Grammatical Categories and Word Classes Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Grammatical Categories and Word Classes Pdf Grammatical categories and word classes pdf Continue 목차 qualities and phrases about qualities and dalakhin scared qualities are afraid of both hard long only the same, identical adjectives and common adverbs phrases and common adverbs comparison and believe adverbs class sayings of place and movement outside away and away from returning inside outside close up the shifts of time and frequency easily confused the words above or more? Across, over or through? Advice or advice? Affect or affect? Every mother of every? Every mother wholly? Allow, allow or allow? Almost or almost? Single, lonely, alone? Along or side by side? Already, still or yet? Also, as well as or too? Alternative (ly), alternative (ly) though or though? Everything or together? Amount, number or quantity? Any more or any more? Anyone, anyone or anything? Apart from or with the exception? arise or rise? About or round? Stir or provoke? As or like? Because or since then? When or when? Did she go or she?. Start or start? Next to or next? Between or between? Born or endured? Bring, take and bring can, can or may? Classic or classic? Come or go? Looking or looking? Make up, compose or compose? Content or content? Different from or different from or different from? Do you do or make? Down or down or down? During or for? All or all? East or East; North or North? Economic or economic? Efficient or effective? Older, older or older, older? The end or the end? Private or specific? Every one or everybody? Except or with exception? Expect, hope or wait? An experience or an experiment? Fall or fall? Far or far? Farther, farther or farther, farther? Farther (but not farther) fast, fast or fast? Fell or did you feel? Female or female; male or male? Finally, finally, finally or finally? First, first or at first? Fit or suit? Next or next? For mother since then? Forget or leave? Full or full? Funny or funny? Do you go or go? Grateful or thankful? Listen or listen (to)? High or long? Historical or historical? A house or a house? How is he...? Or what is ... As? If or when? So or whether it is? Sick or sick? Mean or inferred? On the way or on the way? He's his mother? Late or late? Putting or lying? Loan or loan? Less or less? Look, look or watch? Low or short? A man, a human being or a people? Maybe or it could be? Maybe or maybe? Nearest or next? Never or not... Ever? Nice or sympathetic? No doubt or no doubt? No or no? These days, these days or today? Open or open? Opportunity or possibility? Vs. Or In Front? Others, others, others or that? Out or out? Permission or permission? A person, a person, a person? Capture or capture? Play or play? Politics, politics, politics or politics? Price or prize? Home or principle? Quiet or complete? Lift or rise? Remember or remember? Right or right? Rob or steal? Say or tell? So or for that? Sometimes or sometime? Sound or noise? Talking or talking? Like this or so? There, or are they? About or about? Wait or wait? Wake up, wake up. Or wake up? Worth or worth it? Nouns, pronouns and determiners about nouns common nouns determiners noun phrases pronouns Each other, one one person, everybody, everything, everywhere It No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere one one and one's Pronouns Pronouns: indefinite (-body, -one, -thing, -where) Pronouns: one, you, we, they Pronouns: personal (I, me, you, him, it, they, etc.) pronouns : jealous (my mine, your, your, pronouns, etc. : Reflexive (myself, themselves, etc.) questions: pronouns (what, who) relative pronouns someone, someone, something, somewhere that's a little quantitative ie any less enough, at least a little less, a little, a little, few, few, a lot , a lot more, more, more, mostly a lot, a lot, a lot of: no, no, none of the some lot and any words question what when where who, who's the whole that why countless furniture accommodation equipment news information offers a lot of things prepositions stuff Particle words, sentences and items about words, sentences, sentences as expressions as ... As if and as long as so (as) as comparing and contradictory conditions and desires linking words and expressions questions and negative sentences relative items reported speech up and so and not with expectation, hope, thinking, etc. Such as word-forming word order and focus using english speech markers emphasize and Downtoning Downtoners exclamation hedges (only) jobs exaggerating area numbers: length, width, depth, high number of people time and places speaking English types (official, informal, etc.) useful phrases writing verbs grammatical features related to names Animacy state Dative construction Dtwisted transformation the subject of classification of the status of the mass cluster mass name confirmed sex acquisition of the Construction Suffixaufnahme (stacking case) class name single dévoldkind, double trial, double-trial. Singulative-collective-Plurative global mill privacy related to the actions associated with the movement Clujugation proof of formal association of a person Telicity Tense-aspect-mood grammatical aspect lexical aspect (Aktionsart) mood tense sound general features affect ing comparison Boundedness (degree) Pactionality (verbal number) Honorific polarity reciprocity reflexive pronouns reflexes reflexes syntax syntax verb relationship transitional argument valugal complementary complementary branching branching traditional construction act grammar object indirect object assigned indications contrast to the thematic inheritance relationship relationship the patient's subject agent and suspend the focus on the phenomena of Veridicality Polypersonal