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Innovative Solutions for Acoustic Resonance Characterization in Metal Halide Lamps

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Innovative Solutions for Acoustic Resonance Characterization in Metal Halide Lamps En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INP Toulouse) Discipline ou spécialité : Génie Électrique Présentée et soutenue par : Mme FANG LEI le mercredi 24 janvier 2018 Titre : Innovative Solutions for Acoustic Resonance Characterization in Metal Halide Lamps Ecole doctorale : Génie Electrique, Electronique, Télécommunications (GEET) Unité de recherche : Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie (LAPLACE) Directeur(s) de Thèse : M. PASCAL MAUSSION M. GEORGES ZISSIS Rapporteurs : M. BABAK NAHID-MOBARAKEH, UNIVERSITÉ LORRAINE M. MOUNSIF ECH CHERIF EL KETTANI, UNIVERSITE DU HAVRE Membre(s) du jury : Mme BETTY SEMAIL, UNIVERSITE LILLE 1, Président M. GEORGES ZISSIS, UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE 3, Membre M. PASCAL DUPUIS, UNIVERSITE TOULOUSE 3, Membre M. PASCAL MAUSSION, INP TOULOUSE, Membre Abstract Metal halide lamp is one kind of the most compact high-performance light sources. Because of their good color rendering index and high luminous efficacy, these lamps are often preferred in locations where color and efficacy are important, such as supermarkets, gymnasiums, ice rinks and sporting arenas. Unfortunately, acoustic resonance phenomenon occurs in metal halide lamps and causes light flicker, lamp arc bending and rotation, lamp extinction and in the worst case, arc tube explosion, when the lamps are operated in high-frequency bands. This thesis takes place in the context of developing electronic ballasts with robust acoustic resonance detection and avoidance mechanisms. To this end, several envelope detection methods such as the multiplier circuit, rectifier circuit, and lock-in amplifier, are proposed to characterize fluctuations of acoustic resonance. Furthermore, statistical criteria based on the standard deviation of these fluctuations are proposed to assess acoustic resonance occurrence and classify its severity. The proposed criteria enable classifying between no acoustic resonance and acoustic resonance cases based upon either a two-dimensional plane, a histogram or a boxplot. These analyses are confirmed by the study of spectral variations (variations of the spectral irradiance and colorimetric parameters) as well. Standard deviations and relative standard deviations of these variations are also correlated with the presence of acoustic resonance. The results from this study show that whatever voltage envelope variations or spectral variations are significantly influenced by acoustic resonance phenomena. A set of metal halide lamps from different manufacturers and with different powers are tested in our experiments. We concluded that our designed multiplier and rectifier circuits for acoustic resonance detection have the same sensitivity as the lock-in amplifier, paving the way for the implementation of this function directly into the ballast circuit board. Keywords: Acoustic resonance, Envelope Detection, High-frequency Electronic Ballast, Metal Halide Lamps, Energy Efficiency, Real-time Dynamic Control, Electronics I II Résumé La lampe à iodure métallique est une des sources lumineuses de haute performance les plus compactes qui soit. En raison de leur bon indice de rendu des couleurs et de leur haute efficacité lumineuse, ces lampes sont souvent préférées dans les endroits où la couleur et l'efficacité sont importantes, comme les supermarchés, les gymnases, les patinoires et les arènes sportives. L’inconvénient majeur de ce type de lampe à iodure métallique vient d’un phénomène appelé « résonance acoustique ». Lorsqu’il se produit, la lumière scintille, l’arc au centre de la lampe se met à fléchir et à tourner. Cela peut aller jusqu’à l'extinction de la lampe et, dans le pire des cas, à l’explosion du tube lorsque les lampes fonctionnent dans certaines bandes de fréquence. Cette thèse se situe dans le contexte du développement de ballasts électroniques incorporant des mécanismes robustes de détection et d'évitement de résonance acoustique. À cette fin, plusieurs méthodes de détection d'enveloppe telles que le circuit multiplicateur, le circuit redresseur et l'amplificateur à verrouillage de phase sont proposées pour caractériser les fluctuations de la résonance acoustique et mieux les détecter. Des critères statistiques basés sur l'écart-type de ces fluctuations ont été établis pour détecter la présence de résonances acoustiques et les classer suivant leur gravité. Les critères proposés permettent de différencier les cas sans résonance acoustique et avec présence de résonance acoustique dans un plan bidimensionnel ou en utilisant des intervalles de confiance. Cette analyse temporelle est confirmée par l’étude des variations du spectre optique et des paramètres colorimétriques. Leurs écarts-types relatifs sont également corrélés à la présence de résonances acoustiques. