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Etude Du Relâcher De Loups (Canis Lupus Lupus) En Russie : Méthodes D’Élevage, Modélisation D’Habitat, Dispersion Et Survie

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Etude Du Relâcher De Loups (Canis Lupus Lupus) En Russie : Méthodes D’Élevage, Modélisation D’Habitat, Dispersion Et Survie THESE Présentée devant l’Université de Strasbourg pour l’obtention du DOCTORAT DES UNIVERSITES Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé Discipline : Physiologie et Biologie des Organismes et des Populations par Laetitia BECKER Etude du relâcher de loups (Canis lupus lupus) en Russie : méthodes d’élevage, modélisation d’habitat, dispersion et survie Soutenue le 30 septembre 2011 devant la commission d’examen : Pr. Jean-Louis GENDRAULT Président Dr. Marie-Lazarine POULLE Rapporteur Pr. François SARRAZIN Rapporteur Pr. Marco APOLLONIO Examinateur Dr. Ilpo KOJOLA Examinateur Pr. Henryk OKARMA Examinateur Dr. André ANCEL Codirecteur Dr. Andrei POYARKOV Codirecteur A Casimir. C‟est à toi qui « annonce la paix » que je dédie ce labeur, Dont nous aurons vécu ensemble les dernières heures. Sache que ta venue toute proche me comble de bonheur ! Résumé : Etude du relâcher de loups (Canis lupus lupus) en Russie : méthodes d’élevage, modélisation d’habitat, dispersion et survie Les réintroductions et translocations d‟animaux dans la nature sont effectuées depuis longtemps par l‟homme, souvent pour des raisons cynégétiques ou parfois par accident. Avec l‟extinction d‟espèces, ces méthodes, avec pour but ultime le renforcement des populations, sont devenues un sujet attrayant en biologie de la conservation. Elles ont été utilisées avec succès chez différentes espèces de mammifères et d‟oiseaux. Cependant, en ce qui concerne les grands carnivores, potentiellement dangereux pour l‟homme et le bétail, peu d‟études se sont intéressées à la faisabilité de réintroduction de prédateurs élevés en captivité. Afin de tester l‟efficacité de réintroduction du loup gris, j‟ai étudié les 64 individus élevés et relâchés à la Station Biologique « Chisty Les » (Toropestky raion, Tverskaya oblast, Fédération de Russie) depuis 1993. L‟étude du comportement des loups lors de l‟élevage en captivité a permis de dresser des profils comportementaux des individus dont le relâché a été couronné de succès. Le suivi par satellite de loups relâchés n‟a donné des résultats qu‟à court-terme, mais suffisants pour y voir une tendance à l‟adaptation en milieu sauvage. La détermination de leur régime alimentaire par l‟analyse d‟excréments a montré que les loups se nourrissaient essentiellement de proies sauvages, avec une grande diversité, des insectes aux ongulés, ainsi que de nombreux végétaux. Les résultats de cette thèse démontrent donc la faisabilité de réintroduction de loups élevés en captivité : les individus relâchés présentent des comportements en accord avec leur statut social, ils sont capables de se nourrir, ils se déplacent à distance de l‟homme et dispersent vers de nouveaux territoires. Parallèlement, j‟ai étudié deux points clés entourant le processus de réintroduction : la définition de l‟habitat du loup afin de déterminer les sites de relâché potentiels ; et la performance de colliers pour le suivi satellitaire à une fine échelle des individus relâchés. Mots-clés : Canis lupus, réintroduction, comportement, régime alimentaire, GPS, déplacements, habitat. Laetitia BECKER IPHC, DEPE, UMR7178 CNRS-UdS, Strasbourg, France. Abstract: Experimental release of wolves (Canis lupus lupus) in Russia: raising methods, habitat suitability, dispersion and survival. For a long time, human beings have made animal reintroductions and translocations into the wild, often for game reasons, sometimes by accident. With the species‟ extinction, these methods, with the ultimate goal of populations‟ reinforcement, became an attracting subject in conservation biology. They were successfully used with various mammal and bird species. However, concerning the large carnivores, potentially dangerous for human and livestock, few studies inquired about the feasibility of reintroduction of captive-raised predators. So as to test the effectiveness of grey wolf reintroduction, I studied 64 individuals raised and released at the Biological Station “Chisty Les” (Toropestky raion, Tverskaya oblast, Russian Federation) since 1993. The study of behaviour of wolves during the raising in captivity allowed setting up behavioural profiles of successful individuals. The satellite monitoring of released wolves only gave short-term results, but sufficient to see a trend of adaptation to the wild. Diet assessed by excrements analysis showed that wolves mainly feed on wild prey, with a great diversity, from insects to ungulates, as well as much vegetation. The results of this thesis thus proved the feasibility of captive-raised wolves‟ reintroduction: released individuals display behaviours in accordance to their social status, they