There are also some mountainous regions . Stations in the outback seem to go on forever. There are many colorfully gorgeous sights here: enormous golden plains, red rocks, and Do You Know? purple mountain ranges . The landscape is The Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of Australia, is empty and stretches forever . This is truly frontier the largest coral reef system in the world. It is home to country for hardy pioneers . more than 2,000 types of fish, many types of coral, If you visit the outback, keep your eye out for and other sea creatures, wild camels! The animals were brought there in sea plants, and birds. the 1870s as desert transportation . Today, the Just how big is the Great largest number of wild camels in the world lives Barrier Reef? You can in the outback . Some tourist places offer camel actually see it from space! tours to visitors .

Australia • Level U 11 12 In the 17th century, Dutch, Portuguese, and Spanish sailors viewed Australia from their ships . The Dutch landed in 1606 and explored for around 150 years, but decided the land was worthless . In 1688, the first Englishman, William Dampier, arrived . Although Dampier wasn’t impressed with Australia, he wrote a book about what he saw .

Finally, in 1770, an Englishman, Captain James Do You Know? Cook, arrived in Australia . He claimed Australia’s Aborigines used boomerangs in games, to hunt and fight, and to build fires by rubbing east coast for Britain, calling it New South Wales . the edges against other sticks. The word Because of crowding in British prisons, England Aborigines lived entirely boomerang simply means “throwing stick.” established a convict colony (a settlement of off the Not all boomerangs were meant to come back prisoners) in Australia . The first settlement had animals and to the thrower. By 8,000 bc, the Aborigines 759 prisoners plants they invented a “returning boomerang” that would hunted and (568 men and gathered. swirl in the air and return to the thrower. 191 women), 200 soldiers, and 40 wives and History children of the The first people living in Australia were the soldiers . These Aborigines . They probably traveled by sea from people lived in Asia more than 40,000 years ago . By the time tents and ate Europeans settled Australia, there may have been native animals close to one million Aborigines in Australia . and food sent The early Aborigines were nomads (people who from England . moved frequently) . They hunted and gathered food in small groups and lived in temporary mud This drawing shows prisoners on a ship sailing to Botany Bay, Australia, in 1870. homes . They had at least 300 different languages .

Australia • Level U 13 14 When that first settlement survived, more The Aborigines did not fare well after Britain settlers began to arrive . Free settlers set up farms, began colonizing Australia . Many died due to explored the land, and searched for minerals . new diseases brought into the country . Others By the early 1800s, explorers had sailed around died because of fighting between the newcomers Australia and traveled through the interior . and the Aboriginal people . In the 1850s, the Different colonies (groups from distant lands, British forced many of the surviving natives still tied to the parent country) settled throughout to live on reservations . the continent during the 19th century . Gold was discovered in New South Wales and in Victoria in 1851 . In the gold rush that followed, Do You Know? men from all over Australia, as well as European Six colonies were established by free settlers and Chinese immigrants, rushed to the gold and former convicts during the 1700s and 1800s. fields . Some found gold and became wealthy, while others did not .

NORTHERN TERRITORY

QUEENSLAND

WESTERN AUSTRALIA SOUTH AUSTRALIA

NEW SOUTH WALES

VICTORIA • New South Wales in 1786 AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL • Tasmania (originally “Van TERRITORY TASMANIA Diemen’s Land”) in 1825 • Western Australia in 1829 • Victoria in 1851 • South Australia in 1834 • Queensland in 1859 A worker pours liquid Australian gold into a mold to create a standard weight gold bar.

Australia • Level U 15 16 Australian soldiers have fought in major wars.

Modern Aborigines still fight against discrimination.

The colonies became states . In 1901, they united under one government and called Early Australian immigration (people moving themselves the Commonwealth of Australia . into a country) laws had allowed mostly northern Britain entered World War I in 1914, with Europeans to enter the country . This changed Australia fighting alongside . in the 1960s and 1970s, allowing more Asian immigrants . A huge depression (a period of poverty) struck Australia in 1929 . By 1931, one out of In 1967, voters chose to include Aborigines every three workers was unemployed, and as citizens in all the states for the first time . Some many were homeless . Business and the economy land rights were given to Aboriginal citizens improved from 1934 to 1937 . During World War II, in 1972 . Aborigines, Australia’s poorest group, Australians fought alongside Allied soldiers . struggle to maintain their rights even today .

