AA
SYNOPSIS ON
GYM MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
11
Chapter:1
INTRODUCTION
22 INTRODUCCTION
AA Gym is a place which houses exercise equipment for the purpose of physical exercise. Physical fitness is important throughout life to develop and maintain functional capability to meet the demands of living, and promote optimal health. This is a health club. From a fitness perspective, there is no better opportunity than Go Vertical with its full body workout, showers and separate locker rooms for men and women. A modern day gym is a facility where you work out, meditate doing some yoga, feel good with some aerobics exercise, and relax your senses with a day spa and then look good by grooming at the saloon. Personal trainers get more and more professional and gyms make sure your follow the diet prescribed by providing the meals at your doorstep! This industry combines luxury and exclusivity to the experience of a fitness centre with a professional approach to help individuals develop to the best of their needs.
1.1Facilities and services
Main workout area Most health clubs have a main workout area, which primarily consists of free weights including dumbbells, barbells and exercise machines. This area often includes mirrors so that exercisers can monitor and maintain correct posture during their workout.
A gym which predominately or exclusively consists of free weights (dumbbells and barbells), as opposed to exercise machines, is sometimes referred to as a bblack-iron gym, after the traditional color of weight plates.
C C ardio area/Theatre A cardio theater or cardio area includes many types of cardiovascular training-related equipment such as rowing machines, stationary exercise bikes, elliptical trainers and treadmills. These areas often include a number of audio-visual displays (either integrated into the equipment, or placed on walls around the area itself) in order to keep exercisers entertained during long cardio workout sessions.
33 G G roup exercise classes Most newer health clubs offer group exercise classes that are conducted by qualified fitness instructors. Many types of group exercise classes exist, but generally these include classes based on aerobics, cycling (spin cycle), boxing, high intensity training, regular and hot (Bikram) yoga, pilates and muscle training. Health clubs with swimming pools often offer aqua aerobics classes.
Sports facilities Some health clubs offer sports facilities such as a swimming pools, squash courts or boxing areas. In some cases, additional fees are charged for the use of these facilities..
P ersonal training Most health clubs employ personal trainers who are accessible to members for training/fitness/nutrition/health advice and consultation. Personal trainers can devise a customized fitness routine, sometimes including a nutrition plan, to help clients achieve their goals. They can also monitor and train with members. More often than not, access to personal trainers involves an additional hourly fee.
OOther services Newer health clubs generally include health-shops, snack bars, restaurants, child-care facilities, member lounges and cafes. It is not unusual for a sauna, steam shower, or wellness areas to be present. Health clubs generally charge a fee to allow visitors to use the equipment, courses, and other provided services.
Levels of services and offerings Health clubs offer a wide array of services, and as a result the monthly membership prices can vary greatly. A recent study of American clubs found that the monthly cost of membership ranged from US$15 per month at basic chain clubs that offer limited amenities to over US$200 per month at spa-oriented clubs that cater to families and those seeking social activities in addition to a workout. In addition, some clubs such as many local YMCAs offer per-use punch cards or one-time fees for those seeking to use the club on an as-needed basis.
Costs can be altered through the purchase of a higher-level membership, such as a Founders or a Life membership. Such memberships often have a high up-front cost but a lower monthly
44 rate, which are most likely to be beneficial to those who use the club frequently and hold their memberships for years.
1.2THE RISE OFF THE GYM THROUGH HISTORY Many of us have gym membership or attend classes at a local gym on a frequent basis: in India
,gyms are a million industry, and it's estimated that 12% of the population regularly attend
the gym. But fifty years ago, gyms as we know them today just didn't exist.
Ancient G reece: The First Gyms The word "gym" is a contraction of "gymnasium" - derived from the ancient Greek word
gymnasion. The ancient Greek gymnasiums were places where athletes trained for public games
such as the Olympics. Many had libraries (going a bit further than the traditional stack of magazines in modern gyms...)
19th C C entur y y Gyms: Schools, C C olleges, YM CA and Turners After the ancient Greeks, gyms disappeared for centuries. Medieval and Renaissance life was physically arduous enough, and ordinary people got all the exercise they needed working on the
land and carrying out chores. By the 19th century, though, schools and colleges were building gymnasiums (and even today,
the word "gym" means "school gym class" to many people). The YMCA also built a number of
gyms for physical exercise and social sports and games.
1990s onwards - Mass P opularization Today, lots of people are or have been gym members - people who would never call themselves "bodybuilders", "fighters" or even especially sporty. New gym chains have sprung up over the
past couple of decades; Lifetime Fitness in 1990, Equinox Fitness in 1991, and Virgin Active in1999. Widespread celebrity gym-going has encouraged the boon in gym membership, and gyms look set to be popular for decades to come.
55 1.3MAJOR PLAYERS IN INDIAN HEALTH CLUB INDUSTRY
GO LD G YM
Today, Gold¶s Gym has over 680 facilities. It is the largest international gym chain in the world recognized for its passion, unique heritage, and experience as the final authority in fitness and
lifestyle.
The India chapter of Gold¶s Gym started in 2002, when the first Gold¶s Gym India branch was
set up at Nepean Sea Road, Mumbai. In the next few years this number grew, and today Gold¶s
Gym has cut out for itself 18 gym facilities in various cities of the country in Mumbai ± at
Nepean Sea Road, Bandra, Worli, Santacruz, Andheri, Chembur, Mulund and Vashi and outside
Mumbai at Chennai, Ahmedabad, Baroda, Surat, Bangalore, Pune, Noida, Ludhiana, Kolkata,
Jaipur, Jalandhar and outside India in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Gold¶s Gym India has slowly and steadily carved its name in the Indian market and built a reputation to reckon with
FITNESS FIRST
Fitness First Gym & Health Club started as a single health and fitness club in Bournemouth, UK in 1992.
Since then, it has grown quite a bit - we're now the largest gym, health and fitness club group in
the world with more than 1.5 million Fitness First members in over 550 clubs worldwide. In
Asia Pacific alone, we have over 140 clubs! But we still keep that Fitness First one-health club
mentality - every single Fitness First member counts. It has a motto at Fitness First that sets us apart ± Real People, Real Results. We're proud to say
that more people achieve their health and fitness goals with Fitness First than at any other fitness
club!
As the fastest growing fitness chain club, it will continue to deliver on its promise of
guaranteedvalue and its aim is to help you achieve your fitness goals - a simple formula with a
proven trackrecord of success!18 countries, over 500 clubs, 1.4 million members and growing
worldwide.
6 POW ERH OU SE G YM Powerhouse gym India is brought to you by Q¶s Fitness Studio. Q¶s Fitness Studio was started in
the year 1999. It was in the year 2005 when Q¶s Fitness Studio brought Powerhouse Gym to
India. Powerhouse Gym had a launch of its Indian operation on 26th November 2005 with state
of art 6000 sq ft area facility at Concorde Co-op Housing Society, Ns Road No 10, Juhu.
