Use of Electric Transmission and Distribution Equipment Technical
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Trends in Electricity Prices During the Transition Away from Coal by William B
May 2021 | Vol. 10 / No. 10 PRICES AND SPENDING Trends in electricity prices during the transition away from coal By William B. McClain The electric power sector of the United States has undergone several major shifts since the deregulation of wholesale electricity markets began in the 1990s. One interesting shift is the transition away from coal-powered plants toward a greater mix of natural gas and renewable sources. This transition has been spurred by three major factors: rising costs of prepared coal for use in power generation, a significant expansion of economical domestic natural gas production coupled with a corresponding decline in prices, and rapid advances in technology for renewable power generation.1 The transition from coal, which included the early retirement of coal plants, has affected major price-determining factors within the electric power sector such as operation and maintenance costs, 1 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS capital investment, and fuel costs. Through these effects, the decline of coal as the primary fuel source in American electricity production has affected both wholesale and retail electricity prices. Identifying specific price effects from the transition away from coal is challenging; however the producer price indexes (PPIs) for electric power can be used to compare general trends in price development across generator types and regions, and can be used to learn valuable insights into the early effects of fuel switching in the electric power sector from coal to natural gas and renewable sources. The PPI program measures the average change in prices for industries based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). -
Overview of Electric Power Supply Systems
Overview of Electric Power Supply Systems Why are electric power systems studied? What are the characteristics of power systems that justify spending a whole course on them? There are many answers to each of these questions; this course will touch on a few of them. You will recall that ECE370 gave an overview of the circuit theory associated with electrical power and it is worth recalling that most power systems are three-phase and that when balanced systems are being analyzed these are usually drawn in terms of a one-line diagram, i.e. a single line is used to denote the three phases, which may or may not also have a neutral. The US Electric Power System The main aspects that describe power systems are: size, complexity and economic impact. Utility power systems cover vast territory, are subject to the whims of nature, are interconnected to each other, the quality of their commodity affects the ability of industry to produce effectively, and the price of their commodity has a significant impact on the economy of their service area. Controlling power systems requires that electricity be supplied at the correct frequency, satisfactory voltage, with its phases balanced, have low harmonic content, and with all protection systems coordinated. The foregoing has to be achieved without overloading equipment and at the lowest cost to the consumer (after the utility makes a reasonable profit.) All this is complicated by the fact that demand for electricity changes throughout the day (and week, and season) and that electricity can not be readily stored in a practical manner. -
A Simple and Fast Algorithm for Estimating the Capacity Credit of Solar and Storage
Electricity Markets & Policy Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory A Simple and Fast Algorithm for Estimating the Capacity Credit of Solar and Storage Andrew D. Mills and Pía Rodriguez July 2020 This is a pre-print version of an article published in Energy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118587 This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) under the Solar Energy Technology Office under Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is an equal opportunity employer. -
Wind Energy Technology Data Update: 2020 Edition
Wind Energy Technology Data Update: 2020 Edition Ryan Wiser1, Mark Bolinger1, Ben Hoen, Dev Millstein, Joe Rand, Galen Barbose, Naïm Darghouth, Will Gorman, Seongeun Jeong, Andrew Mills, Ben Paulos Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Corresponding authors August 2020 This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Wind Energy Technologies Office, under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The views and opinions of the authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. Photo source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory ENERGY T ECHNOLOGIES AREA ENERGY ANALYSISAND ENVIRONMENTAL I MPACTS DIVISION ELECTRICITY M ARKETS & POLICY Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. -
Advanced Transmission Technologies
Advanced Transmission Technologies December 2020 United States Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 Executive Summary The high-voltage transmission electric grid is a complex, interconnected, and interdependent system that is responsible for providing safe, reliable, and cost-effective electricity to customers. In the United States, the transmission system is comprised of three distinct power grids, or “interconnections”: the Eastern Interconnection, the Western Interconnection, and a smaller grid containing most of Texas. The three systems have weak ties between them to act as power transfers, but they largely rely on independent systems to remain stable and reliable. Along with aged assets, primarily from the 1960s and 1970s, the electric power system is evolving, from consisting of predominantly reliable, dependable, and variable-output generation sources (e.g., coal, natural gas, and hydroelectric) to increasing percentages of climate- and weather- dependent intermittent power generation sources (e.g., wind and solar). All of these generation sources rely heavily on high-voltage transmission lines, substations, and the distribution grid to bring electric power to the customers. The original vertically-integrated system design was simple, following the path of generation to transmission to distribution to customer. The centralized control paradigm in which generation is dispatched to serve variable customer demands is being challenged with greater deployment of distributed energy resources (at both the transmission and distribution level), which may not follow the traditional path mentioned above. This means an electricity customer today could be a generation source tomorrow if wind or solar assets were on their privately-owned property. The fact that customers can now be power sources means that they do not have to wholly rely on their utility to serve their needs and they could sell power back to the utility. -
