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High Voltage Direct Current Lines in the Chinese Electric Power System

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High Voltage Direct Current Lines in the Chinese Electric Power System High voltage Direct Current lines in the Chinese electric power system [1] Author: Tiancheng Zhang Yunlin Zhang Supervisor: Erik Loxbo Examiner: Sven Johansson 2016-05-31 at BTH 1 Acknowledgement First and foremost, we would like to show the deepest gratitude to our supervisor, Erik Loxbo, a respectable, responsible and resourceful scholar, who has provided us with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of this thesis. Without his enlightening instruction, impressive kindness and patience, we could not have completed our thesis. His patience and motivation enlighten us not only in this thesis but also in our future study. This part is appreciated ourselves for the hardworking and understanding on this period of time. Wish all luck on everything! Last but not least, we'd like to thank all our friends, especially two lovely mates in our little team, Xuxiao Chen and Yilei Liu, for their encouragement and support. Our families and lovers all around the world who stay with us. 2 Abstract This thesis has mainly illustrated the huge prospects on application of HVDC (High voltage Direct Current) technology and high voltage power transmission technology in China. Along with the major policy of China, “①West to east power transmission，②North·South power exchange and ③Nationwide Interconnection”，the HVDC transmission technology will take the key role in this big plan to do the transmission across the whole country. This thesis starts with an overview on the development history of HVDC technology. After this HVDC technology has been described, and also the HVDC system structure, like Two- Terminal HVDC and Multi-Terminal HVDC Transmission. The internal structure of the converters and their working principles are characterized in detail. Factors that influence the losses have been described. A comparison of the losses between AC and DC transmission has been done. HVDC technology and its applications show how necessary it is to use HVDC systems to manage long distance and high capacity transmission of electrical power, even if there are difficulties in HVDC technology that must be faced and need to be solved in the future. 3 Contents 1. Introduction of AC/DC/HVDC... ……………....……….…………...6 2. History of DC technology....……………….…....……….………….8 2.1 History of AC/DC……………...…….………………………...………………....…8 2.2 the history of HVDC technology ………………………………………………….9 3. Milestone HVDC projects………………………………………......12 3.1 First commercial DC-line…………………………..………………..…………....12 3.2 DC-Lines over the world……………………...…………………..………………13 4. The development of HVDC transmission in China……….……14 5. Features of HVDC……………………………………………….…...20 5.1 Structural features of HVDC…………………..……………...………....……….20 5.1.1 Structure of HVDC system and Operational characteristics of grounding conductor………………………………………………………….….………..……….20 5.1.2 two-terminal HVDC transmission system(TTDC transmission system)…………..................................................................................................20 5.2 HVDC's Advantage..…………………………………….…..……………...…….22 5.3 HVDC’s Disadvantages…..………….…………………………..…...……..…...23 5.4 HVDC applications……………..…………………….……………….....…….....24 5.5 System wiring of HVDC……………………….........…….…………..……….....24 5.5.1 Unipolar system……………………………....…………..……….…..……..…24 5.5.2 Bipolar system………………………………………………...…………...…....26 5.5.3 Back to back commutation mode……………………………………....……..28 4 6. Converter...……………………………………………………….......29 6.1 The working principle of converter....………...……….………………………..29 6.1.1 The basic circuit of the converter (6-pulse converter).................................29 6.1.2 12-pulse rectifier………………………………....……………………………...30 7. Loss in transmission………………………..……………………...33 7.1 The analysis of the run loss for the transmission system………...……….….34 7.1.1 The algorithm of loss…………………....………...……………………………34 7.1.2 Analysis of actual operating data………………………….………….....……35 8. Conclusion………………………………...………………………….38 9. Reference…………..…………………………………………….......40 5 1. Introduction of AC/DC/HVDC Alternating current(AC), is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction, where as in direct current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they modify current or voltage. [2] Direct current (DC), is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, power supplies, thermocouples, solar cells, or dynamos. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in the electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for this type of current was galvanic current. [3] A high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system (also called a power super highway or an electrical super highway) uses direct current for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current (AC) systems. For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. For underwater power cables, HVDC avoids the heavy currents required to charge and discharge the cable capacitance each cycle. For shorter distances, the higher cost of DC conversion equipment compared to an AC system may still be justified, due to other benefits of direct current links. HVDC allows power transmission between unsynchronized AC transmission systems. Since the power flow through a HVDC link can be controlled independently of the phase angle between the source and load, it can stabilize a network against disturbances due to rapid changes in power. HVDC also allows transfer of power between grid systems running at different frequencies, such as 50 Hz and 60 Hz. This improves the stability and economy of each grid, by allowing the exchange of power between incompatible networks. [4] 6 Nowadays, to the grid, AC and DC have their own advantages, there is no such question of which of them is better. All the large power stations working as Alternating current without exception, due to all large generators are AC motors. DC motor has a very serious problem on reverse (change the transmission direction) and needs to cut off the current on one coil then change to another one, it is really easy to produce sparks, resulting in the loss even damage of the commutator and brush, making it impossible to produce a large capacity DC machine. But when face to the question of transmission, DC does better on the economy of long-distance transmission (about 1000km); if the distance is a little further away, HVDC is the only viable technical solution. About AC and DC on the pros and cons, in fact, modern HVDC technology is developed much later than the Alternating current technology. So the advantage of AC is DC shortcomings, same to the opposite ways. The major advantage of HVDC is: 1. DC circuit reactance problem does not exist, resistive loss is the only reason limit the transmission distance. 2. DC synchronization problem does not exist, it does not need to rotate in unison at both ends of the generator, and there was no such issue as stability in the large AC system. 3. DC line capacitance problem does not exist. It has ability to do long-distance cable transmission. 4. HVDC power control by the converters at each end, it can be quickly adjusted. Several disadvantages of HVDC are: 1. the cost of converter station is expensive. 2. At present, there are no productions as commercial DC circuit breakers. 3. The DC system, based on the phased inverters control on both sides, needs support from alternating current system (providing commutation voltage), not able to supply isolated grid power; and the DC system, based on Voltage source converter, is currently has slightly huge loss, and the power and voltage levels are kind of low. It is worth mentioning that, the comparison described above is between modern systems of alternating current and modern systems of direct current. In the Tesla era, the biggest advantage of the alternating current is easily change the voltage by transformer, while increasing the voltage can significantly reduce the loss; cannot be transformed this very disadvantage can let DC system been defeated at all. Anyway, there have been no such qualified to consider about the problem of modern AC/DC system need to face nowadays, at that age due to the size of the grid and voltage level. 7 2. History of DC technology 2.1 History of AC/DC [5] The famous rivalry between Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison—both giants of electrical engineering whose innovations changed history. [Pictures from Internet] 8 War of Currents! Edison’s least favorite of Tesla’s “impractical” ideas was the concept of using alternating current (AC) technology to bring electricity to the people. Edison insisted that his own direct current (DC) system was superior, in that it maintained a lower voltage from the power station to consumer, and was, therefore, safer. But AC technology, which allows the flow of energy to periodically change direction, is more practical for transmitting massive quantities of energy, as is required in a large city, or hub of industry. At the time, DC technology only allowed for a power grid with a one-mile radius of the power source. The conflict between the two methods and their masters came to be known as the War of Currents, forever
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