Two existing braches running under Q¶s Fitness Studio are now called Powerhouse Gym.
Powerhouse Gym India is a Ltd Company concern of Powerhouse Fitness Ltd, the chairperson ,Ashok Gupta who has a Master Franchisee for SAARC Countries (India, Nepal, Bhutan,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka and Maldives).Powerhouse Gym India has state of art facilities,
be it equipments, technology and fitness programs that are required to get the desired results for the members.
T A LWA LK A R¶S
Established in 1932, Talwalkar¶s Better Value Pvt Ltd (TBVF), commonly famous
asTalwalkar¶s, is India's largest chain of health centres. It has 45 ultramodern branches
acrossmajor cities in the country, with 50,000 members. Talwalkar¶s' phenomenal growth can be attributed directly to the trust our customers have in
us,and the benefits they derive from our expert advice, personalized supervision, on-going facilityupgrades, result-oriented approach, and above all from Talwalkar¶s' immense know-how
andexperience in this field over 75 years of existence.
Talwalkar¶s was founded by the late V.R.Talwalkar in 1932, as a single one-room facility in
Citylight, Mumbai. Son Madhukar Talwalkar¶s gave the business a new direction by imparting
ascientific, disciplined and customer-friendly perspective to the fitness and health regimes offeredat the gyms. Today, Talwalkar¶s gyms are perceived not as a meeting place for
boisterousbodybuilders, but as a health centre where customer health priorities are managed withsensitivity and care. The user-friendly environs and world-class facilities make the
Talwalkar¶s'experience wholesome and encouraging.
7 C ELEBRITY FITNESS
Celebrity Fitness was founded by John Franklin in 2003, and commenced operations in
February 2004 with the opening of Jakarta's groundbreaking EX club. The Celebrity
Fitness name was chosen for a reason: it is meant to convey each member can exercise as if they
are a celebrity as the clubs are designed with Hollywood and Beverly Hills' standards in mind, to
pamper and give first quality service to our members. Staying true to the entertainment
ambiance, Celebrity Fitness' venues are exclusive malls so that members can conveniently
shop, dine-in and go to the cinema after working out in the gym.
Celebrity Fitness pioneered the concept of combining a fitness center and entertainment
ambiance in Indonesia. Moreover, Celebrity Fitness contributes tremendously to the increased awareness of health and fitness in its operating markets today. Celebrity's gym experience
proved hugely popular, prompting the group to expand its gym network in Jakarta and grow
overseas (starting in 2005 with the 1 Utama club in Kuala Lumpur). As the premier regional
fitness center, Celebrity Fitness constantly pushes to provide the best service to its members by tailoring programs and offerings for our members' satisfaction.
In December 2007, Navis Capital Partners ("Navis") partnered with Celebrity
Fitness.Naviswill bring its various resources to assist Celebrity Fitness to expand its product offering in its existing markets, as well as internationally.
1.4Gym Equipment
Aerobic Machines
Aerobic machines work your cardiovascular system. Aerobic exercise is continuous exercise performed for longer periods (20 minutes or more) at low to moderate levels of intensity. Gym equipment normally available for aerobic exercise includes stair climbers, elliptical trainers, treadmills, rowers and stationary bicycles. Most also contain software that includes pre- programmed routines so that you don't have to calculate mathematical problems in your head to gauge calories burned or effort. Enter your weight, program option, time to exercise and the equipment's software does the rest. From its display you'll see statistics appear with everything from heart rate to power output in watts. Which equipment you should choose depends on your personal assessment and your goals. Here's a brief overview of each.
8 Stair Climber - the stair climber recreates the act of climbing a series of stairs using two block- like pedals attached to a frame. Using the computer, you're able to adjust the resistance. Predominately the lower body muscles are worked, including quadriceps (front of thighs), hamstrings (back of thighs), gluteal muscles (buttocks), hip flexors, and calves. The stair climber provides a low impact, safe form of aerobic exercise for the heart and legs.
Elliptical Trainer - The elliptical trainer may have apparatus for an upper body workout in addition to the lower body workout. The part of the elliptical trainer that works the lower body uses two foot pads that move along a short elliptical path, back and forth. The motion feels like cross country skiing. Using the computer's program, you can adjust the amount of incline as well as the amount of resistance. The elliptical trainer has a very low impact on the knees and joints. If you're deciding whether to use this trainer or the treadmill, the elliptical is a better choice for older individuals or those with injuries. The lower body muscles worked include all of the leg muscles as well as the gluteal muscles. Elliptical devices that work the upper body as well provide a total body workout.
Treadmill - The treadmill hasn't changed from it's original design allowing a person to walk, jog or run continuously on a moving belt. Over the years more software and durability have been built into the treadmill making it a standard piece of exercise equipment found in a gym. Like the elliptical trainer, the treamill's resistance and incline can be adjusted. Running on a treadmill offers a cushioned surface and provides less impact than running on concrete or asphalt. However, the treadmill is more stressful to the knees and joints than the other aerobic equipment mentioned here.
R ower - There are a few different designs of rowing machines on the market. Each machine utilizes a motion similar to rowing a boat but varies when it comes to how the resistance is applied and how much software is included. Rowing is extremely low impact and if the person using it works the legs with a push, then both the upper and lower body get a good workout.
Stationary Bicycle - if you haven't ever exercised or it's been a long time since you have, then the stationary bike is where you need to start. This very low impact machine provides all types of feedback, including heart rate monitors on the newer models. There are two types of stationary bikes --upright and recumbent. The upright style will feel like a traditional bicycle and place the body in an upright posture. The recumbent bike will place the body in more of a sitting position. If you're a multi-tasker and want to read while you're exercising, then the stationary bike is the way to go. Body movement is kept to a minimum and the eyes can focus on book's pages.
1.5Exercise Weight Machines Versus Free Weights
Among athletes, there's a never-ending discussion over whether machines are better than free weights or if the opposite is true. One thing we know for sure, there are benefits to each training method and pros and cons of each. The following are points made about each:
Exercise Machine Pros Exercise machines are safe as they move along a constant plane of motion. Exercise machines are easy to use and don't require a spotter.
9 Exercise machines ensure correct movement when muscles become fatigued. Exercise machines can change the amount of resistance easily. If you have an injury, exercise machines help stabilize the body.
Exercise Machine Cons Exercise machines don't fit all body sizes.
Free Weight Pros Free weights do a better job of isolating muscles. Free weights incorporate supporting muscles into the lift. Free weights allow a wide variety of exercises to be performed with the dumbbells and bars. Free weights are inexpensive. Free weights are very portable and take up very little room.
