The Myth of Language Universals: Language Diversity and Its Importance for Cognitive Science
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Esperanto Parolata... Esperanto Parolata
speranto U S Bi-monthly bulletin published by the Esperanto League for North America 2006/3-4 Dumonata bulteno eldonata de la Esperanto-Ligo por Norda Ameriko 2006/3-4 En la Numero Esperanto parolata... Esperanto parolata... ¥enja Amis sur la trotuaroj de Novjorko! . 3-5 ELNA-kongreso 2007 . 5 Raporto el la Granda Pomo . 6 "Rigardu, oni ¤i tie piediras pli rapide ol en Atlanto!" Tio estis nia EKS – 10-jara!. 7 Nova ELNA-direktoro ser¤ata . 8 unua malkovro pri Novjorko. En Atlanto oni ne rapidas: oni Ùatas Pasporto al la Tuta Mondo saluti kaj babili kun nekonatoj sur stratoj kaj en transporto, kaj se en la Televido . 8 Recenze: Historical Fantasy... oni vidas ke vi venis de alia lando, oni tuj demandos vin mil kaj unu About Volapük. 9 demandojn. Atlanto estas ¤armo, kaj Novjorko estas ritmo. Ïi kap- Esperanto ¤e Seatla Foiro . 10 Esperanto-kurso en Atlanto . 10 tas vin en sian fluon, portas laª la rektaj stratoj kaj longaj avenuoj, Kiel organizi kongreson . 11 igas vian koron bati en la sama rapida ritmo de la urbega vivo. New from the Book Service . 12 Originala Poezio . 13 (Interesa malkovro: fine de la intensega kongresa semajno mi kon- Schön Schreiben . 14-15 statis ke ankaª mi komencis paroli pli rapide kaj pli ofte rigardi al La Elefantido . 16-18 Pacaj Hajkoj . 19 la horloßo.) Ãi tie oni ne parolas al nekonatoj, tamen, se vi perdißis Universala Vivokodo. 19 aª ne scias la vojon, oni afable helpos. En Novjorko neniu surpriz- Rozkruca Kontribuo al Paco . 19 ißus aªdante Esperanton surstrate: ja en tiu ¤i urbo oni parolas Deklaracio Pri Homaj Devoj . -
Romani Syntactic Typology Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras
Romani Syntactic Typology Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras To cite this version: Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras. Romani Syntactic Typology. Yaron Matras; Anton Tenser. The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics, Springer, pp.187-227, 2020, 978-3-030-28104- 5. 10.1007/978-3-030-28105-2_7. halshs-02965238 HAL Id: halshs-02965238 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02965238 Submitted on 13 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Romani syntactic typology Evangelia Adamou and Yaron Matras 1. State of the art This chapter presents an overview of the principal syntactic-typological features of Romani dialects. It draws on the discussion in Matras (2002, chapter 7) while taking into consideration more recent studies. In particular, we draw on the wealth of morpho- syntactic data that have since become available via the Romani Morpho-Syntax (RMS) database.1 The RMS data are based on responses to the Romani Morpho-Syntax questionnaire recorded from Romani speaking communities across Europe and beyond. We try to take into account a representative sample. We also take into consideration data from free-speech recordings available in the RMS database and the Pangloss Collection. -
Polyvalent Case, Geometric Hierarchies, and Split Ergativity
[For Jackie Bunting, Sapna Desai, Robert Peachey, Chris Straughn, and Zuzana Tomkova (eds.), (2006) Proceedings of the 42nd annual meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago, Ill.] Polyvalent case, geometric hierarchies, and split ergativity JASON MERCHANT University of Chicago Prominence hierarchy effects such as the animacy hierarchy and definiteness hierarchy have been a puzzle for formal treatments of case since they were first described systematically in Silverstein 1976. Recently, these effects have received more sustained attention from generative linguists, who have sought to capture them in treatments grounded in well-understood mechanisms for case assignment cross-linguistically. These efforts have taken two broad directions. In the first, Aissen 1999, 2003 has integrated the effects elegantly into a competition model of grammar using OT formalisms, where iconicity effects emerge from constraint conjunctions between constraints on fixed universal hierarchies (definiteness, animacy, person, grammatical role) and a constraint banning overt morphological expression of case. The second direction grows out of the work of Jelinek and Diesing, and is found most articulated in Jelinek 1993, Jelinek and Carnie 2003, and Carnie 2005. This work takes as its starting point the observation that word order is sometimes correlated with the hierarchies as well, and works backwards from that to conclusions about phrase structure geometries. In this paper, I propose a particular implementation of this latter direction, and explore its consequences for our understanding of the nature of case assignment. If hierarchy effects are due to positional differences in phrase structures, then, I argue, the attested cross-linguistic differences fall most naturally out if the grammars of these languages countenance polyvalent case—that is, assignment of more than one case value to a single nominal phrase. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UM l films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UME a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, b^inning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back o f the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy, ffigher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UM l directly to order. UMl A Bell & Howell Infoimation Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Velar-Initial Etyma and Issues in Comparative Pama-Nyungan by Susan Ann Fitzgerald B.A.. University of V ictoria. 1989 VI.A. -
