Geschichtskultur Nach Auschwitz

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Geschichtskultur Nach Auschwitz Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des Magistergrades der Philosophie an der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Geschichtskultur nach Auschwitz Die Gegenwärtigkeit der Vergangenheit in Deutschland, Österreich und Italien nach 1945 und ihre Auswirkung auf die Erinnerungskultur Ein transnationaler Vergleich samt regionalgeschichtlichem Fallbeispiel und didaktischer Aufbereitung Eingereicht bei: Univ.-Doz. Mag. Dr. Horst Schreiber Institut für Zeitgeschichte Eingereicht von: Friedrich Illmer Matrikelnummer: 0516438 Studienkennzahl: C313 Innsbruck, April 2014 Inhaltsverzeichnis EINLEITUNG................................................................................................................ 4 1. FORSCHUNGSINTERESSE ................................................................................................................ 4 2. FORSCHUNGSSTAND ....................................................................................................................... 6 3. IDENTITÄT, NATIONALISMUS UND GESCHICHTE ....................................................................... 7 3.1. Geschichtsbewusstsein und Identitätsbildung ............................................................. 8 3.1.1. Geschichte stiftet Identität ........................................................................................... 9 3.1.1.1. Kollektive Identität ......................................................................................................... 10 3.1.2. Identität stiftet Geschichte ......................................................................................... 11 3.1.2.1. Storia e memoria ............................................................................................................. 12 3.1.2.2. Wissenschaft versus Orientierung............................................................................ 14 3.1.2.3. Geschichts(re)konstruktion ........................................................................................ 15 3.1.3. Fazit: „Kann gestern besser werden?“ ................................................................... 16 3.2. Nationalismus und Geschichtsschreibung ................................................................... 19 3.2.1. Historia et patria ............................................................................................................. 21 3.2.1.1. Geschichte als nationale Botschaft ........................................................................... 22 3.2.2. Geschichte als Wissenschaft....................................................................................... 24 3.2.2.1. Historismus ........................................................................................................................ 25 3.2.2.1.1. Kritik am Historismus ................................................................................................... 27 3.2.2.1.2. Überwindung des Historismus .................................................................................. 28 3.2.3. Fazit: Das Ende der Nationalgeschichten?............................................................ 29 4. THESEN UND FORSCHUNGSFRAGEN ......................................................................................... 29 GESCHICHTE, DIE NICHT VERGEHEN WILL ................................................... 37 1. DIE „ZWEITE GESCHICHTE“ ....................................................................................................... 37 1.1. „Abschied von der bisherigen Geschichte“ ................................................................... 39 1.1.1. Widerstandsmythos ...................................................................................................... 40 1.1.2. Opfermythos..................................................................................................................... 43 1.2. Abrechnung mit der Vergangenheit............................................................................... 47 1.2.1. Mē mnēsikakeîn: Amnestie und Amnesie ............................................................. 54 1.3. Auseinandersetzung mit der Vergangenheit .............................................................. 56 1.3.1. Erinnern um nicht zu vergessen............................................................................... 59 1.3.1.1. „Erfundene Erinnerung“: Fiktion des Faktischen ............................................... 61 1.3.2. Aufbruch und Wiedergeburt der nationalen Mythen ...................................... 62 1.3.2.1. Tendenzen des Revisionismus ................................................................................... 64 1.4. Anerkennung der Vergangenheit .................................................................................... 68 1.4.1. Erinnern um zu Vergessen ......................................................................................... 72 1.4.1.1. Dialogisches Erinnern .................................................................................................... 74 1.5. Fazit: Vom Stillstand der Geschichte zum „Happy End“ ........................................ 76 2. GESCHICHTE SCHREIBEN NACH AUSCHWITZ .......................................................................... 79 2.1. „Verlust der Geschichte“ ...................................................................................................... 86 2.1.1. Wozu also noch Geschichte? ...................................................................................... 87 2.1.2. Vergangenheitsbewältigung ...................................................................................... 89 2.2. Wandel der Geschichtswissenschaft ............................................................................... 89 2.2.1. Historische Sozialwissenschaften ............................................................................ 90 2 2.2.1. Neue Kulturgeschichte ................................................................................................. 91 2.2.2. „Zeitgeschichte als Streitgeschichte“ ...................................................................... 93 2.2.2.1. „Entsorgung der Vergangenheit“ .............................................................................. 96 2.2.2.1.1. Der „Historikerstreit“ ..................................................................................................... 97 2.2.2.1.1. Folgen der „Waldheim-Affäre“ ................................................................................... 99 2.2.2.1.2. „Krieg der Erinnerung“................................................................................................101 2.2.2.2. Geschichte und Geschichten im Tauwetter ......................................................... 101 2.3. Fazit: Enten und Kaninchen der Geschichtswissenschaft................................... 103 REGIONALGESCHICHTLICHES FALLBEISPIEL ............................................ 107 1. DIE „ZWEITE GESCHICHTE“ SÜDTIROLS ............................................................................... 108 1.1. Südtirol in der „Stunde Null“ .......................................................................................... 108 1.1.1. Widerstandsmythos ................................................................................................... 111 1.1.2. Opfermythos.................................................................................................................. 112 1.2. Abrechnung mit der Vergangenheit............................................................................ 117 1.2.1. „Lei net rogeln!“ ........................................................................................................... 123 1.3. Auseinandersetzung mit der Vergangenheit ........................................................... 126 1.4. Anerkennung der Vergangenheit ................................................................................. 128 1.5. Fazit: „alto adige / alto fragile“ .................................................................................... 130 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND SCHLUSSWORT ................................................. 133 1. GESCHICHTSKULTUR IN DEUTSCHLAND, ÖSTERREICH UND ITALIEN NACH 1945 ....... 133 1.1. Die Rolle der Geschichtswissenschaften .................................................................... 136 1.2. Südtiroler Geschichtskultur nach dem Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus als regionalhistorisches Paradebeispiel .................................................................................. 138 2. SCHLUSSBETRACHTUNG ........................................................................................................... 139 FACHDIDAKTISCHE AUFBEREITUNG ............................................................ 142 1. GESCHICHTSKULTUR ALS UNTERRICHTSGEGENSTAND ...................................................... 142 1.1. Gedächtnisorte als stumme Zeugen öffentlicher Geschichtskultur ................ 144 1.2. Inhalt und Ziele der didaktischen Aufbereitung .................................................... 146 2. UNTERRICHTSPLANUNG .......................................................................................................... 150 2.1. Diagnose ................................................................................................................................. 152 2.2. Planung ................................................................................................................................... 154 2.2.1. Lerninhalte....................................................................................................................
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