Free Weight Cons There's a greater chance of injury with free weights. Heavy lifting requires another individual to act as a "spotter".
There are a few machines that fall into a gray area between the two groups. The Smith machine is one example. The Smith machine uses a barbell with hooks attached to a frame that removes the need for a spotter, as horizontal movement is prevented by the frame. This allows the person to concentrate on vertical movement of the squat exercise. Free weights are loaded onto the barbell for increased resistance. Thus, the Smith machine is a machine that uses free weights. The leg press is another example of the hybrid.
Advantage of Gym Equipment
Now is a good season for the health conscious to check up on the latest in gym exercise
equipment. A wide variety of gym exercise equipment is available in the market each designed to tone the specific part of the body. So for that lasting impression as you stride down the beach and flaunt it, here are some of the important aspects in choosing the right gym exercise equipment for you.
Know your body: whether you want to sport the firm and fit type or something as insanely huge as the Hulk, gamma radiation included, everyone has their own preference. For a first-timer, choosing the right gym exercise equipment can be attained in two ways: purchasing it from a sports store or to sign up in one of hundreds of gym establishments in the city.
One advantage in using the gym exercise equipment in a gym is the selection of commercial models that will help you get in shape, if not faster then better. Commercial gym exercise equipment are a little more complicated to use, often with digital readouts and other computerized systems attached, but the outcome after using the machine does show fantastic results after a few weeks. In addition to commercial gym exercise equipment, trainers are available to help you draw up a program to achieve that attention-grabbing body you always
10 wanted. Be it in a posh place like Gold's Gym, or a neighborhood one that offers fifty bucks per session, these establishments hold the upper hand when it comes to quality gym exercise equipment.
Home gym exercise equipment is something a little more easy to use and compact enough that you can stow it away in your closet after two hours of working out. Convenience is all about the home gym exercise equipment, especially if they are the shy type who could not stand to flaunt themselves in public, even in a gym. They can be as attractive to look at like their commercial counterparts, but with a price tag that is a bit easy on the pocket. They require little effort when adjusting the setting to get out its maximum exercise performance.
A first-timer can acquire and use the home exercise equipment without too much flub. But as he or she gains experience, and not to mention a greater body, they go for more body specific machines that will bring out the best in (and out of) them. All they have to do is to draw a layout of his or her personalized body building program from books and go from there.
Know your self, as well as your body. Whether you purchased it in a store, or holding a gleaming member's card, gym exercise equipment is the next best thing since the home-made dumbbells and barbells out of cement on a pair of large milk cans and a metal water pipe.
11 Chapter:2
Objectives of The Pro ject
12 The main objectives of Gym Management are:
Budget Management The budget of a exercise department is subjective--classes are usually included in the price of membership and can go a long way in winning new members and retaining them. The Budget management makes sure the gym is making a profit each month.
Department Management Gyms are divided into several departments, which are overseen by the Department management. Departments include membership, front desk, personal training, group exercise, housekeeping, facilities and massage. Some gyms have more departments, such as those with on-site cafes or in-house salons. The Department management holds frequent one-on-one meetings with department directors as well as meetings with all departments present. The Management¶s principal duty is to listen to departmental needs and concerns and put them in balance with those of the club.
Member Communications Management between the club and its members in important communication matters. Even though the membership, front desk and fitness departments play crucial roles in developing relationships with members, it¶s the good management who takes the ultimate responsibility
Facility Upkeep Fitness club managers oversee every aspect of a club, including the daily cleanliness of the front desk, locker rooms, fitness floor and pool area. Management are also responsible for supervising the maintenance of current equipment and ordering new equipment.
Gym Objectives Main objective of our project is provide the better fitness and gain proper profit by the good management. Management sees all aspects of the gym and is in a position to set short- and long-term objectives, which are essentially goals
13 Chapter:3
Pro ject Category(RDBMS)
14 The main objectives of using R elational Database Management System are as follows: -
1. CONTROL REDUNDANCY The System should identify existence of common data and avoid duplicate recording relationships of pointers should be used to locate data which are used many times selective redundancy is sometimes allowed to improve performance or far better reliability.
2. DATA INTEGRITY Consistency of data values and relationships must be preserved in order to achieve this the system must ensure validity of data by using good editing, synchronize updating and propagating changes to other related data element it also involves maintaining audit trails to enable recovery if errors are deleted.
3. DATA SECURITY This is concerned with protecting access to data protection is needed at many levels for access, modification, deletion or display access restriction may be for individual data items or group of items.
4. DATABASE PER FORMANCE The system should be able to provide timely information as required. The cost of storing and retrieving the data should be commensurate with the value of information provided.
5. MANAGEMENT CONTROL As the dependence of an organization on a data base increases positive management controls should be exercised over addition, deletion, changes and disposition of data must be protected to start legal accounting and auditing requirements.
15 Chapter:4
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
16 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
System Analysis by definition is a process of systematic investigation for the purpose of
gathering data, interpreting the facts, diagnosing the problem and using this information to either
build a completely new system or to recommend the improvements to the existing system.
A satisfactory system analysis involves the process of examining a business situation with the
intent of improving it through better methods and procedures. In its core sense, the analysis
phase defines the requirements of the system and the problems which user is trying to solve
irrespective of how the requirements would be accomplished.
There are 2 methods to perform System Requirement Analysis:
4.1 Structured Analysis
Structured Analysis is an analysis method that provides a basis for developing a model of
software to be developed. The objective of structured analysis is to identify the customer
requirements and establish a basis to create a software model.
17 The components of a Structured Analysis are
1 Data Dictionary
2 Entity Relationship Diagram
3 Data Flow Diagram
4 Process Specification
5 Control Specification
4.2 Object Oriented Analysis
It refers to a detailed study of the various objects involved in a system and the relationship of these objects with each other. While performing an object oriented analysis, the focus of the system analyst is on the availability of the objects that are relevant to software development.
First and foremost we have to identify the need for development of such a System for India
Today.
18 4.3Software Engineering Paradigm
The basic objective of software engineering is to: develop methods and procedures for software development that can scale up for large systems and that can be used to consistently produce high quality software at low cost and with a small cycle time. That is, the key objectives are consistency, low cost, high quality, small cycle time, and scalability.
The basic approach that software engineering takes is to separate the development process from the software. The premise is that the development process controls the quality, scalability, consistency, and productivity. Hence to satisfy the objectives, one must focus on the development process. Design of proper development process and their control is the primary goal of the software engineering. It is this focus on the process that distinguishes it from most other computing disciplines. Most other computing disciplines focus on some type of the product- algorithms, operating systems, databases etc. while software engineering focuses on the process for producing products.