Agreement Declension Blank Class Infiennes Meezinis vte A grammatical class or grammatical attribute is a property of elements within the grammar of Within each category there are two or more possible values (sometimes called grammemes), which are usually exclusive to both parties. The grammatical categories they often encounter include: tense, verb mode in a time frame, which can take values such as the number of present and past, with values such as singular, plural, sometimes double, trial, paucal, non-countable or partial, comprehensive or exclusive, with values such as masculine, feminine name layers and testicle, which are more general From mere sex, additional categories include such as: animation, humanity, plants, animals, objects, non-material concepts and verbal names/verbs, and sometimes as well as forms of positioning relationships, which would represent some languages using grammatical or tension situations, or by adding possibly agglutinated skulls such as prepositions, adjectives, or particles. Although the use of terminology varies from author to author, a distinction should be made between grammatical and lexical groups. Lexical categories (synthetic categories) largely correspond to speech parts of traditional grammar, and refer to names, adjectives, etc. Sometimes the appearance of a phonological value is called a class value (for example, a word ending that marks a number on the name) exponent. Grammatical relationships determine the relationships between words and phrases with certain parts of speech, depending on their position in the composition tree. Traditional relationships include subject, object, and indirect object. The assignment means that the component given to the expression can usually take only one value in each category. For example, the term cannot be a name or a single name, and a plural, because both number class values. However, it can be both pluralistic and female, as these groups represent different groups (number and gender). The categories can be described and named in relation to the type of meanings used to express them. For example, a stress category usually expresses when it occurs (such as past, present, or future). However, purely grammatical features do not always simply or consistently correspond to the elements of meaning, and different authors may take significantly different approaches in their terms and analysis. For example, meanings associated with stress, side, and mood categories are often restricted in verb association patterns that do not contain separate grammatical elements corresponding to each of the three categories; Categories can be distinguished on words by draining. In English, for example, the name number is usually marked by leaving the name impesky if it is singular, and by adding the suffix -s if the plural (although some names have irregular plurals). On other occasions, the class may not be publicly marked on To which it relates, is shown only through other grammatical features of the sentence, often via grammatical agreement. For example: a bird can intend. Birds can intend. In the sentences above, the number of names is marked in the absence or presence of the end -s. Sheep working sheep working in above, the number of the name is not marked on the same name (sheep are not inflect according to normal style), but reflected in the agreement between the name and the verb: the triggers of the singular number is, the number of the plural. The bird sings the birds sings in this case the number is clearly marked on the names, as reflected also by the verb convention. However: sheep can be run. In this case the number of names (or verb) does not appear at all in the form of a wholesale surface, and therefore ambiguity is introduced (at least, when the sentence is displayed in isolation). The foundations of grammatical categories often appear in the same position or aperture in the word (e.g., prefix, suffix, or increase). An example of this is latin cases, which are all subsequent: Rosa, rosacea, rosacea, rosacea, rosacea (rose, genitive, dative, excision and excision). Categories can also relate to sentence components that are larger than a word (phrases, or sometimes phrases). The term often inherits the class values of the vertical word; For example, in the sentences above, the word bird name inherits the plural number of name birds.
Recommended publications
  • Romani Syntactic Typology Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras
    Romani Syntactic Typology Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras To cite this version: Evangelia Adamou, Yaron Matras. Romani Syntactic Typology. Yaron Matras; Anton Tenser. The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics, Springer, pp.187-227, 2020, 978-3-030-28104- 5. 10.1007/978-3-030-28105-2_7. halshs-02965238 HAL Id: halshs-02965238 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02965238 Submitted on 13 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Romani syntactic typology Evangelia Adamou and Yaron Matras 1. State of the art This chapter presents an overview of the principal syntactic-typological features of Romani dialects. It draws on the discussion in Matras (2002, chapter 7) while taking into consideration more recent studies. In particular, we draw on the wealth of morpho- syntactic data that have since become available via the Romani Morpho-Syntax (RMS) database.1 The RMS data are based on responses to the Romani Morpho-Syntax questionnaire recorded from Romani speaking communities across Europe and beyond. We try to take into account a representative sample. We also take into consideration data from free-speech recordings available in the RMS database and the Pangloss Collection.
