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China's Long March CHINA’S LONG MARCH TO SAFE DRINKING WATER Hongqiao Liu Photo Copyright © Debra Tan A China Water Risk/chinadialogue Report 1 March 2015 — This report is funded by China Water Risk and forms a series of investigative reports into water in China. Report author: Hongqiao Liu English translation: Hannah Short Contact us For any enquiries, please contact: [email protected] About China Water Risk China Water Risk (CWR) is a nonprofit initiative dedicated to addressing business & environmental risk arising from China’s urgent water crisis. We aim to foster efficient and responsible use of China’s water resources by engaging the global business and investment communities. As such we facilitate discussion amongst industry leaders, investors, experts & scientists on understanding & managing water risk across six industry sectors: Agriculture, Power, Mining, Food & Beverage, Textiles and Electronics. CWR has also been commissioned by financial institutions to conduct research analyzing the impact of water risks on the Power, Mining and Agricultural sectors. These reports have been considered groundbreaking and instrumental to understanding China’s water- energy-food nexus. Join the discussion at www.chinawaterrisk.org. Report Partner This report was supported by chinadialogue. China is growing fast and, as it grows, it is faced with urgent environmental challenges. Climate change, species loss, pollution, water scarcity and environment damage are not problems confined to one country. They are challenges that concern all the world's citizens, but the rise of China gives them a new urgency. Tackling these challenges will require a common effort and common understanding. Here at chinadialogue, a nonprofit organisation, we aim to promote that common understanding. chinadialogue is devoted to the publication of high quality, bilingual information, direct dialogue and the search for solutions to our shared environmental challenges. www.chinadialogue.net 2 A China Water Risk / chinadialogue Report: CHINA’S LONG MARCH TO SAFE DRINKING WATER INTRO: CHINA’ S DRINKING WATER SAFETY FACES SCRUTINY IN 2015 A look at how well China Government set ambitious goals and is meeting ambitious goals for a RMB700 billion budget to safeguard water quality at outset of 12FYP drinking water safety set five years ago as the government prepares its 13th Five Year Plan (2016-2020) BIG GOALS Separately, there was also a movement to lift and standardise China's central government set ambitious goals to safeguard varying provincial drinking water quality by introducing a new water quality in 2011, at the outset of the 12th Five Year national standard. In 2007, a ‘National Drinking Water Quality Plan (2011-2015). Those goals targeted improvements from Standard’ (GB 5749-2006) was introduced. This standard is source-to-tap, earmarking a budget of nearly RMB 700 billion in accordance with international standards, but since the bar (USD112 billion) to pay for upgrades to water treatment was set far above the actual quality levels of China’s water, and piping systems. The funds were spread across multiple it only came into full effect in July 2012. The government ministries and government bodies, including the State expects cities across China to meet this national standard Council, the National Development and Reform Commission by 2015. (“NDRC”), the Ministry of Water Resources (“MWR”), the Ministry of Environmental Protection (“MEP”), the Ministry of 2015 has arrived, but how far is China's government from Housing and Urban-Rural Development (“MOHURD”) and realizing its water safety goals? the Ministry of Health (“MoH”). 3 A China Water Risk / chinadialogue Report: CHINA’S LONG MARCH TO SAFE DRINKING WATER In 2010, over 600 million urban residents already enjoyed High quality drinking water requires access to public water supply services, and more than 400 comprehensive policies and standards to govern entire supply chain from source-to-tap million rural residents had access to clean drinking water. This was primarily due to government-led improvements in water For water treatment and main-pipe network management, supply and safe drinking water initiatives. However, 298 million China is locked into a ‘technology-focused’ path, and is rural Chinese still lacked safe drinking water and this was to looking at high-tech innovation and infrastructure investment change during the 2011-2015 Plan. For urban residents, the to ensure water quality and delivery. stated public water supply penetration rate was to rise from 90% to 95%. However, problems persist in secondary water supply, which has the greatest direct impact on tap water quality. Despite QUESTIONABLE QUALITY many attempts to address this, there is still no perfect solution. Whilst it is clear that more people across China are enjoying access to public water supply, what is not clear is the quality of MACRO-LEVEL SUCCESS the water delivered. The mid-term evaluation of the 12th Five Year Plan (12FYP), which started in mid-2013 may hold the Many insiders with access to water quality data and information answers. However, the assessment report is “classified” and at ministry and department level share a common view of the full report has not yet been made available to the public. China’s water problems. Access & delivery increased but quality uncertain They say that in provincial capitals and big cities in developed eastern coastal regions, water safety “essentially has no In the wake of the anticipated ‘Water Pollution Prevention and problems”. In second and third-tier cities as well as medium Control Action Plan’, which prioritizes drinking water safety, to small towns, water safety development is “patchy”, but has China Water Risk and chinadialogue took a closer look at been improving. In rural areas, there has been rapid progress the actual status of urban and rural drinking water in China. with collective water supply. Problems with the “Three Highs”, The report finds that some urban water quality remains namely high concentrations of fluorine, arsenic and salt found unreliable, while rural areas face many challenges in meeting in water in some rural areas, have largely been resolved. requirements that are less stringent than those for urban areas. Meanwhile, rural drinking water improvement works to stem pollution are also progressing. Drinking water is at the end of the water supply chain. It follows that to achieve high drinking water quality requires In this portrait of China’s drinking water safety landscape, comprehensive standards, policies and regulations to be in improvements in water quality have been radiating out from place governing the entire supply chain from source-to-tap. the big cities to smaller cities and towns. In reality, however, Water source protection was included in China’s ambitious information on rural areas remains limited; the rural waterscape plan to safeguard safe drinking water in the 12FYP while is shrouded in fog. targets were set for both 2015 and 2020. 4 A China Water Risk / chinadialogue Report: CHINA’S LONG MARCH TO SAFE DRINKING WATER Furthermore, beyond this largely positive macro-level overview undertaken on the health impacts when they are absorbed of China’s drinking water safety, on a local-level the real status of through drinking water. water safety in each city, town, county or village remains unclear. Official information disclosure on water quality is poor, and the As this report points out, many obstacles need to be addressed in government keeps official tests and monitoring data secret. China’s long march to safe drinking water. China faces problems Although water supply enterprises have been publishing their water of ambiguous ownership, unclear water pricing mechanisms, quality test data, there is room for improvement in test frequency, immature market mechanisms and a lack of rural business the number of published indicators and public interfaces. models, among other issues. There are also governance challenges with dispersed and overlapping responsibilities among various departments and across ministries. LOCAL CONCERNS Given the current situation of “nine dragons managing water“, Against this backdrop, civil society groups have resorted many people are expecting to see reforms to the government's to self-testing drinking water to obtain water quality data. administrative systems for water management. This would A recent report from the China Water Safety Foundation mean establishing a water management and coordination shows that only half of the 29 big and medium-sized cities mechanism across different government bodies. A drinking it surveyed passed the test on all 20 selected indicators from water monitoring system at both national and local levels is the National Drinking Water Standard; one city failed the tests clearly required, as are a water quality technology framework on 4 indicators. These test results, together with all other civic from source-to-tap; supervision and early warning systems; monitoring actions, do not give a comprehensive picture of and integrated watershed management. This report hopes drinking water safety, but they are enough to point out the these needs will be addressed in the coming ‘Water Pollution risks and challenges ahead. Prevention and Control Action Plan’. Public self-monitoring movement growing in response to lack of data The health and environmental implications of unsafe water are already evident. In some cases, the health impacts have geological causes due to naturally occurring arsenic, fluorine and salt.
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