To better manage the development process and to achieve consistency, it is essential that the software development be done in phases. 4.3.1 Different Phases Of The Development Process:
1) R equirement Analysis: Requirement analysis is done in order to understand the problem the software system is to solve. The problem could be automating an existing manual process, developing a new automated system, or a combination of the two. The emphasis in requirements analysis is on identifying what is needed from the system, not how the system will achieve its goals. There are atleast two parties involved in the software development-a client and a developer. The developer has to develop the system to satisfy the client¶s needs. The developer does not understand the client¶s problem domain, and the client does not understand the issues involved in the software
19 systems. This causes a communication gap, which has to be adequately bridged during requirements analysis.
2) Software Design: The purpose of the design phase is to plan a solution of the problem specified by the requirements documents. This phase is the first step in moving from the problem domain to the solution domain. Starting with what is needed, design takes us toward how to satisfy the needs. The design of a system is perhaps the most critical factor affecting the quality of the software. It has a major impact on the later phases, particularly testing and maintenance.
The design activity is divided into two phases: System Design and Detailed Design. In system design the focus is on identifying the modules, whereas during detailed design the focus is on designing the logic for each of the modules.
3) Coding: The goal of the coding phase is to translate the design of the system into code in a given programming language. Hence during coding, the focus should be on developing programs that are easy to read and understand, and not simply on developing programs that are easy to write.
4) Testing: Testing is the major quality control measure used during software development. Its basic function is to detect errors in the software. Testing not only uncover errors introduced during coding, but also errors introduced during the previous phases. Thus, the goal of the testing is to uncover requirement, design and coding errors in the programs.
Therefore, different levels of testing are used. Testing is an extremely critical and t ime consuming activity. It requires proper planning of the overall testing process. The output of the testing phase is the test report and the error report. Test report contains the set of test cases and
20 the result of executing the code with these test cases. The error report describes the errors encountered and the action taken to remove the errors.
5) Operation & maintenance phase Software maintenance is a task that every development group has to face, when the software is delivered to the customer µs site, installedand is operational. Software maintenance isa very broad activity that includes error correction, enhancement of capabilities, deletion of obsolete capabilities and optimization.
21 Chapter:5
FEASIBILITY STUDY
22 FEASIBILITY STUDY
A feasibility study determines whether the proposed solution is feasible based on the
priorities of the requirements of the organization. A feasibility study culminates in a feasibility
report that recommends a solution. It helps you to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a proposed
system.
The feasibility study is carried out to test if the proposed system is worth being
implemented. Given unlimited resources and infinite time, all projects are feasible.
After performing a Preliminary Investigation, gathering and interpreting data and details
concerning the project, a Feasibility Check is done which involves a series of steps to check the
Technical, Financial and Operational feasibilities.
During this phase, various solutions to the existing problems were examined.
For each of these solutions the Cost and Benefits were the major criteria to be examined before
deciding on any of the proposed systems.
These Solutions would provide coverage of the following:
a) Specification of information to be made available by the system.
b) A clear cut description of what tasks will be done manually and what needs to be
handled by the automated system.
c) Specifications of new computing equipment needed.
23 A system that passes the feasibility tests is considered a feasible system. Let us see some
feasible tests in my pro ject.
5.1 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
It is related to the software and equipment specified in the design for implementing a new
system. Technical feasibility is a study of function, performance and constraints that may affect
the ability to achieve an acceptable system. During technical analysis, the analyst evaluates the
technical merits of the system, at the same time collecting additional information about
performance, reliability, maintainability and productivity. Technical feasibility is frequently the
most difficult areas to assess.
The main technical issue raised during feasibility is the existence of necessary technology
and whether the proposed equipment has the capacity to hold required data. The technical
guarantee of accuracy, reliability, ease and data were also investigated.
Assessing System Performance: It involves ensuring that the system responds to user queries
and is efficient, reliable, accurate and easy to use. Since we have the excellent network setup
which is supported and excellent configuration of servers with 80 GB hard disk and 512 MB
RAM, it satisfies the performance requirement.
After the conducting the technical analysis we found that our project fulfills all the technical
pre-requisites, the network environments if necessary are also adaptable according to the
project and
.
24 5.2 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY
This feasibility has great importance as it can outweigh other feasibilities because costs affect organization decisions. The concept of Economic Feasibility deals with the fact that a system that can be developed and will be used on installation must be profitable for the
Organization. The cost to conduct a full system investigation, the cost of hardware and software, the benefits in the form of reduced expenditure are all discussed during the economic feasibility.
Return on Investment
i. There will be revenue in terms of more Customer Subscriptions.
ii. There will be cost reduction in terms of maintaining huge amounts
of paper records, stationary, humans.
iii. There will be tracking of the Subscribers from a centralized
database.
iv. There will be awareness among not only the Subscribers ,but
general public regarding the good points of the issue.
v. Subscriber satisfaction will lead to more upgrades and reduce the
downgrades.
Cost of No Change
The cost will be in terms of utilization of resources leading to the cost to the
company. Since our cost of project is our efforts, which is obviously less than the
long-term gain for the company, the project should be made.
25 COST- BENEFI T ANALY S I S
A cost-benefit analysis is necessary to determine economic feasibility. The primary
objective of the cost benefit analysis is to find out whether it is economically worthwhile to
invest in the project. If the returns on the investment are good, then the project is considered
economically worthwhile. Cost benefit analysis is performed by first listing all the costs
associated with the project cost which consists of both direct costs and indirect costs. Direct
costs are those incurred by buying software, hiring people, cost of consumable items , rent for
accommodation etc. Indirect costs include those involving time spent by user in discussing
problems with system analysts , gathering data about problem etc.
5.2 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY
Operation feasibility is a measure of how people feel about the system. Operational Feasibility
criteria measure the urgency of the problem or the acceptability of a solution. Operational
Feasibility is dependent upon determining human resources for the project. It refers to projecting
whether the system will operate and be used once it is installed.
1. If the ultimate users are comfortable with the present system and they see no problem
with its continuance, then resistance to its operation will be zero.
Behaviorally also the proposed system is feasible. A particular application may be technically
and but may fail to produce the forecasted benefits, because the company is not able to get it to
work. For the system, it is not necessary that the user must be a computer expert, but any
computer operator given a little bit of knowledge and training can easily operate.
26 Our Project is operationally feasible since there is no need for special training of staff member and whatever little instructing on this system is required can be done so quite easily and quickly as it is essentially This project is being developed keeping in mind the general people who one have very little knowledge of computer operation, but can easily access their required database and other related information. The redundancies can be decreased to a large extent as the system will be fully automated.
