Orissa Review June - 2009 Sri Sri Nilamadhava of Kantilo Geeta Devi Kantilo is a big village of the ex-state of 'Kanti' is a race name which still exists at Khandapara, situated on the south bank of the Kantilo. They were a trading class (Vaishya river Mahanadi and on the ancient route of Vanika) previously known as 'Sadhavas'. They Jagannath Sadak, which served as an important were entrusted with the duty of collecting taxes link between Cuttack and Sambalpur both on the from the navigators and traders passing through roadways and waterways. Kantilo on the river Mahanadi. They were also acting as official in charge of the Ghat. The race The very geographical situation for the place name 'Kanti' is derived from their official makes it a commercial centre for traders. Apart designation called 'Kanta Adhikari'. 'Kanta' refers from the trade goods like salt, spices, tabacco, to the instrument of measurement. The weighing cotton, oil seeds and molasses, Kantilo trades balance used by these Kanta Adhikaris was with brass and bell metal utensils which are its known as 'Kanti'. own native products. Molasses, a sugarcane product was usually Several theories have cropped up through exported from this 'ghat' to the hinterland. ages to justify the place name of Kantilo. The last Molasses was measured by 'Banas' (an earthern part of the word, 'Lo' may be a reduced form of container). A particular size of Bana was also the Sanskrit word 'Lava'. 'Lava' refers to low and called 'Kanti'. So both for the measurement of deep river bed which helps in navigation. weight and volume 'Kantis' were used and the Colloqually this is spoken as 'Lo'. We can cite persons using these measuring rods were some other place names ending in 'Lo' like Sailo, subsequently known as 'Kantis'. Sarilo, Jharilo etc. The 'Kantis' performed these 'Ghat' duties The other part of the word 'Kanti' refers to in peace time only. During war time they acted as old and broken part of the bell metal. Production second liners of the war group. They were adept of bell metal commodities play a key role in the in the use of Topas, Kamanas and Dhanusaras. native trade of Kantilo. If required, they were used directly in war, else Some other suppositions refer to the fact they were to supply 'Rasad' (rations) to the war that the nearby hills and mountains of Kantilo are camps. For all these duties they were enjoying full of thorny bushes (Kanta) and thorny fruits 'jagirs' (land grants) from the rulers of Orissa. This (Kantei Koli). However this supposition seems class was not only rich but also very influential in not very convincing. the society. 26 Orissa Review June - 2009 In the northern bank of the river Mahanadi We see the twin temple of Nilamadhava the Nandas were ruling the Airavata Mandala. and Siddheswara in Gandharadi, the territory of Airavata Mandala comprised of the southern part the Bhanjas. Here also at Kantilo we see two of Dhenkanal, western part of Cuttack and the temples close to each other, one for Sri western end of Nayagarh. (Das p.144). From the Nilamadhava and the other for Sri Siddheswara annals of Narasinghpur Raj family it is known that in the temple complex of Nilamadhava. they belong to this Airavata Mandala. (Mishra p.240). These Nandas were presumed to be But the iconographic features of Sri feudatories of the Bhaumakaras. (Panigrahi Nilamadhava of Kantilo differs from that of the p.142) That 'Kantilo' was under the Bhanjas who deity of Gandharadi. In Gandharadi the deity holds were feudatories of the Bhaumakaras is testified four Ayudhas in His four hands namely Sankha by the recent discovery of copper plate grants of (conch), Chakra (wheel), Gada (mace) and the Bhanjas using the Bhaumakara era from an Padma (lotus). In Kantilo the deity holds only two adjacent village called 'Dhan Changada'. Ayudhas namely Sankha and Chakra in His upper two hands. The lower hands rests on the heads In the Talmul Plate of Dhruvananda Deva of the Nanda Dynasty (1029 A.D) we see the of His two consorts, Laxmi and Saraswati. placename of a village called 'Kantalanda'. This is no doubt a unique feature of the deity Kantalanda is stated as situated on the bank of at Kantilo which testifies an earlier origin. the river Mahanadi. (Panigrahi p.142) Another such image of Vishnu where His It seems plausible that by the passage of two hands (back) rest on the heads of Laxmi and time this village 'Kantalanda' is reduced to Kantilo Saraswati is found from Bihar and now preserved in the line of Sailo, Sarilo etc and an influential in the National Museum at Kolkata (Chowla - section of this place (Kanta Adhikaris) use this P-147). This iconic