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Contiguous Gene Deletion of Chromosome Xp in Three Families

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Contiguous Gene Deletion of Chromosome Xp in Three Families Case Report iMedPub Journals Journal of Rare Disorders: Diagnosis & Therapy 2015 http://wwwimedpub.com ISSN 2380-7245 Vol. 1 No. 1:3 DOI: 10.21767/2380-7245.100003 Contiguous Gene Deletion of Shailly Jain-Ghai1,5, Stephanie Skinner1, Chromosome Xp in Three Families Jessica Hartley2,3, Encompassing OTC, RPGR and Stephanie Fox4, TSPAN7 Genes Daniela Buhas4, Cheryl Rockman- Greenberg2,3 and Alicia Chan1,5 Abstract Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is the most common urea cycle 1 Medical Genetics Clinic, Stollery disorder. The classic presentation in males is hyperammonemic encephalopathy Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, in the early neonatal period. Given the X-linked inheritance of OTCD, presentation Canada in females is highly variable. We present three families with different contiguous 2 Program in Genetics and Metabolism, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority gene deletions on chromosome Xp. Deletion ofRPGR , OTC and TSPAN7 is common and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, to all three families in our series. These cases highlight the variable phenotype Manitoba, Canada in manifesting OTCD female carriers, the complexity of OTCD management and 3 Department of Biochemistry and complex issues surrounding the option of liver transplantation when multiple Medical Genetics, University of other genetic factors play a role. Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 4 Department of Medical Genetics, Keywords: Ornithine transcarbamylase; Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency; Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill Contiguous gene deletion; OTC;RPGR; TSPAN7 University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada 5 Department of Medical Genetics, Received: June 10, 2015; Accepted: July 04, 2015; Published: July 13, 2015 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Abbreviations Corresponding Author: Shailly Jain CGH: Comparative Genomic Hybridization; CRRT: Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy; MLPA: Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification; OTCD: Ornithine Transcarbamylase Medical Genetics Clinic, 8-53 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta Deficiency; OTC: Ornithine Transcarbamylase SNP: Single Hospital, dmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7. Nucleotide Polymorphism Introduction [email protected] The urea cycle functions to convert ammonia, a byproduct of Tel: 1-(780) 407-7333 protein breakdown, into urea, which can be safely excreted by the body. The most common urea cycle disorder, ornithine Citation: Jain-Ghai S, Skinner S, Hartley transcarbamylase deficiency (OMIM 311250) (OTCD), is an J, et al. Contiguous Gene Deletion of X-linked condition with an incidence of 1:14000 [1]. The majority Chromosome Xp in Three Families of males with OTCD present with early neonatal hyperammonemic Encompassing OTC, RPGR and TSPAN7 encephalopathy which predisposes to neurological insults and Genes. J Rare Dis Diagn Ther. 2015, 1:1. early death. Use of renal hemodialysis or equivalent, ammonia scavenger medications, synthetic formula and dietary protein restriction can allow for survival into infancy, at which point liver and elevated urinary orotic acid in addition to a possible decrease in plasma citrulline leads to suspicion of OTCD. Liver enzyme transplantation can be considered. For heterozygous female assay can be performed for diagnostic confirmation; however it is carriers, an estimated 20% have symptoms, ranging from neonatal technically difficult. Thus, confirmation is most often achieved by hyperammonemic encephalopathy to adult onset behavioral molecular analysis; and is considered the gold standard of testing changes and cognitive delays [2, 3]. in females and in prenatal cases [4]. Mutations are detected The combination of hyperammonemia, elevated plasma glutamine in only about 80% of all OTC cases [5]. Of these, over 80% are © Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License | This article is available from: //www.raredisorders.imedpub.com/ 1 Journal of Rare Disorders: Diagnosis & Therapy 2015 ISSN 2380-7245 Vol. 1 No. 1:3 missense or nonsense mutations [6] and 10-15% may be due Her older sister had learning difficulties and was “grouchy” during to partial or complete gene deletions [7]. With the use of array her menstrual periods. She avoided hot dogs which caused CGH, MLPA and high density SNP array, many contiguous gene headache and vomiting but tolerated (other) high protein foods. deletions involving the OTC gene are being described [4, 8-13]. Her investigations at diagnosis showed: ammonia 27 umol/L, glutamine 1100 umol/L, citrulline 6 umol/L, ornithine 125 umol/L. We describe three unrelated families