Power Grid Failure
Power grid failure Presentation by: Sourabh Kothari Department of Electrical Engineering, CDSE Introduction • A power grid is an interconnected network of transmission lines for supplying electricity from power suppliers to consumers. Any disruptions in the network causes power outages. India has five regional grids that carry electricity from power plants to respective states in the country. • Electric power is normally generated at 11-25kV and then stepped-up to 400kV, 220kV or 132kV for high voltage lines through long distances and deliver the power into a common power pool called the grid. • The grid is connected to load centers (cities) through a sub- transmission network of normally 33kV lines which terminate into a 33kV (or 66kV) substation, where the voltage is stepped-down to 11kV for power distribution through a distribution network at 11kV and lower. • The 3 distinct operation of a power grid are:- 1. Power generation 2. Power transmission 3. Power distribution. Structure of Grids Operations of Power grids • Electricity generation - Generating plants are located near a source of water, and away from heavily populated areas , are large and electric power generated is stepped up to a higher voltage-at which it connects to the transmission network. • Electric power transmission - The transmission network will move the power long distances–often across state lines, and sometimes across international boundaries, until it reaches its wholesale customer. • Electricity distribution - Upon arrival at the substation, the power will be stepped down in voltage—to a distribution level voltage. As it exits the substation, it enters the distribution wiring. Finally, upon arrival at the service location, the power is stepped down again from the distribution voltage to the required service voltage. -
Energy Storage for Power Systems Applications: a Regional Assessment for the Northwest Power Pool (NWPP)
PNNL-19300 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Energy Storage for Power Systems Applications: A Regional Assessment for the Northwest Power Pool (NWPP) MCW Kintner-Meyer MAElizondo PJ Balducci VV Viswanathan C Jin X Guo TB Nguyen FK Tuffner April 2010 PNNL-19300 Energy Storage for Power Systems Applications: A Regional Assessment for the Northwest Power Pool (NWPP) M Kintner-Meyer M Elizondo P Balducci V Viswanathan C Jin X Guo T Nguyen F Tuffner April 2010 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Funded by the Energy Storage Systems Program of the U.S. Department of Energy Dr. Imre Gyuk, Program Manager Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352 Abstract This report addresses several key questions in the broader discussion on the integration of renewable energy resources in the Pacific Northwest power grid. Specifically, it addresses the following questions: a) what will be the future balancing requirement to accommodate a simulated expansion of wind energy resources from 3.3 GW in 2008 to 14.4 GW in 2019 in the Northwest Power Pool (NWPP), and b) what are the most cost effective technological solutions for meeting the balancing requirements in the Northwest Power Pool (NWPP). A life-cycle analysis was performed to assess the least-cost technology option for meeting the new balancing requirement. The technologies considered in this study include conventional turbines (CT), sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries, Lithium Ion (Li-ion) batteries, pumped-hydro energy storage (PH), and demand response (DR). Hybrid concepts that combine 2 or more of the technologies above are also evaluated. -
Renewable Energy Generator Output – Sample Calculations
Net Metering Program Highlights Net metering will be available to new customers until the size of the program reaches 1% of the electric provider’s previous year system peak in MW. The 1% will be measured against the total of the generator nameplate capacities for all participating customer’s generators and is split into the following tiers: (1) 0.5% for ≤ 20 kW True Net Metering This tier will include almost all residential customers. • Billing is based on net usage. • Customer receives the full retail rate for all excess kWh. • Utility shall use the customer’s existing meter if it is capable of reverse registration (spinning backwards) or install an upgraded meter at no additional cost to the net metering customer. • Utilities with fewer than 1,000,000 customers shall charge net metering customers at cost for an upgraded meter if the customer’s existing meter is not capable of reverse registration (spinning backwards). • A generator meter shall be provided at cost, if requested by the customer. (The generator meter is for the customer’s benefit. Utilities are not obligated to read a customer’s generator meter.) • No interconnection costs (beyond the combined $100 interconnection/net metering application fees), study fees, testing or inspection charges. • Net metering credits carry forward indefinitely. (2) 0.25% for >20 kW up to 150 kW Modified Net Metering • Customers pay full retail rate for electricity deliveries from the utility and receive the generation portion of the retail rate or a wholesale rate for deliveries to the grid. • No charge for the engineering review. • Customers pay all interconnection costs, distribution study fees and any network upgrade costs. -
Basics in Low Voltage Distribution Equipment