are able to find food, and they keep a distance to humans and disperse to new territories. At the same time, I studied two key points of the reintroduction process: the definition of wolf habitat so as to determine potential release sites; and the collars performance for satellite monitoring of released individuals. Key words: Canis lupus, reintroduction, behaviour, diet, GPS, movements, habitat. Laetitia BECKER IPHC, DEPE, UMR7178 CNRS-UdS, Strasbourg, France. Абстракт: Экспериментальный выпуск волков (Canis lupus lupus) в России: методы разведения, оценка среды обитания, рассеивания и сохранения. В течение долгого времени, люди реинтродуцировали и переселяли животных в дикую природу, часто для охоты или иногда случайно. С исчезновением видов, эти методы, с конечной целью повешения численности, стали привлекательной темой в биологии сохранения. Они успешно использовались с различными видами млекопитающих и птиц. Однако, относительно крупных хищных млекопитающих, потенциально опасных для человека и домашних животных, немного исследований выло проведено по возможности реинтродукции хищников выращенных в неволе. Чтобы проверить эффективность реинтродукции серого волка, я изучила 64 особи выращенные и выпущенные на Биологической Станции «Чистый Лес» (Торопецкий район, Тверская область, Российская Федерация) с 1993 г.. Изучение поведения волков в период содержания их в неволе позволило выявить поведенческие особенности успешно выпущенных особей. Спутниковое слежение за выпущенными волками давали только краткосрочные результаты, но достаточные, чтобы видеть тенденцию адаптации к дикой природе. Определение их режима питания путем анализа экскрементов показало, что волки исключительно питались дикими животными, с большим разнообразием, от насекомых до крупных копытных, а так же с большим количеством растительности. Результаты этой диссертации таким образом доказали возможность реинтродукции волков выращенных в неволе: выпущены особи показывают поведение в соответствии со своим социальным статусом, они способны питаться, они держутся на расстоянии от человека и расселяются на новые территории. Одновременно, я изучила два ключевых момента процесса реинтродукции: определение среды обитания волка, для определения потенциальных мест выпуска; и качество работы спутниковых ошейников для слежения за выпущенными особями. Ключевые слова: Canis lupus, реинтродукция, поведение, режим питания, GPS, перемещения, среда обитания. Летисия БЕККЕР IPHC, DEPE, UMR7178 CNRS-UdS, Страсбург, Франция. Publications & communications PUBLICATIONS L. Becker, A. Ancel, V.V. Bologov. Behavioural trait assessment of captive-raised wolves for rehabilitation programme. (en préparation) L. Becker, V.V. Bologov, A. Ancel, J.A. Hernandez-Blanco, M.D. Chistopolova, A.D. Poyarkov, V.V. Rozhnov. Early post-release movements of reintroduced wolves in Russia. (en préparation) L. Becker, A. Ancel, C. Choquel, H. Le Berre, V.V. Bologov. Evaluation of the performance of two GPS telemetry collars for wolf monitoring in the boreal forest. Wildlife Biology (soumis) L. Becker, A. Ancel, L. Bourg, C. Fraissard, V.V. Bologov. Food habits of captive-raised wolves reintroduced into the wild. Acta Theriologica (soumis) L. Becker, A. Ancel, V.V. Bologov. Habitat evaluation for grey wolves in Tver region, Russian Federation. (en préparation) COMMUNICATIONS ORALES L. Becker, P.N. Korabliov, V.V. Bologov. Wolf impact on human activities and limits of population control in Tver region (Russian Federation). 17-22 août 2009, XXIX International Union of Game Biologists Congress, Moscow, Russia. L. Becker. Agressivité, audace et survie. 28-29 novembre 2009, Université d‟Automne des Comportementalistes, Maisons-Alfort, France. L. Becker, A. Ancel, V.V. Bologov. Instinctive feeding behaviour of wolf (Canis lupus) pups. 27-29 mai 2010. I-ых международных беккеровских чтений, Volgograd, Russia. V.V. Bologov, L. Becker, V.S. Pazhetnov. Rehabilitation and release of young captive-born carnivores. 3-7 juillet 2010. 24th International Congress for Conservation Biology, Edmonton, Canada. L. Becker, A. Ancel, V.V. Bologov. Faisabilité et stratégies de réintroduction des canidés : l’exemple du loup en Russie. 25-26 novembre 2010. Colloque Panthera, Saint-Anthème, France. L. Becker, A. Ancel, V.V. Bologov. Comparative study of wolves in protected vs. unprotected areas. 15-17 avril 2011. The Mammal Society's Easter Conference, Nottingham, UK. L. Becker, A. Ancel, V.V. Bologov. The Chistoe Wolf House, an example of education and information centre in Russia. 1-3 juin 2011. Особо охраняемые природные территории в XXI веке: современное состояние и перспективы развития, Petrozavodsk, Russia. COMMUNICATIONS AFFICHEES V.V. Bologov, A. Ancel, L. Becker. Hand-raising and releasing of orphaned wolf pups to the wild: main results and conclusions after 16-year lasted experience (1993-2009). 8-9 avril 2010. Species Introductions and Re-introductions
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