Grammatical Categories and Word Classes Pdf
Grammatical categories and word classes pdf Continue 목차 qualities and phrases about qualities and dalakhin scared qualities are afraid of both hard long only the same, identical adjectives and common adverbs phrases and common adverbs comparison and believe adverbs class sayings of place and movement outside away and away from returning inside outside close up the shifts of time and frequency easily confused the words above or more? Across, over or through? Advice or advice? Affect or affect? Every mother of every? Every mother wholly? Allow, allow or allow? Almost or almost? Single, lonely, alone? Along or side by side? Already, still or yet? Also, as well as or too? Alternative (ly), alternative (ly) though or though? Everything or together? Amount, number or quantity? Any more or any more? Anyone, anyone or anything? Apart from or with the exception? arise or rise? About or round? Stir or provoke? As or like? Because or since then? When or when? Did she go or she?. Start or start? Next to or next? Between or between? Born or endured? Bring, take and bring can, can or may? Classic or classic? Come or go? Looking or looking? Make up, compose or compose? Content or content? Different from or different from or different from? Do you do or make? Down or down or down? During or for? All or all? East or East; North or North? Economic or economic? Efficient or effective? Older, older or older, older? The end or the end? Private or specific? Every one or everybody? Except or with exception? Expect, hope or wait? An experience or an experiment? Fall or fall? Far or far? Farther, farther or farther, farther? Farther (but not farther) fast, fast or fast? Fell or did you feel? Female or female; male or male? Finally, finally, finally or finally? First, first or at first? Fit or suit? Next or next? For mother since then? Forget or leave? Full or full? Funny or funny? Do you go or go? Grateful or thankful? Listen or listen (to)? High or long? Historical or historical? A house or a house? How is he...? Or what is .. -
On Passives of Passives Julie Anne Legate, Faruk Akkuş, Milena Šereikaitė, Don Ringe
On passives of passives Julie Anne Legate, Faruk Akkuş, Milena Šereikaitė, Don Ringe Language, Volume 96, Number 4, December 2020, pp. 771-818 (Article) Published by Linguistic Society of America For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/775365 [ Access provided at 15 Dec 2020 15:14 GMT from University Of Pennsylvania Libraries ] ON PASSIVES OF PASSIVES Julie Anne Legate Faruk Akku s¸ University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Milena Šereikait e˙ Don Ringe University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Perlmutter and Postal (1977 and subsequent) argued that passives cannot passivize. Three prima facie counterexamples have come to light, found in Turkish, Lithuanian, and Sanskrit. We reex - amine these three cases and demonstrate that rather than counterexemplifying Perlmutter and Postal’s generalization, these confirm it. The Turkish construction is an impersonal of a passive, the Lithuanian is an evidential of a passive, and the Sanskrit is an unaccusative with an instru - mental case-marked theme. We provide a syntactic analysis of both the Turkish impersonal and the Lithuanian evidential. Finally, we develop an analysis of the passive that captures the general - ization that passives cannot passivize.* Keywords : passive, impersonal, voice, evidential, Turkish, Lithuanian, Sanskrit 1. Introduction . In the 1970s and 1980s, Perlmutter and Postal (Perlmutter & Postal 1977, 1984, Perlmutter 1982, Postal 1986) argued that passive verbs cannot un - dergo passivization. In the intervening decades, three languages have surfaced as prima facie counterexamples—Turkish (Turkic: Turkey), Lithuanian (Baltic: Lithuania), and Classical Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan) (see, inter alia, Ostler 1979, Timberlake 1982, Keenan & Timberlake 1985, Özkaragöz 1986, Baker et al. -
Spatial Semantics, Case and Relator Nouns in Evenki
