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CSCE Testimonies Jaakko Iloniemi / Finland Jiří Opršal / Czechoslovakia Jacques Andreani / France

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CSCE Testimonies Jaakko Iloniemi / Finland Jiří Opršal / Czechoslovakia Jacques Andreani / France CSCE Testimonies Jaakko Iloniemi / Finland Jiří Opršal / Czechoslovakia Jacques Andreani / France Edouard Brunner / Switzerland Peter Steglich / GDR Mario Michele Alessi / Italy 1972–1989 CSCE Oral History Project / Occasional Paper – 2013 Evarist Saliba / Malta Yuri V. Dubinin / Soviet Union Spencer Oliver / USA CSCE Testimonies Time line 1990–2012 Organization for Security and 1972–1989 CSCE Oral History Project Time line 1972 –1991 Q Bodies no longer in existence Co-operation in Europe Causes and Consequences of the Helsinki Final Act QThe “Helsinki process” Qx CSCE/OSCE Institutions QPreparatory Meetings to Follow-up Qx Follow-up meetings 1972–1989 Meetings Q Summit meetings QFollow-up Meetings Q Ministerial Councils QVenues of a politico-military nature Q Economic and Environmental Forum QVenues concerning economic and environmental issues Q Permanent Council Venues concerning Human Dimension discussions Q Q humanitarian issues Politico-Militray negotiations Q Venues concerning the CSCE Q Q Activites with Mediterranean Mediterranean region and Asian Partners for cooperation OSCE Prague Office Archives CSCE OralCSCE History Oral Project History / Occasional Project 2013 Paper – 2013 CSCE Testimonies Causes and Consequences of the Helsinki Final Act 1972–1989 Published by the Prague Offi ce of the OSCE Secretariat náměstí Pod Kaštany 2 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic Compiled by Alice Němcová © OSCE 2013 All rights reserved. Written contents of this publication may be used freely and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes provided that such usage and reproduction is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE Prague Offi ce Archives as the source ISBN 978-92-9235-018-5 Design & Layout: © Jan Dvořák/HQ Kontakt Ltd. Front cover: “Archivum Platinum” Paper collage © Olga Hrušková Back cover photo credits: Edouard Brunner by Fred Merz © Rezo.ch, all others © OSCE Prague Offi ce Archives Printed in Austria by Druckerei Berger. CSCE Testimonies Causes and Consequences of the Helsinki Final Act 1972–1989 CSCE Oral History Project OSCE Prague Office Archives 1. Simplifi ed map of European military alliances during the cold war. CONTENTS Foreword Head of the OSCE Prague Offi ce, Jiří Parkmann 7 Introduction OSCE Secretary General Lamberto Zannier 9 Acknowledgements 12 CSCE Testimonies: Ambassador Jaakko Iloniemi of Finland 15 MSc. Jiří Opršal of Czechoslovakia 43 Ambassador Jacques Andréani of France 71 Ambassador Edouard Brunner of Switzerland 93 Ambassador Peter Steglich of the German Democratic Republic 123 Ambassador Mario Michele Alessi of Italy 141 Ambassador Evarist Saliba of Malta 165 Ambassador Yuri Vladimirovich Dubinin of the Soviet Union 185 JD. Spencer Oliver of the United States 223 Epilog 255 List of participating States 257 List of Acronyms 258 Index I : countries, places, concepts, institutions and events 259 Index II : names 264 5 FOREWORD The OSCE Prague Offi ce is one of the oldest and smallest parts of the Organization, with the beginning of its story at the Paris Summit of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1990 and a decision to institutionalize the CSCE. Following this decision, the CSCE Secretariat was established in Prague. In 1994, the Secretariat was moved to Vienna, while the Prague Offi ce, besides other tasks, has remained the offi cial CSCE/OSCE historical archives and documentation centre supporting, preserving, enhancing and making available the institutional memory of the OSCE ever since. In line with this mandate and in view of the upcoming 40th anniversary of the CSCE/ OSCE, I consider this Oral Memory Project to be a contribution to the broad debate on the historical role the OSCE played in the development of more secure environment in the world. All the interviewees in this collection recognized that the 1975 Helsinki Decalogue was a product of the Cold War. Nevertheless, we believe that its values are still valid and current, as is richly documented in the CSCE/OSCE historical archives stored in Prague. However, this project was designed to do more than build on the historical records of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe that are kept in the CSCE/ OSCE archives at our Prague Offi ce. I believe that the CSCE Testimonies will facilitate easier access to information about the origin of the OSCE’s guiding principles, bringing their defi nition and interpretation further into the public sphere. I hope that this book of interviews will provide enough food for thought for the research community and inspire the dialogue about the contents of the publication and its message for the ongoing evolutionary process towards the vision of a security community. This publication was made possible by the generous fi nancial support of the Permanent Mission of the Czech Republic to the OSCE and of the Permanent Mission of Finland to the OSCE. Furthermore, I