    [Show full text]
  • Polyvalent Case, Geometric Hierarchies, and Split Ergativity
    [For Jackie Bunting, Sapna Desai, Robert Peachey, Chris Straughn, and Zuzana Tomkova (eds.), (2006) Proceedings of the 42nd annual meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, Chicago, Ill.] Polyvalent case, geometric hierarchies, and split ergativity JASON MERCHANT University of Chicago Prominence hierarchy effects such as the animacy hierarchy and definiteness hierarchy have been a puzzle for formal treatments of case since they were first described systematically in Silverstein 1976. Recently, these effects have received more sustained attention from generative linguists, who have sought to capture them in treatments grounded in well-understood mechanisms for case assignment cross-linguistically. These efforts have taken two broad directions. In the first, Aissen 1999, 2003 has integrated the effects elegantly into a competition model of grammar using OT formalisms, where iconicity effects emerge from constraint conjunctions between constraints on fixed universal hierarchies (definiteness, animacy, person, grammatical role) and a constraint banning overt morphological expression of case. The second direction grows out of the work of Jelinek and Diesing, and is found most articulated in Jelinek 1993, Jelinek and Carnie 2003, and Carnie 2005. This work takes as its starting point the observation that word order is sometimes correlated with the hierarchies as well, and works backwards from that to conclusions about phrase structure geometries. In this paper, I propose a particular implementation of this latter direction, and explore its consequences for our understanding of the nature of case assignment. If hierarchy effects are due to positional differences in phrase structures, then, I argue, the attested cross-linguistic differences fall most naturally out if the grammars of these languages countenance polyvalent case—that is, assignment of more than one case value to a single nominal phrase.
    [Show full text]
  • On Passives of Passives Julie Anne Legate, Faruk Akkuş, Milena Šereikaitė, Don Ringe
    On passives of passives Julie Anne Legate, Faruk Akkuş, Milena Šereikaitė, Don Ringe Language, Volume 96, Number 4, December 2020, pp. 771-818 (Article) Published by Linguistic Society of America For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/775365 [ Access provided at 15 Dec 2020 15:14 GMT from University Of Pennsylvania Libraries ] ON PASSIVES OF PASSIVES Julie Anne Legate Faruk Akku s¸ University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Milena Šereikait e˙ Don Ringe University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania Perlmutter and Postal (1977 and subsequent) argued that passives cannot passivize. Three prima facie counterexamples have come to light, found in Turkish, Lithuanian, and Sanskrit. We reex - amine these three cases and demonstrate that rather than counterexemplifying Perlmutter and Postal’s generalization, these confirm it. The Turkish construction is an impersonal of a passive, the Lithuanian is an evidential of a passive, and the Sanskrit is an unaccusative with an instru - mental case-marked theme. We provide a syntactic analysis of both the Turkish impersonal and the Lithuanian evidential. Finally, we develop an analysis of the passive that captures the general - ization that passives cannot passivize.* Keywords : passive, impersonal, voice, evidential, Turkish, Lithuanian, Sanskrit 1. Introduction . In the 1970s and 1980s, Perlmutter and Postal (Perlmutter & Postal 1977, 1984, Perlmutter 1982, Postal 1986) argued that passive verbs cannot un - dergo passivization. In the intervening decades, three languages have surfaced as prima facie counterexamples—Turkish (Turkic: Turkey), Lithuanian (Baltic: Lithuania), and Classical Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan) (see, inter alia, Ostler 1979, Timberlake 1982, Keenan & Timberlake 1985, Özkaragöz 1986, Baker et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Semantics, Case and Relator Nouns in Evenki
    Spatial semantics, case and relator nouns in Evenki Lenore A. Grenoble University of Chicago Evenki, a Northwest Tungusic language, exhibits an extensive system of nominal cases, deictic terms, and relator nouns, used to signal complex spatial relations. The paper describes the use and distribution of the spatial cases which signal stative and dynamic relations, with special attention to their semantics within a framework using fundamental Gestalt concepts such as Figure and Ground, and how they are used in combination with deictics and nouns to signal specific spatial semantics. Possible paths of grammaticalization including case stacking, or Suffixaufnahme, are dis- cussed. Keywords: spatial cases, case morphology, relator noun, deixis, Suf- fixaufnahme, grammaticalization 1. Introduction Case morphology and relator nouns are extensively used in the marking of spa- tial relations in Evenki, a Tungusic language spoken in Siberia by an estimated 4802 people (All-Russian Census 2010). A close analysis of the use of spatial cases in Evenki provides strong evidence for the development of complex case morphemes from adpositions. Descriptions of Evenki generally claim the exist- ence of 11–15 cases, depending on the dialect. The standard language is based on the Poligus dialect of the Podkamennaya Tunguska subgroup, from the Southern dialect group, now moribund. Because it forms the basis of the stand- ard (or literary) language and as such has been relatively well-studied and is somewhat codified, it usually serves as the point of departure in linguistic de- scriptions of Evenki. However, the written language is to a large degree an artifi- cial construct which has never achieved usage in everyday conversation: it does not function as a norm which cuts across dialects.