Spatial semantics, case and relator nouns in Evenki Lenore A. Grenoble University of Chicago Evenki, a Northwest Tungusic language, exhibits an extensive system of nominal cases, deictic terms, and relator nouns, used to signal complex spatial relations. The paper describes the use and distribution of the spatial cases which signal stative and dynamic relations, with special attention to their semantics within a framework using fundamental Gestalt concepts such as Figure and Ground, and how they are used in combination with deictics and nouns to signal specific spatial semantics. Possible paths of grammaticalization including case stacking, or Suffixaufnahme, are dis- cussed. Keywords: spatial cases, case morphology, relator noun, deixis, Suf- fixaufnahme, grammaticalization 1. Introduction Case morphology and relator nouns are extensively used in the marking of spa- tial relations in Evenki, a Tungusic language spoken in Siberia by an estimated 4802 people (All-Russian Census 2010). A close analysis of the use of spatial cases in Evenki provides strong evidence for the development of complex case morphemes from adpositions. Descriptions of Evenki generally claim the exist- ence of 11–15 cases, depending on the dialect. The standard language is based on the Poligus dialect of the Podkamennaya Tunguska subgroup, from the Southern dialect group, now moribund. Because it forms the basis of the stand- ard (or literary) language and as such has been relatively well-studied and is somewhat codified, it usually serves as the point of departure in linguistic de- scriptions of Evenki. However, the written language is to a large degree an artifi- cial construct which has never achieved usage in everyday conversation: it does not function as a norm which cuts across dialects. -
4Th European Workshop on Australian Languages University of Manchester, Fr/Sa, 12-13 December 2008 Room A102, Samuel Alexander Building, Oxford Road Campus
4th European Workshop on Australian Languages University of Manchester, Fr/Sa, 12-13 December 2008 Room A102, Samuel Alexander Building, Oxford Road Campus Fr 12 Dec 14.00-14.45 William McGregor Tense, mood and aspect in Nyulnyul 14.45-15.30 Felicity Meakins Taking a stance on coverbs: Positional verb constructions in Gurindji Kriol Coffee Break (Foyer of Samuel Alexander Building) 16.00-16.45 Clair Hill Discourse functions of ignoratives in Umpila and Kuuku Ya'u 16.45-17.30 Jean-Christophe The genetic status of Umpithamu Verstraete 17.30-18.15 Anthony Grant The Lower Burdekin languages: a reappraisal Dinner in the Curry Mile (details to be announced) Sat 13 Dec 9.30-10.15 Claire Bowern Hunter-Gatherer Language Change: An overview 10.15-11.00 Natalie Weber Lexical and morphological reconstruction of Marrngu Coffee Break (Foyer) 11.30-12.15 Robert The role of pragmatics in the interpretation of Mailhammer aspectual verb forms in Amurdak 12.15-13.00 Dorothea Motion and travel in Jaminjung and Kriol (to be conf) Hoffmann Lunch at the Museum Café, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd Campus 14.30-15.15 Candide Simard Prosodic units in Jaminjung 15.15-16.00 Eva Schultze- Form and function of discontinuous noun Berndt phrases in Jaminjung Coffee Break (Foyer) 16.30-17.15 Stephan Spronck Categories of social cognition in Ngarinyin 17.15-18.00 Stefanie Constructional effects of inanimate Agents in Fauconnier Australian languages ABSTRACTS The role of pragmatics in the interpretation of aspectual verb forms in Amurdak Robert Mailhammer, University of Eichstätt This paper addresses the role of pragmatics in the interpretation of aspectual forms of verb forms in Amurdak, an Iwaidjan language from Northern Arnhem Land. -
The Diachrony of Initial Consonant Loss in Cape York Peninsula (Australia)
The diachrony of initial consonant loss in Cape York Peninsula (Australia) Jean-Christophe Verstraete (University of Leuven) This paper revisits the diachrony of initial consonant loss, a type of sound change that is found in several areas in Australia (Hale 1976a, Alpher 1976, Blevins 2001), but is rare from a world-wide perspective (Blevins 2007). So far, the literature has mainly analysed initial loss as the outcome of a gradual process of initial weaking, caused by a shift of stress away from the initial syllable (Alpher 1976, Blevins & Marmion 1994). In this paper, I use data from a set of eight Paman (Pama-Nyungan) languages of Cape York Peninsula (Australia), which illustrate not just loss of initial consonants, but also initial consonant lenition and the loss of entire initial syllables. Using these data, I argue that (i) the classic model of gradual initial weakening needs to be supplemented with more abrupt mechanisms, specifically analogy-driven loss based on synchronic alternations, and contact-induced loss, and (ii) the causal link with stress shift needs to be refined, and in some languages loss of initial consonants in part of the lexicon may itself cause changes in the stress system. Cape York Peninsula, in Australia’s northeast, has several ‘hotspots’ of initial loss (Alpher 1976, Sutton 1976), e.g. in the north and on the central east coast. This paper focuses on the eastern hotspot in the Princess Charlotte Bay area, specifically eight languages from three different subgroups of Paman, viz. Middle Paman (Umpithamu, Yintyingka, Umpila), Lamalamic (Lamalama, Umbuygamu, Rimanggudinhma) and Thaypanic (Kuku Thaypan, Aghu Tharrnggala). -
Agreement in Slavic*