27 28 Chapter:6
SOFTWARE/HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
29 SOFTWARE/HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
6.1 Hardware Specification
1 Pentium II 1.5 GHz and Above
2 126 MB RAM or More
3 502 MB Server RAM
4 20 GB HDD
5 40 GB Server HDD
6.2 Software Specification
6 Windows 2000 Professional
7 SQL Server
8 Asp.Net with C#
30 6.3SOFTWARE USED
Microsoft Visual Studio .NET
Visual Studio is a complete suite of tools for building both desktop and team-based Enterprise Web applications. In addition to building high-performing desktop applications, you can use Visual Studio's powerful component-based development tools and other technologies to simplify team-based design, development, and deployment of Enterprise solutions.
Visual Studio .NET is a complete set of development tools for building ASP Web applications, XML Web services, desktop applications, and mobile applications. Visual Basic .NET, Visual C++ .NET, and Visual C# .NET all use the same integrated development environment (IDE), which allows them to share tools and facilitates in the creation of mixed-language solutions. In addition, these languages leverage the functionality of the .NET Framework, which provides access to key technologies that simplify the development of ASP Web applications and XML Web services.
Visual Studio .NET Highlights
Some of the latest features available in the Visual Studio .NET are:
Language Enhancements
Microsoft Visual Basic, Microsoft C++, and Microsoft JScript have all been updated to meet your development needs. Additionally, a new language, Microsoft C#, has been introduced. These languages leverage the functionality of the .NET Framework, which provides access to key technologies that simplify the development of ASP Web applications and XML Web services
The .NET Framework
The .NET Framework is a new computing platform that simplifies application development in the highly distributed environment of the Internet. The .NET Framework is designed to fulfill the following objectives:
y To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object code is stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely. y To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software deployment and versioning conflicts. y To provide a code-execution environment that guarantees safe execution of code, including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.
31 y To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance problems of scripted or interpreted environments. y To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of applications, such as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications. y To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework can integrate with any other code.
The .NET Framework has two main components: the common language runtime and the .NET Framework class library. The common language runtime is the foundation of the .NET Framework. You can think of the runtime as an agent that manages code at execution time, providing core services such as memory management, thread management, and remoting, while also enforcing strict type safety and other forms of code accuracy that ensure security and robustness. In fact, the concept of code management is a fundamental principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as managed code, while code that does not target the runtime is known as unmanaged code. The class library, the other main component of the .NET Framework, is a comprehensive, object-oriented collection of reusable types that you can use to develop applications ranging from traditional command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) applications to applications based on the latest innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms and XML Web services.
The .NET Framework can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the common language runtime into their processes and initiate the execution of managed code, thereby creating a software environment that can exploit both managed and unmanaged features. The .NET Framework not only provides several runtime hosts, but also supports the development of third- party runtime hosts.
Features of the Common Language R untime
The common language runtime manages memory, thread execution, code execution, code safety verification, compilation, and other system services. These features are intrinsic to the managed code that runs on the common language runtime.
With regards to security, managed components are awarded varying degrees of trust, depending on a number of factors that include their origin (such as the Internet, enterprise network, or local computer). This means that a managed component might or might not be able to perform file- access operations, registry-access operations, or other sensitive functions, even if it is being used in the same active application.
The runtime also enforces code robustness by implementing a strict type- and code-verification infrastructure called the common type system (CTS). The CTS ensures that all managed code is self-describing. The various Microsoft and third-party language compilers generate managed code that conforms to the CTS. This means that managed code can consume other managed types and instances, while strictly enforcing type fidelity and type safety.
In addition, the managed environment of the runtime eliminates many common software issues. For example, the runtime automatically handles object layout and manages references to objects,
32 releasing them when they are no longer being used. This automatic memory management resolves the two most common application errors, memory leaks and invalid memory references.
The runtime also accelerates developer productivity. For example, programmers can write applications in their development language of choice, yet take full advantage of the runtime, the class library, and components written in other languages by other developers. Any compiler vendor who chooses to target the runtime can do so. Language compilers that target the .NET Framework make the features of the .NET Framework available to existing code written in that language, greatly easing the migration process for existing applications.
.NET Framework Class Library
The .NET Framework class library is a collection of reusable types that tightly integrate with the common language runtime. The class library is object oriented, providing types from which your own managed code can derive functionality. This not only makes the .NET Framework types easy to use, but also reduces the time associated with learning new features of the .NET Framework. In addition, third-party components can integrate seamlessly with classes in the .NET Framework.
For example, the .NET Framework collection classes implement a set of interfaces that you can use to develop your own collection classes. Your collection classes will blend seamlessly with the classes in the .NET Framework.
As you would expect from an object-oriented class library, the .NET Framework types enable you to accomplish a range of common programming tasks, including tasks such as string management, data collection, database connectivity, and file access. In addition to these common tasks, the class library includes types that support a variety of specialized development scenarios. For example, you can use the .NET Framework to develop the following types of applications and services:
y Console applications. y Scripted or hosted applications. y Windows GUI applications (Windows Forms). y ASP.NET applications. y XML Web services. y Windows services.
For example, the Windows Forms classes are a comprehensive set of reusable types that vastly simplify Windows GUI development. If you write an ASP.NET Web Form application, you can use the Web Forms classes.
33 ADO .NET
ADO .NET is extremely flexible and dynamic and you can do anything. A simplified diagram of ADO .NET objects was given below:
The Active-X data object data control (ADODC) allows the user to create a connection to the data source. A connection can be established to any type of database whether relational or non-
34 relational, local or remote. It provides an object-oriented programming interface for accessing a data source using an OLE DB data provider.
The ADO model has three main components: the connection object, the command object, and the recordset object.
Objects
C onnection Object : The connection object is the highest-level object in the ADO object model. It is used to make a connection between your application and an external data source, here Microsoft Sql server.
C ommand Object: The command object is used to build queries, including user-specific parameters, in order to access records from a data source. Typically, these records are returned in a recordset object.
Recordset Object : The recordset object is used to access records returned from a SQL query. Using this object, you can navigate through the records returned, modify the existing record, add new record or delete specific records.
The main benefit of this, and one of the greatest innovations of ADO .NET, is that once you build a DataSet in your project, you can process it in about the same way no matter what the original source of the data was. It doesn't really matter to your program where the data came from. The DataAdapter objects provide the unique capability that different sources of data require but they all create the same DataSet object.
A key advantage is that this means ADO .NET works great with muli-tiered ('client/server' or 'client/middleware/server') systems -- such as the Internet! After a DataSet is created, your program can disconnect from the actual physical source of the data (the database) and only needs to reconnect once either a change or more data is needed. A DataSet can be thought of as being like a custom database just for your program. There are tables, columns, relationships, constraints, views, and so forth. Changes to the 'real' database are communicated using messages (that is, SQL commands in our case) and this further isolates your program from changes, differences, or even problems (such as the database being taken offline) to the 'real' database.