    [Show full text]
  • Agreement in Slavic*
    http://seelrc.org/glossos/ The Slavic and East European Language Resource Center [email protected] Greville G. Corbett University of Surrey Agreement in Slavic* 1. Introduction Agreement in Slavic has attracted and challenged researchers for many years. Besides numerous theses and articles in journals and collections on the topic, there are also several monographs, usually devoted to a single language, sometimes broader in scope.1 One aim is to give a synthesis of this research, demonstrating both the complexity of the topic and the interest of some of the results (section 2). Such a synthesis is complicated by the liveliness of current work, which is both deepening our understanding of the scale of the problems and trying to bring formal models closer to being able to give adequate accounts of well-established phenomena. A further aim, then, is to outline this current work (section 3). Finally the paper suggests a prospective of promising and challenging directions for future research, some which arise naturally from the directions of earlier and current work, some which are less obvious, depending on cross-disciplinary collaboration (section 4). As preparation for the main sections, we first consider the terms we require and the advantages which the Slavic family provides for research on agreement. * The support of the ESRC (grants R000236063 and R000222419) and of the ERC (grant ERC-2008-AdG-230268 MORPHOLOGY) is gratefully acknowledged. I also wish to thank Dunstan Brown, Iván Igartua and the participants at the workshop “Comparative Slavic Morphosyntax”, especially Wayles Browne, for comments on an earlier version. This overview was prepared for publication after the Workshop and has been updated since; I thank Claire Turner for help in the preparation of the revised version.
    [Show full text]
  • The Myth of Language Universals: Language Diversity and Its Importance for Cognitive Science
    BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2009) 32, 429–492 doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999094X The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science Nicholas Evans Department of Linguistics, Research School of Asian and Pacific Studies, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia [email protected] http://rspas.anu.edu.au/people/personal/evann_ling.php Stephen C. Levinson Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, NL-6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Radboud University, Department of Linguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [email protected] http://www.mpi.nl/Members/StephenLevinson Abstract: Talk of linguistic universals has given cognitive scientists the impression that languages are all built to a common pattern. In fact, there are vanishingly few universals of language in the direct sense that all languages exhibit them. Instead, diversity can be found at almost every level of linguistic organization. This fundamentally changes the object of enquiry from a cognitive science perspective. This target article summarizes decades of cross-linguistic work by typologists and descriptive linguists, showing just how few and unprofound the universal characteristics of language are, once we honestly confront the diversity offered to us by the world’s 6,000 to 8,000 languages. After surveying the various uses of “universal,” we illustrate the ways languages vary radically in sound, meaning, and syntactic organization, and then we examine in more detail the core grammatical machinery of recursion, constituency, and grammatical relations. Although there are significant recurrent patterns in organization, these are better explained as stable engineering solutions satisfying multiple design constraints, reflecting both cultural-historical factors and the constraints of human cognition.
    [Show full text]
  • AVAILABLE from 'Bookstore, ILC, 7500 West Camp Wisdom Rd
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 401 726 FL 024 212 AUTHOR Payne, David, Ed. TITLE Notes on Linguistics, 1996. INSTITUTION Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Dallas, Tex. REPORT NO ISSN-0736-0673 PUB DATE 96 NOTE 239p. AVAILABLE FROM 'Bookstore, ILC, 7500 West Camp Wisdom Rd., Dallas, TX 75236 (one year subscription: SIL members, $15.96 in the U.S., $19.16 foreign; non-SIL members, $19.95 in the U.S.; $23.95 foreign; prices include postage and handling). PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Notes on Linguistics; n72-75 1996 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Book Reviews; Computer Software; Conferences; Dialects; Doctoral Dissertations; Group Activities; *Language Patterns; *Language Research; *Linguistic Theory; Native Speakers; Phonology; Professional Associations; Publications; Research Methodology; *Syntax; Textbooks; Tone Languages; Workshops IDENTIFIERS 'Binding Theory ABSTRACT The four 1996 issues of this journal contain the following articles: "Sketch of Autosegmental Tonology" (H. Andrew Black); "System Relationships in Assessing Dialect Intelligibility" (Margaret Milliken, Stuart Milliken); "A Step-by-Step Introduction to Government and Binding Theory of Syntax" (Cheryl A. Black); "Participatory Research in Linguistics" (Constance Kutsch Lojenga); "Introduction to Government and Binding Theory II" (Cheryl A. Black); What To Do with CECIL?" (Joan Baart); "WINCECIL" (Jerold A. Edmondson); "Introduction to Government and Binding Theory III" (Cheryl A. Black); and "Mainland Southeast Asia: A Unique Linguistic Area" (Brian Migliazza). Each issue also contains notes from the SIL Linguistics Department coordinator, a number of reports on linguistics association conferences around the world, book and materials reviews, and professional announcements. (MSE) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.