Thought leadership White paper Basics in low voltage distribution equipment Mark Rumpel Basics of electricity generation Product line manager Eaton In the U.S., as elsewhere, electricity has historically been generated from precious natural resources including coal, oil or natural gas. Nuclear energy and hydropower innovations advanced electrical Executive summary generation capabilities at the end of the 20th century. Today, Depending on their unique needs, multi-family, commercial and alternative and renewable fuels such as geothermal energy, wind industrial sites typically rely upon either low or medium voltage power, biomass and solar energy are gradually becoming more service entrance equipment to control or cut off the electrical readily available; these sources are popular both for their higher supply of their buildings from a single point. Low voltage efficiency and long-term sustainability. distribution equipment typically operates at less than 600 volts; Once harvested, natural resources and mechanical energy sources in contrast, medium voltage equipment affords a wider range must first be converted into electrical energy to make it transmis- of 600 to 38,000 volts. sible and usable. Power plants complete this function using steam This paper provides a basic overview of the definitions, turbines. components, applications and other details associated Water is heated in a massive boiler to produce steam, which is used with low voltage distribution equipment. It covers electrical to turn a series of blades mounted on a shaft turbine. The force of panelboards, switchboards and switchgear operating at the steam rotates a shaft connected to a generator. The spinning 600 volts alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) or below. -
Electric Transmission and Distribution Equipment Use
Electric Transmission and Distribution Equipment Use Final Rule: Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (40 CFR 98, Subpart DD) Under the final Mandatory Reporting Rule for Additional Sources of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), owners and operators of electric power system facilities with a total nameplate capacity that exceeds 17,820 lbs (7,838 kg) of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and/or perfluorocarbons (PFCs) must report emissions of SF6 and/or PFCs from the use of electrical transmission and distribution equipment. Owners or operators must collect emissions data, calculate GHG emissions, and follow the specified procedures for quality assurance, missing data, recordkeeping, and reporting. How Is This Source Category Defined? The electrical transmission and distribution equipment use source category consists of all electric transmission and distribution equipment and servicing inventory insulated with or containing SF6 or PFCs used within an electric power system. This equipment includes but is not limited to gas-insulated substations; circuit breakers; switchgear, including closed-pressure and hermatically sealed-pressure switchgear; gas-insulated lines containing SF6 or PFCs; gas containers such as pressurized cylinders; gas carts; electric power transformers; and other containers of SF6 or PFC. For the purposes of this subpart, facility is defined as the electric power system, comprising all electric transmission and distribution equipment insulated with or containing SF6 or PFCs that is linked through electric power transmission -
Power Transformers and Reactors
GE Grid Solutions Power Transformers and Reactors Imagination at work Today’s Environment The Right Transformer Growth in the world's population and economy, will result in a for the Right Application substantial increase in energy demand over the coming years. GE offers utilities advanced solutions to improve grid stability and The International Energy Agency (IEA)1 estimates that $20 trillion increase efficiency of transmission infrastructure. will need to be invested in power and grid technologies, over the next 25 years, to keep up with demand. According to a 2015 IEA From low to ultra-high voltage; small to extra-large power report2, renewable energy will represent the largest single source ratings; standard to the most complex designs; GE has the of electricity growth over the next five years - rising to a 26 % right share of global generation. solution for every application. Integrating renewable energy sources into the grid can conflict Conventional Power Transformers with Utilities’ existing modernization and optimization plans. From 5 MVA up to 1500 MVA & 765 kV Utilities face increasing challenges of reliability, safety, power ' Small & medium power transformers quality and economics when planning substations and choosing ' Large power transformers switchgear. ' Generator step-up transformers Additionally, power systems are interconnected and highly ' Autotransformers complex networks which are susceptible to instabilities. Managing and maintaining today‘s complex grid pose many Oil-Immersed Reactors challenges, including: Up to 250 Mvar & 765 kV / 2640 Mvar ' Increasing grid efficiency and resilience without adequate ' Shunt reactors funding to invest in new capital equipment. ' Series reactors ' Expertise to manage the grid is rapidly diminishing due to the ' Earthing reactors lack of skilled, technical resources in the workplace. -
Electric Power Generation and Distribution
ATP 3-34.45 MCRP 3-40D.17 ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION JULY 2018 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication supersedes TM 3-34.45/MCRP 3-40D.17, 13 August 2013. Headquarters, Department of the Army Foreword This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective commands and other commands as appropriate. ROBERT F. WHITTLE, JR. ROBERT S. WALSH Brigadier General, USA Lieutenant General, USMC Commandant Deputy Commandant for U.S. Army Engineer School Combat Development and Integration This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site (https://armypubs.army.mil) and the Central Army Registry site (https://atiam.train.army.mil/catalog/dashboard). *ATP 3-34.45 MCRP 3-40D.17 Army Techniques Publication Headquarters No. 3-34.45 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 6 July 2018 Marine Corps Reference Publication Headquarters No. 3-40D.17 Marine Corps Combat Development Command Department of the Navy Headquarters, United States Marine Corps Washington, DC, 6 July 2018 Electric Power Generation and Distribution Contents Page PREFACE.................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 ELECTRICAL POWER ............................................................................................. 1-1 Electrical Power Support to Military Operations