Australia • Level U 17 18 Modern Australia About 90 percent of Australians live in cities . Australia is a democracy, with three levels Australian cities are modern, but they are long of government: local, state, and federal . The distances from each other . country’s leader, who is chosen by elected Australia’s capital city is Canberra, which lawmakers, is called the Prime Minister . is within New South Wales . Although it is the Australians speak English, and they pay for center of politics and government, it has some purchases with Australian dollars . Much small-town charms . There are only around of Australian culture comes from Britain . 500,000 residents . The city has art museums, the Australians still honor the queen of Britain High Court of Australia, the Australian National as their ceremonial head of state . In 1999, University, and other important places . Australians voted to keep this loyalty to Britain .

In 2003, approximately 20 million people lived in Australia . Of all Australians, about 92 percent are Caucasian, or white, and 7 percent are Asian . Today, 350,000 Aboriginal people live in Australia . Almost every single Australian adult can read!

Much of Australia is open ranch land with few roads. Looking down on Canberra

Australia • Level U 19 20 While Australia has little farmland, it is rich in minerals and precious gems.

Sydney’s opera house is one of the most famous and unusual buildings in the world. At one time, the wool industry was Australia’s largest business, but that is no longer the case . Sydney is Australia’s largest city, with a Major Australian industries include mining, the population above four million . Within the city manufacture of industrial and transportation lie a business district, Chinatown, The Botanic equipment, construction, food processing, Gardens, museums and art galleries, and many chemicals, and steel . Some new industries are old buildings . Surrounding the city are national winemaking and tourism . parks filled with plants and animals . Sydney is The country’s natural resources include also home to some of the most beautiful beaches bauxite (a claylike material from which in the world . aluminum is obtained), coal, iron ore, copper, Australia’s other big cities include Melbourne, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, natural gas, and Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide . Like almost all of petroleum . Australia also exports meat, wool, Australia’s cities, these are right along the coast . wheat, sugar, and machinery .

Australia • Level U 21 22 Explore More Glossary 1 At the Library bauxite a claylike material from which aluminum is obtained (p . 22) Ask your school or local librarian to help you colony a group settled in a distant land, yet find information about Australia . You can look closely tied to the parent country (p . 4) up books on Australian history, the outback, Aborigines, and modern Australia . You can also continent mass of land (p . 6) find many books on unusual Australian animals, convict a prisoner (p . 14) such as kangaroos, wallabies, and koalas . depression a long or severe slowing down or failing of an economy (p . 17) 2 On the Internet hemisphere half of the Earth (p . 6) A . In the address window, type www.google.com. immigration people moving from one country B . Pick a subject you’d like to explore, such to another (p . 18) as the outback, and type it in the search window . Click on “Google Search .” mammal a warm-blooded animal that nurses its young (p . 9) C . Read the colored links . Click on one that looks interesting . marsupials mammals that keep their young in a pouch on the female’s body (p . 10) D . If you want to explore more links, click on the “Back” arrow on the top left . nomads people who move from place to place and have no permanent home (p . 13) E . Try searching for other subjects, such as kangaroos, Aborigines, Sydney, or other topics . primate animals such as humans, apes, or monkeys (p . 10) 3 In the Media threatened at risk of becoming endangered (p . 8) Australia produces a diverse selection of Index movies, music, art, and theater . Ask your teacher, Aborigines, 4, 13, 16, outback, 5, 11, 12 parent, or librarian to help you find films that 18, 19 New South Wales, 15, take place in Australia or music that comes from Cook, Captain James, 14 16, 20 Australia . You might be surprised by the richness Great Dividing Range, 7 Sydney, 15, 21 of Australia’s landscape and modern culture . koalas, 8, 10 Tasmania, 6, 15

Australia • Level U 23 24