    [Show full text]
  • Suffixaufnahme 2012
    Suffixaufnahme: Dix-sept ans après Frans Plank [email protected] 1. Definition and issues "In what can be recognised as the prototype of Suffixaufnahme there is a nominal consisting of (what there are reasons to believe is) a noun or a personal pronoun in a relationship of (what there are reasons to believe is) attribution to another nominal, in (what there are reasons to believe is) the basic form that attributive constructions take in the language concerned, with the head nominal morphologically marked by a case suffix for its external syntactic relation, with the (bona fide) attribute carrying (what there are reasons to believe is) the inflectional marking of genitive case, and – crucially – with the attribute itself in addition obligatorily separately marked for the same case, plus perhaps further categories expressed by suffixes, as the head." (Plank 1995: 50) Boldface identifies parameters for possible variation; parentheses forebode controversy. SA to be distinguished from: Suffixhäufung (phrase-final phrase-marking), hypostasis (inflected genitives without overt head), other multiple case phenomena (case combination without agreement) Main issues: nouns agreeing in case, but are they nouns? (noun – adjective continuum, inflection – derivation) are they in attributive construction? (vs. apposition, co-predication, other loose syntax, flat vs. configurational syntax) Typological correlates/prerequisites? agglutinative morphology (with Aufnahme categories not cumulated); hypostasis construction (non-overt head of case-marked NP): '[that] of NP'; ”group-inflection”? Diachrony SA exemplifying the origin of agreement in loose syntax, and eventually of non-agreeing dependent-marking 2. Comprehensive "Known traditionally, if not widely nor entirely accurately, as Suffixaufnahme, such case (plus perhaps number) agreement of case-marked nouns is not widespread but is distributed in intriguing areal patterns across the Old World and southerly parts of the New, crying out for typological and/or genealogical explanation.
    [Show full text]
  • Definiteness in a Language Without Articles – a Study on Polish
    Definiteness in a Language without Articles – A Study on Polish Adrian Czardybon Hana Filip, Peter Indefrey, Laura Kallmeyer, Sebastian Löbner, Gerhard Schurz & Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. (eds.) Dissertations in Language and Cognition 3 Adrian Czardybon 2017 Definiteness in a Language without Articles – A Study on Polish BibliograVsche Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen NationalbibliograVe; detaillierte bibliograVsche Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar. D 61 © düsseldorf university press, Düsseldorf 2017 http://www.dupress.de Einbandgestaltung: Doris Gerland, Christian Horn, Albert Ortmann Satz: Adrian Czardybon, Thomas Gamerschlag Herstellung: docupoint GmbH, Barleben Gesetzt aus der Linux Libertine ISBN 978-3-95758-047-4 Für meine Familie Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Theoretical basis 9 2.1 The distribution of the definite article in English and German . 9 2.2 Approaches to definiteness . 13 2.2.1 Familiarity . 13 2.2.2 Uniqueness . 16 2.3 Löbner’s approach to definiteness . 18 2.3.1 Inherent uniqueness and inherent relationality . 18 2.3.2 Concept types . 19 2.3.3 Shifts and determination . 20 2.3.4 Semantic vs. pragmatic uniqueness . 22 2.3.5 Scale of uniqueness . 25 2.4 Mass/count distinction . 30 2.5 Definiteness strategies discussed in the Slavistic literature . 35 3 Demonstratives 43 3.1 Criteria for the grammaticalization of definite articles . 44 3.2 Polish determiners and the paradigm of ten . 46 3.3 Previous studies on demonstratives in Polish . 49 3.4 My analysis of ten . 55 3.4.1 The occurrence of ten with pragmatic uniqueness .