C#.NET
C# is a multi-paradigm programming language, encompassing imperative, declarative functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. It was developed by Microsoft within the .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma (ECMA-334) and ISO (ISO/IEC 23270). C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure.
C# is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language.
35 Design G oal
C# language is intended to be a simple, modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language. The language, and implementations thereof, should provide support for software engineering principles such as strong type checking,array bounds checking, detection of attempts to use uninitialized variables, and automatic garbage collection. Software robustness, durability, and programmer productivity are important. The language is intended for use in developing software components suitable for deployment in distributed environments. Source code portability is very important, as is programmer portability, especially for those programmers already familiar with C and C++. Support for internationalization is very important. C# is intended to be suitable for writing applications for both hosted and embedded systems, ranging from the very large that use sophisticated operating systems, down to the very small having dedicated functions. Although C# applications are intended to be economical with regard to memory and processing power requirements, the language was not intended to compete directly on performance and size with C or assembly language.
Features
C# is the programming language that most directly reflects the underlying Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). Most of its intrinsic types correspond to value-types implemented by the CLI framework. However, the language specification does not state the code generation requirements of the compiler: that is, it does not state that a C# compiler must target a Common Language Runtime, or generate Common Intermediate Language (CIL), or generate any other specific format. Theoretically, a C# compiler could generate machine code like traditional compilers of C++ or Fortran.
Some notable distinguishing features of C# are:
There are no global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within classes. Static members of public classes can substitute for global variables and functions.
36 Local variables cannot shadow variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C++. Variable shadowing is often considered confusing by C++ texts. C# supports a strict Boolean datatype, bool. Statements that take conditions, such as while and if, require an expression of a type that implements the true operator, such as the boolean type. While C++ also has a boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as if(a) require only that a is convertible to bool, allowing a to be an int, or a pointer. C# disallows this "integer meaning true or false" approach on the grounds that forcing programmers to use expressions that return exactly bool can prevent certain types of common programming mistakes in C or C++ such as if (a = b) (use of assignment = instead of equality ==). In C#, memory address pointers can only be used within blocks specifically marked as unsafe, and programs with unsafe code need appropriate permissions to run. Most object access is done through safe object references, which always either point to a "live" object or have the well-defined null value; it is impossible to obtain a reference to a "dead" object (one which has been garbage collected), or to a random block of memory. An unsafe pointer can point to an instance of a value-type, array, string, or a block of memory allocated on a stack. Code that is not marked as unsafe can still store and manipulate pointers through the System.IntPtr type, but it cannot dereference them. Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed; instead, it is automatically garbage collected. Garbage collection addresses the problem of memory leaks by freeing the programmer of responsibility for releasing memory which is no longer needed. In addition to the try...catch construct to handle exceptions, C# has a try...finally construct to guarantee execution of the code in the finally block. Multiple inheritance is not supported, although a class can implement any number of interfaces. This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complication and simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI. C# is more type safe than C++. The only implicit conversions by default are those which are considered safe, such as widening of integers. This is enforced at compile-time, during JIT, and, in some cases, at runtime. There are no implicit conversions between booleans and integers, nor between enumeration members and integers (except for literal 0, which can be implicitly converted to any enumerated type). Any user-defined conversion must be explicitly marked as explicit or implicit, unlike C++ copy constructors and conversion operators, which are both implicit by default. Enumeration members are placed in their own scope.
37 C# provides properties as syntactic sugar for a common pattern in which a pair of methods, accessor (getter) and mutator (setter) encapsulate operations on a single attribute of a class. Full type reflection and discovery is available. C# currently (as of version 4.0) has 77 reserved words. Checked exceptions are not present in C# (in contrast to Java). This has been a conscious decision based on the issues of scalability and versionability.
C ommon T y pe S ystem ( C TS)
C# has a unified type system. This unified type system is called Common Type System (CTS).
A unified type system implies that all types, including primitives such as integers, are subclasses of the System.Object class. For example, every type inherits a ToString() method. For performance reasons, primitive types (and value types in general) are internally allocated on the stack.
C ategories of datat y pes
CTS separates datatypes into two categories:
Value types Reference types
Value types are plain aggregations of data. Instances of value types do not have referential identity nor a referential comparison semantics - equality and inequality comparisons for value types compare the actual data values within the instances, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded. Value types are derived from System.ValueType, always have a default value, and can always be created and copied. Some other limitations on value types are that they cannot derive from each other (but can implement interfaces) and cannot have an explicit default (parameterless) constructor. Examples of value types are some primitive types, such as int (a signed 32-bit integer), float (a 32-bit IEEE floating-point number), char (a 16-bit Unicode code unit), and System.DateTime (identifies a specific point in time with nanosecond precision). Other examples are enum (enumerations) and struct (user defined structures).
38 In contrast, reference types have the notion of referential identity - each instance of a reference type is inherently distinct from every other instance, even if the data within both instances is the same. This is reflected in default equality and inequality comparisons for reference types, which test for referential rather than structural equality, unless the corresponding operators are overloaded (such as the case for System.String). In general, it is not always possible to create an instance of a reference type, nor to copy an existing instance, or perform a value comparison on two existing instances, though specific reference types can provide such services by exposing a public constructor or implementing a corresponding interface (such as ICloneable or IComparable). Examples of reference types are object (the ultimate base class for all other C# classes), System.String (a string of Unicode characters), and System.Array (a base class for all C# arrays).
Both type categories are extensible with user-defined types.
Boxing and unboxing
Boxing is the operation of converting a value of a value type into a value of a corresponding reference type. Boxing in C# is implicit.
Unboxing is the operation of converting a value of a reference type (previously boxed) into a value of a value type. Unboxing in C# requires an explicit type cast. A boxed object of type T can only be unboxed to a T (or a nullable T).
I m plementation
The reference C# compiler is Microsoft Visual C#.
Other C# compilers exist, often including an implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure and the .NET class libraries up to .NET 2.0:
Microsoft's Rotor project (currently called Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure) (licensed for educational and research use only) provides a shared source implementation of the CLR runtime and a C# compiler, and a subset of the required Common Language Infrastructure framework libraries in the ECMA specification (up to C# 2.0, and supported on Windows XP only). The Mono project provides an open source C# compiler, a complete open source implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure including the required framework libraries as they appear in the ECMA specification, and a nearly complete implementation of
39 the Microsoft proprietary .NET class libraries up to .NET 3.5. As of Mono 2.6, there are no plans to implement WPF; WF is planned for a later release; and there are only partial implementations of LINQ to SQL and WCF. The DotGNU project also provides an open source C# compiler, a nearly complete implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure including the required framework libraries as they appear in the ECMA specification, and subset of some of the remaining Microsoft proprietary .NET class libraries up to .NET 2.0 (those not documented or included in the ECMA specification but included in Microsoft's standard .NET Framework distribution). The DotNetAnywhere Micro Framework-like Common Language Runtime is targeted at embedded systems, and supports almost all C# 2.0 specifications. It is licensed under the MIT license conditions, is implemented in C and directed towards embedded devices. Unity 3D uses C# as a scripting language as an alternative to JavaScript
Benefits Of SQL Server
The SQL Server is an industry leading database system designed for mission critical data storage and retrieval. The RDBMS is responsible for accurately storing data and efficiently retrieving that data in response to user queries.