http://seelrc.org/glossos/ The Slavic and East European Language Resource Center [email protected] Greville G. Corbett University of Surrey Agreement in Slavic* 1. Introduction Agreement in Slavic has attracted and challenged researchers for many years. Besides numerous theses and articles in journals and collections on the topic, there are also several monographs, usually devoted to a single language, sometimes broader in scope.1 One aim is to give a synthesis of this research, demonstrating both the complexity of the topic and the interest of some of the results (section 2). Such a synthesis is complicated by the liveliness of current work, which is both deepening our understanding of the scale of the problems and trying to bring formal models closer to being able to give adequate accounts of well-established phenomena. A further aim, then, is to outline this current work (section 3). Finally the paper suggests a prospective of promising and challenging directions for future research, some which arise naturally from the directions of earlier and current work, some which are less obvious, depending on cross-disciplinary collaboration (section 4). As preparation for the main sections, we first consider the terms we require and the advantages which the Slavic family provides for research on agreement. * The support of the ESRC (grants R000236063 and R000222419) and of the ERC (grant ERC-2008-AdG-230268 MORPHOLOGY) is gratefully acknowledged. I also wish to thank Dunstan Brown, Iván Igartua and the participants at the workshop “Comparative Slavic Morphosyntax”, especially Wayles Browne, for comments on an earlier version. This overview was prepared for publication after the Workshop and has been updated since; I thank Claire Turner for help in the preparation of the revised version. -
Asymmetrical Distinctions in Waanyi Kinship Terminology1 Mary Laughren
12 Asymmetrical Distinctions in Waanyi Kinship Terminology1 Mary Laughren Introduction Background Waanyi2 kinship terms map onto an ‘Arandic’ system with distinct encoding of the four logical combinations of maternal and paternal relations in the ascending harmonic (‘grandparent’) generation: 1 Without the generous collaboration of the late Mr Roy Seccin Kamarrangi, who valiantly attempted to teach me Waanyi between 2000 and 2005, this study would not have begun. I also acknowledge the assistance received from the late Mr Eric King Balyarrinyi and his companions at the Doomadgee nursing home. I am indebted to Gavan Breen, who shared his Waanyi field notes and insights with me, and to John Dymock, who gave me copies of his vast corpus of Waanyi vocabulary. Thank you to the two anonymous reviewers, whose input to the development of this chapter was substantial, and to Barry Alpher, who provided invaluable feedback on an earlier draft. Errors of fact or interpretation remain my responsibility. The research on Waanyi was supported by a number of small ARC grants through the University of Queensland and the Waanyi Nation Aboriginal Corporation. 2 Waanyi was traditionally spoken in land watered by the upper branches of the Nicholson River and its tributaries, which straddles the Queensland–Northern Territory border to the south of the Gulf of Carpentaria (see Tindale 1974; Trigger 1982). The most closely related language is Garrwa (Breen 2003; Mushin 2012), spoken to the immediate north of Waanyi. The Garrwa-Waanyi language block lies between the northern and southern branches of the Warluwarric language group (Blake 1988, 1990) and is bordered on the east by the Tangkic language Yukulta, also called Ganggalida, (Keen 1983; Nancarrow et al. -
The Quest for a Mothertongue
The Quest for a Mothertongue ~~~ Biological evolution operates according to might define this boundary as that which three primary rules: Genetic mutations defines a “language”). accommodate evolution, and they are random Since English is the language of world in their appearance. Environmental factors commerce, the quest will start here. It may determine whether these mutations are seem that English may hold out against the beneficial, detrimental, or simply neutral. passage of time, but the fact is that English on Over enough time, an isolated population can the whole is less than 2,000 years old. build up enough mutations such that English-speakers living just 1,000 years ago breeding with the original population becomes impossible (this is the boundary would likely have a tough time understanding the English of today. Consider the following: that defines a “species”). Old English – Beowulf. Similarly, linguistic evolution is made possible by the following scheme: Slight Hƿæt Ƿe Ȝardena in ȝeardaȝum þeod-cyninȝa þrym changes in the way certain words are ȝefrunon huða æþelinȝas ellen fremedon. (Hark! We of pronounced and/or used accommodates the Spear-Danes in years’ past, of the clan-kings, heard of their glory; how those noblemen performed great deeds.) linguistic evolution. These occur according to personal flavour and group acceptance of Middle English – The Canterbury Tales. that, and ultimately can define area-specific “Wepyng and waylyng, care and oother sorwe I knowe dialects. Finally, these changes can add up in ynogh, on even and a-morwe,” Quod the Marchant, “and a fringe population over time to create a so doon oother mo That wedded been.” (“Weeping and distinct language that no longer can be wailing, care and other sorrow I know enough, in the understood by the original population (one evening and in the morning,” said the Merchant, “and so does many another who have been married.”) The Germanic Language Family.