    [Show full text]
  • Agreement, Case and Locality in the Nominal and Verbal Domains
    Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains Edited by Ludovico Franco Mihaela Marchis Moreno Matthew Reeve language Open Generative Syntax 4 science press Open Generative Syntax Editors: Elena Anagnostopoulou, Mark Baker, Roberta D’Alessandro, David Pesetsky, Susi Wurmbrand In this series: 1. Bailey, Laura R. & Michelle Sheehan (eds.). Order and structure in syntax I: Word order and syntactic structure. 2. Sheehan, Michelle & Laura R. Bailey (eds.). Order and structure in syntax II: Subjecthood and argument structure. 3. Bacskai-Atkari, Julia. Deletion phenomena in comparative constructions: English comparatives in a cross-linguistic perspective. 4. Franco, Ludovico, Mihaela Marchis Moreno & Matthew Reeve (eds.). Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains. ISSN: 2568-7336 Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains Edited by Ludovico Franco Mihaela Marchis Moreno Matthew Reeve language science press Franco, Ludovico, Mihaela Marchis Moreno & Matthew Reeve (eds.). 2019. Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains (Open Generative Syntax 4). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/215 © 2019, the authors Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-200-6 (Digital) 978-3-96110-201-3 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2568-7336 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.2640704 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/215 Collaborative reading:
    [Show full text]
  • Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Volume I: Clause
    This page intentionally left blank Language Typology and Syntactic Description Second edition Volume I: Clause Structure This unique three-volume survey brings together a team of leading scholars to explore the syntactic and morphological structures of the world’s languages Clearly organized and broad-ranging, it covers topics such as parts of speech, passives, complementation, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, inflec- tional morphology, tense, aspect, mood, and deixis. The contributors look at the major ways that these notions are realized, and provide informative sketches of them at work in a range of languages. Each volume is accessi- bly written and clearly explains each new concept introduced. Although the volumes can be read independently, together they provide an indispensable reference work for all linguists and field workers interested in cross-linguistic generalizations. Most of the chapters in the second edition are substantially revised or completely new – some on topics not covered by the first edition. Volume i covers parts-of-speech systems, word order, the noun phrase, clause types, speech act distinctions, the passive, and information packaging in the clause. Timothy Shopen (1936–2005) was Senior Lecturer in Linguistics at the Australian National University. He had over forty years’ experience of teach- ing and researching a variety of the world’s languages, and also held posts at Indiana University and the Center for Applied Linguistics in Arlington, Virginia. In addition to Language Typology, he was editor of Standards
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article the Marvels of Tsakhur
    Review Article The marvels of Tsakhur MARIA POLINSKY Abstract Written by a team of Moscow linguists and edited by Aleksandr Kibrik and Jakov Testelec, Aspects of Tsakhur from a Typological Perspective is an excel- lent and comprehensive grammar. The grammar stands out for the careful at- tention given to interface phenomena, in particular the morphology-semantics interface of verbal forms, the syntax-semantics interface of clause linkage, and the syntax-semantics-pragmatics interface of information structure. This re- view article concentrates on several unusual phenomena of Tsakhur structure that are of particular relevance to current linguistic theory. Keywords: agreement, attribution, case, clause chaining, configurationality, Daghestanian, ergativity, evidentiality, focus, logophor, noun class, pitch accent, quantification, reflexive, Tsakhur, vowel har- mony Aleksandr E. Kibrik and Ja. G. Testelec (eds.), Elementy caxurskogo jazyka v tipologiˇceskom osvešˇcenii.[Aspects of Tsakhur from a Typological Perspec- tive.] Moskva: Nasledie, 1999, 944 pages, ISBN 5-201-13328-2. 1. Introduction Linguists are accustomed to extensive and detailed grammars of standard lan- guages with an army and a navy, and this is why the publication of an equally detailed grammar of a little known language without a documented history is a significant event in linguistics. The new grammar of Tsakhur, written by alarge team of linguists from Moscow State University and edited by Alek- sandr Kibrik and Ja. G. Testelec, is definitely an important event for theoretical grammarians, Caucasologists, and field linguists. Tsakhur has been the subject of an earlier description by Wolfgang Schultze (1997), but the present gram- Linguistic Typology 6(2002), 403–422 1430–0532/2002/006-0403 c Walter de Gruyter 404 Maria Polinsky mar (henceforth abbreviated ECJa)expands our knowledge of the language vastly.
    [Show full text]