Its Popularity is owned to a number of factors like its ability to support dozens to thousands of simultaneous users, its ability to handle high transaction rates and its ability to access databases that ranges in size from several hundred megabytes to many gigabytes.
The Oracle Corporation also supplies interface tools to access data stored in an Oracle database. Two of these tools are known as SQL*Plus, a command line interface, and Developer
6i (now called simply Developer ), a collection of forms, reports and graphic interfaces. This
40 technical working paper introduces the features of the SQL*Plus tool and provides a tutorial that demonstrates its salient features.
Typical Development Environments:
Developing applications using an Oracle database requires access to a copy of the Oracle
RDBMS (or a central Oracle RDBMS server), and one or more of the development tools.
Multi-user development in a shared environment can be accomplished using an Oracle
RDBMS server running on a server machine. Distributed client PCs can develop the applications using any of the tools mentioned above.
Regardless of the development environment used, the Oracle SQL*Plus utility is a convenient and capable tool for manipulating data in an Oracle database. In the following section, the
SQL*Plus tool is introduced.
SQL*Plus commands allow a user to manipulate and submit SQL statements. Specifically, they enable a user to:
1 Enter, edit, store, retrieve, and run SQL statements
2 List the column definitions for any table
3 Format, perform calculations, store, and print query results in the form of reports
4 Access and copy data between SQL databases
41 There are many features of SQL Server
1 Security Management: SQL Server provides a controlled to data to users by providing a
combination of privileges.
2 Back up and R ecovery: SQL Server provides sophisticated security backup and recovery
routines.
3 Open connectivity: SQL Server provides open connectivity to and from other vendor¶s
software such as Microsoft.
4 Also SQL Server database can be accessed by various front-end software¶s such as
Visual Basic, C
5 Space Management: In SQL Server one can flexibly allocate disk spaces for data
storage and can control them subsequently.
6 SQL Server is designed with special feature of data warehousing.
7 (OLTP) systems are usually concerned with entering and retrieving mission-critical data
from day-to-day operations.
8 Availability, reliability, and performance are extremely important for these systems.
delivers
9 significant enhancements in these areas, along with improvements in scalability,
serviceability,
42 10 Import/export support is provided for domain indexes. Indexes (including domain indexes) are exported by exporting the index definitions, namely the DELETE INDEX statements.
11 Because domain index data stored in database objects, such as tables, is exported, there is a fast rebuild of domain indexes at import time.
43 Chapter:7
TESTING
44 TESTING (TESTING TECHNIQUES AND TESTING STRATEGIES)
All software intended for public consumption should receive some level of testing. Without testing , you have no assurance that software will behave as expected. The results in public environment can be truly embarrassing. Testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate review of specification, designing, and coding. Testing is done throughout the system development at various stages. If this is not done, then the poorly tested system can fail after installation. Testing is a very important part of SDLC and takes approximately 50%of the time. The first step in testing is developing a test plan based on the product requirements. The test plan is usually a formal document that ensures that the product meets the following standards: 1 Is thoroughly Tested- Untested code adds an unknown element to the product and increases the risk of product failure 2 Meets product requirements- To meet customer needs, the product must provide the features and behavior described in the product specification. 3 Does not contain defects- Features must work within established quality standards and those standards should be clearly stated within the test plan.
45 Testing Techniques 7.1 Black box Testing: aims to test a given program¶s behavior against its specification or
component without making any reference to the internal structures of the program or the
algorithms used. Therefore the source code is not needed, and so even purchased modules can be
tested. We study the system by examining its inputs and related outputs. The key is to devise
inputs that have a higher likelihood of causing outputs that reveal the presence of defects. We
use experience and knowledge of the domain to identify such test cases. Failing this a systematic
approach may be necessary. Equivalence partitioning is where the input to a program falls into a
number of classes. e.g. positive numbers vs. negative numbers. Programs normally behave the
same way for each member of a class. Partitions exist for both input and output. Partitions may
be discrete or overlap. Invalid data (i.e. outside the normal partitions) is one for which partitions
should be tested. Test cases are chosen to exercise each portion. Also test boundary cases
(atypical, extreme, zero) should be considered since these frequently show up defects. For
completeness, test all combinations of partitions. Black box testing is rarely exhaustive (because
one doesn't test every value in an equivalence partition) and sometimes fails to reveal corruption
defects caused by weird combination of inputs. Black box testing should not be used to try and
reveal corruption defects caused, Example, by assigning a pointer to point to an object of the
wrong type. Static inspection (or using a better programming language) is preferred.
46 7.2 White box Testing: was used as an important primary testing approach. Code is tested using
code scripts, drivers, stubs, etc. which are employed to directly interface with it and drive the
code. The tester can analyze the code and use the knowledge about the structure of a component
to derive test data. This testing is based on the knowledge of structure of component (e.g. by
looking at source code). The advantage is that structure of code can be used to find out how
many test cases needed to be performed. Knowledge of the algorithm (examination of the code)
can be used to identify the equivalence partitions. Path testing is where the tester aims to exercise
every independent execution path through the component. All conditional statements tested for
both true and false cases. If a unit has n control statements, there will be up to 2n possible paths
through it. This demonstrates that it is much easier to test small program units than large ones.
Flow graphs are a pictorial representation of the paths of control through a program (ignoring
assignments, procedure calls and I/O statements). We use a flow graph to design test cases that
execute each path. Static tools may be used to make this easier in programs that have a complex
branching structure. Dynamic program analyzers instrument a program with additional code.
Typically this will count how many times each statement is executed. At end, print out report
showing which statements have and have not been executed.
Possible methods:
1 Usual method is to ensure that every line of code is executed at least once.
2 Test capabilities rather than components (e.g. concentrate on tests for data loss over ones
for screen layout).
3 Test old in preference to new (users less affected by failure of new capabilities).
4 Test typical cases rather than boundary ones (ensure normal operation works properly).
47 Debugging: Debugging is a cycle of detection, location, repair and test. Debugging is a hypothesis testing process. When a bug is detected, the tester must form a hypothesis about the cause and location of the bug. Further examination of the execution of the program (possible including many returns of it) will usually take place to confirm the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is demonstrated to be incorrect, a new hypothesis must be formed. Debugging tools that show the state of the program are useful for this, but inserting print statements is often the only approach.