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les variations de l'enveloppe de tension ou les variations du spectre et des paramètres colorimétriques sont fortement influencées par les phénomènes de résonance acoustique Un ensemble de lampes à iodure métallique de différents fabricants et avec des puissances différentes a été testé dans nos expériences. Nous avons conclu que les circuits à multiplicateurs et à redressement permettent de détecter les résonnances acoustiques avec le même niveau de sensibilité que le système à verrouillage de phase, ouvrant la voie à l’implantation de cette fonction directement au niveau du circuit du ballast. Mots Clés : Résonance acoustique, Détection d’enveloppe, Ballast électronique haute fréquence, Lampes à iodure métallique, efficacité énergétique, contrôle dynamique temps réel, électronique de puis III IV Acknowledgment This work was developed in “Commande et Diagnostic des Systèmes Electriques (CODIASE)” and “Lumière et Matière (LM)” research groups of LAboratoire PLAsma et Conversion d’Energie (LAPLACE), Université de Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France. The scholarship of Ph.D. for Fang LEI is supported by China Scholarship Council (CSC). To achieve this thesis, except my efforts, I also got a lot of assistance, support and encouragement from so many people. I would like to thank all of them for their contributions to my work. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my supervisors, Prof. Pascal MAUSSION, Prof. Georges ZISSIS, and Dr. Pascal DUPUIS, for their guidance, encouragement, and support during my study. Their extensive knowledge, creative thinking, and rigorous science attitude influence me through my research and all my life. I would like to thank the jury: Prof. Mounsif ECH CHERIF EL KETTANI (reviewer), Prof. Babak NAHIDMOBARAKEH (reviewer) and Prof. Betty SEMAIL (examiner). Thanks a lot for them reviewed and checked my thesis. I would like to say thanks to all the members of my groups, such as Stéphane CAUX, Maurice FADEL, Antoine PICOT, Maria PIETRZAK-DAVID, David BUSO, Laurent CANALE, Manuel LOPES, etc. It is my pleasure to meet and work with them. I would like to specially thanks to the technician Mr. Olivier DURRIEU. He gave me a lot of favorable guidance and professional suggestions on how to do the experiment and debug electrical circuits. Without his assistance and guidance, I could not finish my experiment well. I would like to thank all dear my colleagues: Andrea VERDICCHIO, Benedikt BYRNE, Clément FILLEAU, Joseph FABRE, Kamil MROZEWSKI, Thomas GENEVE, Youssef DRIMZI, Lucille KUHLER, Kuljaree TANTAYAKUL, Tianyi LIU, Jingyi WANG, Wencong ZHANG, Feng TIAN, Qiankun SU. It is nice to meet them in this beautiful city, Toulouse. With them, I had a colorful and wonderful life during those three years. I would like to thank CODIASE and LM groups of LAPLACE laboratory, Université de Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, which provided a wonderful academic environment to study and do research work. Specially thanks to CSC, which gave a chance to study in France and offer me financial support. Last but not least, I offer my deepest gratitude to my family, my parents, sisters, and brother, particularly to my parents and boyfriend for their trust, love, and support. Toulouse, 23th November 2017 Fang LEI V VI Table of Contents General Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 State of the Art .............................................................................................. 5 Background .....................................................................................................................................7 General summary of light source ..................................................................................................7 1.2.1 Electromagnetic spectrum and light .............................................................................................7 Light sources metrics ....................................................................................................................9 1.2.2 Different types of light sources ....................................................................................................16 Incandescent lamp ......................................................................................................................17 Gas discharge lamp.....................................................................................................................17 Solid state light source................................................................................................................22 Comparisons of different lamps .................................................................................................23
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