with different contiguous L-Citrulline supplementation has been her only treatment. Since gene deletions on chromosome Xp. Deletion of RPGR, OTC and diagnosis, her peak ammonia was 95 umol/L and glutamine never TSPAN7 is common to all these families. We highlight the impact exceeded 1100 umol/L. She recently had an uneventful pregnancy of deletions of multiple genes surrounding the OTC locus on the and delivery, with peak post partum ammonia of 64 umol/L and ultimate OTCD phenotype and its management. glutamine of 852 umol/L. Clinical Report Family 2 (Figure 1) Family 1 (Figure 1) The index case, female, presented at 7 months of age with back arching and an abnormal EEG. At diagnosis, ammonia was 388 The index case, female, presented at 12 years of age with delirium, umol/L, ornithine 32 umol/L, citrulline undetectable, glutamine emesis, weakness and weight loss. Investigations at diagnosis 1112 umol/L with an elevated orotic acid. Past medical history showed: ammonia 242 umol/L (normal 5-35 umol/L), glutamine showed recurrent vomiting episodes starting at two weeks of 2000 umol/L (normal: 450-750), citrulline 25 umol/L (1-40), age, failure to thrive and developmental delay. MRI brain showed ornithine 103 umol/L (50-100) but orotic acid was not elevated. abnormal myelination with microcephaly and atrophy. At 10 years Past medical history revealed developmental delay noted at 8-12 of age, she has been seizure free but has significant developmental months of age. She had a tendency towards recurrent vomiting, headaches, lethargy and abnormal behavior, which improved with delays. She also has nystagmus, amblyopia, myopia and bilateral avoidance of meat and dairy products. She had mild congenital thin optic nerves. Her current treatment consists of protein optic nerve hypoplasia. At age 12, she was functioning at the restriction supplemented with Cyclinex formula, L-citrulline and level of a 3-4 year old. MRI brain showed cortical atrophy in left sodium phenylbutyrate. frontal region. Since diagnosis, treatment has consisted of dietary In a subsequent pregnancy, her mother declined prenatal protein restriction supplemented with cyclinex formula, sodium diagnosis and gave birth to a boy. His ammonia steadily increased phenylbutyrate and L-citrulline. She is currently 24 years old, has and was 512 umol/L by day 2 of life, requiring CRRT (dialysis). cognitive delays, lacks executive functioning and is unable to live independently. Since diagnosis, her highest ammonia was 406 He was later maintained on a protein restricted diet, L-citrulline, umol/L but glutamine never exceeded 2000 umol/L. She has had sodium phenylbutyrate and Cyclinex formula. He developed multiple admissions due to hyperammonemic encephalopathy failure to thrive by 4 months of age as trials of increasing dietary but does not have other medical complications. protein led to hyperammonemia. At 12 months, he presented Family 2 I Figure 1 Family 1 II I 7 5 IIIIII II-3: Finished grade 10, avoids high protein II foods, “fainted” after daughter’s delivery Poor vision in right eye and astigmatism Family 3 III I 4 2 IV-1: Peak ammonia at 48 hours- 106 umol/L. Peack glutamine at 24 hours - 1017 umol/L. on mild protein restriction and citruline supplementation. Too young to assess development. IV III-1: Learning disabilities, avoided hot dogs. Treated with citruiline. II-2: Food allergies mild learning difficulties Had difficult post-partum periods with confusion and lethargy II III-1: Social termination III-2: Trisomy 13, robertsonian translocation. II-2: Normal protein diet, III normal health & development. I-4: Not tested. Figure 1 Pedigrees for family 1, 2 and 3. 2 This article is available from: //www.raredisorders.imedpub.com/ Journal of Rare Disorders: Diagnosis & Therapy 2015 ISSN 2380-7245 Vol. 1 No. 1:3 with liver disease (hypoalbuminemia, edema, ascites, and The cases presented here highlight the variable clinical features mild coagulopathy), hypothyroidism, recurrent need for pRBC in males and females with contiguous gene deletions involving transfusion, growth failure, developmental delay (functioned at the OTC gene. The two index cases from Family 1 and 2 had a 2-3 month level) and skin rashes. At this time, trials of higher biochemical features of OTCD at presentation but molecular and protein (1 – 1.2 grams of protein/kg/day) were tolerated without cytogenetic studies revealed a more extended chromosomal occurrence of hyperammonemia but normalization of protein status did not lead to improvement in his overall clinical picture. microdeletion rather than the initially suspected monogenic Ammonia levels did not peak higher than the level at diagnosis. disorder. In contrast, the index case of Family 3 was identified He became ventilation dependent and was not considered to be incidentally without any clinical or biochemical features of OTCD. a candidate for liver transplant. He died due to multi-organ failure The severity
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