Experienced debuggers use their knowledge of common and/or obscure bugs to facilitate the hypothesis testing process. After fixing a bug, the system must be reset to ensure that the fix has worked and that no other bugs have been introduced. In principle, all tests should be performed again but this is often too expensive to do.
7.3 TEST PLANNING:
Testing needs to be planned to be cost and time effective. Planning is setting out standards
for tests. Test plans set the context in which individual engineers can place their own work.
Typical test plan contains:
1 Overview of Testing Process.
2 Recording procedures so that tests can be audited.
3 Hardware and Software Requirements.
4 Constraints.
48 7.4 OVERVIEW OF TESTING STRATEGIES:
A strategy for software testing integrates test case design methods into a well-planned series of steps that result in the successful construction of software. It provides a road map for the software developer, the quality assurance organization and the customer- a road map that describes the steps to be conducted as part of testing, when these steps are planned and then undertaken, and how much effort, time and resources will be required. Therefore, any testing strategy must incorporate test planning, test case design, test execution, and resultant data collection and evaluation.
Large system are usually tested using a mixture of strategies. Different strategies may be needed for different parts of the system or at a stage of the process.
49 7.5 Testing Strategies
Test Type Description Unit Test Each independent piece of code works correctly. Integration Test All units work together without errors. Interface Test
Usually done at integration stage when modules or sub-systems
are combined. Objective is to detect errors or invalid assumptions
about interfaces between modules. Reason these are not shown up
in unit testing is that test case may perpetuate same incorrect
assumption made by module designer. Particularly important
when OO development has been used.
Global variable) .One places data there and the other retrieves it.
Architectures.
Regression Test Newly Added features do not introduce errors to other features that are already working. Load Test (also called Stress Test) The product continues to work under extreme usage. Test
system's ability to cope with a specified load (e.g. transactions per
second). Plan tests to increase load incrementally. Go beyond
design limit until system fails (this test particularly important for
distributed systems).
50 Platform Test The product works on all the target hardware and software platforms. Top Down Test
This approach tests high levels of system before detailed
components. This is appropriate when developing the system top-
down as it is likely to show up structural design errors early.
Validation (as distinct from verification) can begin early. Its
disadvantage is that stubs needs to be generated (extra effort) and
might be impractical if component is complex (e.g. converting an
array into a linked list; unrealistic to generate random list;
therefore end up implementing unit anyway). Test output may be
difficult to observe (needs creation of artificial environment).
This is not appropriate for OO systems (except within a class).
Bottom Up Test
This is opposite of top-down testing. This testing test low-level
unit then works up hierarchy. Its advantages and disadvantages of
bottom-up mirror those of top-down. In this testing there is need
to write test drivers for each unit. These are as reusable as the unit
itself. Combining top-down development with bottom-up testing
means that all parts of system must be implemented before testing
can begin, therefore does not accord with incremental approach
discussed above.
51 Back To Back Test
Comparison of test results from different versions of the system
(e.g. comparing the prototype with previous version or different
configuration) . The process involves running the first system,
saving test case results. Then running the second system, also
saving its results. Finally comparing the results files. It is
important to note that no difference doesn't imply no bugs. Both
systems may have made the same mistake.
7.6 Testing Done in our System The best testing is to test each subsystem separately as we have done in our project. It is best to test a system during the implementation stage in form of small sub steps rather then large chunks. We have tested each module separately i.e. have completed unit testing first and system testing was done after combining /linking all different Modules with different menus and thorough testing was done. Once each lowest level unit has been tested, units are combined with related units and retested in combination. This proceeds hierarchically bottom-up until the entire system is tested as a whole. Hence we have used the Top Up approach for testing our system.
52 Typical levels of testing in our system:
1 Unit -procedure, function, method
2 Module -package, abstract data type
3 Sub-system - collection of related modules, method-message paths
4 Acceptance Testing - whole system with real data(involve customer, user , etc)
BetaTesting is acceptance testing with a single client. It is conducted at the developer¶s site by a
customer. The software is used in a natural setting with the developer ³looking over the
shoulder´ of the user and recording errors and usage problems. Conducted in a controlled
environment. usually comes in after the completion of basic design of the program. The project
guide who looks over the program or other knowledgeable officials may make suggestions and
give ideas to the designer for further improvement. They also report any minor or major
problems and help in locating them and may further suggest ideas to get rid of them. Naturally a
number of bugs are expected after the completion of a program and are most likely to be known
to the developers only after the alpha testing.
involves distributing the system to potential customers to use and provide feedback. It is
conducted at one or more customer sites by the end-user of the software. Unlike alpha testing,
the developer is generally not present. Therefore, the beta test is a ³live´ application of the
software in an environment that cannot be controlled by the developer. The customer records all
problems (real or imagined) that are encountered during beta testing and reports these to the
developer at regular intervals. As a result of problems reported during beta test, software
engineers make modifications and then prepare for release of the software product to the entire
customer base.
In, this project,. This exposes system to situations and errors that might not be anticipated by us.
53 Chapter:8
Future Scope of pro ject
54 Health and fitness has always been a key driver to increasing participation in the India encouraging people to improve their personal fitness levels through regular visits to health and
fitness facilities including gymnasiums, health clubs and fitness suites.
With the current focus on healthy, active lifestyles and the government¶s increasing concern
about inactivity levels and obesity, what are the innovative opportunities to be explored for the
health and fitness industry? In µbuilding fitness for the future¶ this seminar will reveal the findings of the first-ever National
Audit of Fitness Consumers, profiling users and identifying future fitness trends. To drive up
participation rates the industry will require professional well trained staff to provide high quality services. What skills are required and what training opportunities are available to inspire and
motivate staff to be the best?
Find out about the latest health and fitness initiatives and campaigns, partnerships and projects as
well as hearing from national award winners who are leading the way in setting standards for the future of the fitness industry. The results of the first-ever National Audit of Fitness Consumers ± a profile of more that 1.8 million health and fitness club users have been revealed. This, the largest survey to date, will have far reaching consequences for health and fitness
operators and local authorities in the future provision of health and fitness services and the
government in tackling national initiatives such as obesity.
Data was collected from some 668 public and private leisure centres, health clubs and fitness
centres giving an insight into fitness participation in the UK. The survey profiled 1.8 million
health and fitness consumers, providing a valuable source of business intelligence for healthclubs
and sport centers. Managing health and fitness gymnasiums and clubs requires special skills and knowledge across
a broad range of areas. Does the industry have the necessary resources, skills and training opportunities required to build fitness for the future? Are employees positive about remaining in
the fitness industry? Are they happy with their employers, degree of responsibility, hours of
work, job security, remuneration packages and career development prospects? A recent salaries
55