feature alongwith the place name as their race name to focus their roughness in the making of the body of the idol superiority and dominance in the society. speak of its anteriority. Sri Sri Nilamadhava Jew is the presiding On 20th January 2003 some copper plate deity of this place. According to historian Prof. grants were unearthed from the western side of N.K. Bose in Pal-lahara, the Savaras worship a the village Dhanchangada, which includes Kalia blue rock in a Sal grove (Shorea Robusta). They Palli and itself being very close to Kantilo. From call it 'Nil Madhava'. (Mishra p.5) In Kantilo also, we see the presence of 'Savaras' in a place the reading of the plates by the epigraphist of the adjacent to it called 'Kalia Palli' who demanded State Museum Miss Bharati Pal, it is known that themselves as descendants of Savar Viswa Vasu. they were issued by Satrubhanja (I), son of According to them Viswa Vasu was worshipping Silabhanja and grandson of Bidyadhara Bhanja 'Kalia Madhava'. (Mallick p.120) from Vanjulabaka, the second capital city of the Bhanjas. Satrubhanja depicts himself as 'Parama Taking into consideration the temple Vaisnava'. The Bhauma Sambat used in this plate architecture, Pt. Binayak Mishra places it in the corroborates to 939 A.D. 9th century A.D. (Mishra p.242). Dr. Krushna Chandra Panigrahi maintains that the shrine Though Satrubhanja depicts himself as belongs to an earlier date than the temple of the Parama Vaisnava he has used the invocatory deity. (Panigrahi p.456) verses in praise of Lord Siva as usually used by 27 Orissa Review June - 2009 the Bhanjas. Again, when his father and grand Their initial years of occupation were not father are Param Maheswaras, his son some times very peaceful. They were not only getting depicted himself as Parama Maheswara and resistance from the Bhanjas, but also threat of sometimes as Parama Vaisnava. However, invasion from outside, from the Kalachuries. They whether they were Maheswaras or Vaisnavas, made their position firm only at the time of Yayati they were good patrons of both Saivism and Kesari (II) who ruled from 1025 A.D. to 1040 Vaisnavism. A.D., a period too late for the construction of the The other name of Satrubhanja was temple of Sri Nilamadhava of Kantilo. 'Gandhat'. Present Gandharadi is the reduced Sri R.N. Mishra who is a 'Sevak' of Sri from the Gandhatpati, which according to Nilamadhava and also an employee of the local Dr. D.C. Sircar is apparently named after college told this author on 9th March 1999 that Satrubhanja Gandhat where we see the twin Khanjaa (ration) in terms of Rice, Dal and Ghee temple of Nilmadhava and Siddheswar was coming from the Bhanjas for the offerings of (Panighrahi p.105). Thus Satrubhanja who has the deity which had been ceased since last eight created the town (Gandharadi) might have to ten years. constructed there the twin temple. We may also From all these evidences it may be surmise that the temple of Nilmadhava of Kantilo conjectured that the Bhanjas and most probably might have been constructed by the same ruler. Satrubhanja I who was a Parama Vaisnava, might However there are two other contenders have constructed the temple of Nilamadhava. of the Bhanjas for the construction of the said References : temple at Kantilo. They are the Bhaumakaras and the Somavamsis. 1. H.C. Das, Military History of Kalinga , Punthi Pustak, Calcutta. The first three kings of the Bhaumakara 2. Pt. Binayak Mishra - Indian Culture and Cult of dynasty were Buddhists and the others excepting Jagnnath, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta. one queen Tribhuban Mahadevi (I) were all 3. Dr. Krushna Ch. Panigrahi - History of Orissa, Saivites. The temples, the credit of the construction Kitab Mahal - Cuttack. of which is given to the Bhaumakaras are all 4. Jyotsna Chawla - Rigvedic Deities and their dedicated to either Siva or Shakti. These temples Iconic Form - Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers are generally placed in the eighth century A.D. In Pvt. Ltd., Delhi. the ninth century A.D., this royal house had 5. Biswanath Mallick - Nayagarh Zillara experienced instability and decadence. (Panigrahi Pratnatatwika Bibhava,Publishing House, p.384). Bhubaneswar. Defeating the Bhaumakaras and their 6. Snidha Tripathy, Inscriptions of Orissa, Vol.VI, feudatories the Bhanjas, the Somavamsi king Orissa State Museum, Bhubaneswar. Yayati (I) occupied Orissa in about 931 A.D. (Panigrahi - p.86). Naturally they must have taken some more years to consolidate their position in Geeta Devi is the Principal of Utkalmani Gopabandhu the Odra countries. Smruti Mahavidyalaya, Sakhigopal, Puri. 28.