would like to thank all the protagonists and institutions involved in the development of this programme. Ambassador Jiří Parkmann Head of the Prague Offi ce of the OSCE Secretariat 7 INTRODUCTION BY THE OSCE SECRETARY GENERAL In 2015, we will mark the fortieth anniversary of the Helsinki Final Act and the twenty-fi fth anniversary of the Charter of Paris for a New Europe. These two documents have framed the security architecture of Europe in the post-war era and provide the foundation for peace and stability throughout the region. When looking forward, it is important to remember where we have come from and what lessons we have learned from the past. Thus I warmly welcome this oral history of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) and its institutional successor, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). The CSCE/OSCE made a substantial contribution to building peace in a deeply polarized world in which an atmosphere of hostility and mistrust prevailed. It was a catalyst for profound changes in East-West relations, and was instrumental in fostering security cooperation in the transition process following the Cold War. By giving a voice to those who actively contributed to this historic confi dence-building process, this oral history offers an opportunity to better understand and refl ect on our past, and a point of departure for considering the future direction of our work. Today’s OSCE is the result of an evolutionary process: Through the years, the CSCE transformed itself into a permanent intergovernmental forum in which States could improve their security through cooperative dialogue that would boost mutual trust. Yet in many ways, the OSCE continues to be a process that builds upon the efforts of many dedicated individuals over the past four decades, including government offi cials of many participating States who have been meeting under CSCE/OSCE auspices and pushing the process forward. But I am also thinking of all the committed professionals who have steadfastly supported these efforts while serving in the OSCE Secretariat, institutions and fi eld operations. Moreover, the role of civil society actors, working in their own right or in the context of OSCE projects, is of paramount importance in our common success. Experts working in academia and think tanks have also made an enormous contribution to stimulating our debate and providing food for thought for our participating States. Sometimes people focus on the OSCE through some of its better known activities, such as election monitoring. But the OSCE has played a no less important role in activities relating to the prevention of inter-ethnic confl ict, disarmament, arms control, the development of confi dence- and security-building measures, action to combat transnational threats, issues affecting national minorities, promotion of the rule of law and democratic institutions, freedom of the media, good governance and cooperation in economic and environmental matters. One of the Organization’s strengths is its ability to respond to the changing security environment and update its toolbox so as to be better prepared to address our common 9 security challenges. The signing of the Helsinki Final Act on 1 August 1975 refl ected a high-level historic rapprochement between the nations of the East and the West. Thirty-fi ve Heads of State committed themselves to mutually benefi cial dialogue. East and West were still divided, but mutual understanding was much greater; human rights issues were on the table; and a forum for permanent dialogue on security – the CSCE – had been created. For a decade and a half after the signing of the Helsinki Final Act, the CSCE served as a privileged forum for dialogue and a catalyst for change, and formed a vital bridge between the two sides of what was still an ideologically, politically and economically divided Europe. The historic changes at the end of the 1980s, to a certain extent, took everyone by surprise. As regime after regime crumbled, it was easy to get carried away by the seemingly universal atmosphere of optimism. The “end of history” was confi dently predicted. However, many old tensions and rivalries – ethnic, political and geographical – bubbled to the surface in the OSCE region. Despite all the praiseworthy efforts, a number of bloody confl icts fl ared up in the subsequent few years. Against this backdrop, it was immediately clear that the framework for cooperation provided by Helsinki was no longer suffi cient to ensure long-term regional stability. The CSCE was called upon to quickly modernize itself to meet the security challenges of the new Europe. In 1990, the Heads of State and Government gathered in Paris to lay the groundwork for the transformation of the CSCE from a diplomatic conference into a full-fl edged organization dedicated to the promotion of security and cooperation in Europe. Consequently, in the following years, the OSCE developed a range of institutions, specialized units in the Secretariat and fi eld operations. By the end of the 1990s, these fi eld missions had greatly contributed to increased security and stability in many parts of Europe.
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