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Hemp in Ancient Rope and Fabric from the Christmas Cave in Israel

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Hemp in Ancient Rope and Fabric from the Christmas Cave in Israel Our reference: YJASC 2841 P-authorquery-v9 AUTHOR QUERY FORM Journal: YJASC Please e-mail or fax your responses and any corrections to: E-mail: [email protected] Article Number: 2841 Fax: +31 2048 52789 Dear Author, Please check your proof carefully and mark all corrections at the appropriate place in the proof (e.g., by using on-screen annotation in the PDF file) or compile them in a separate list. To ensure fast publication of your paper please return your corrections within 48 hours. For correction or revision of any artwork, please consult http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Any queries or remarks that have arisen during the processing of your manuscript are listed below and highlighted by flags in the proof. Location Query / Remark: Click on the Q link to find the query’s location in text in article Please insert your reply or correction at the corresponding line in the proof Q1 The following numbers have been identified as Genbank accession numbers:FJ169596, AF500344, FJ160887, AY958396, FJ160842, AF345317. Please verify if this is correct. Q2 The following references are not cited in the text but presented in the reference list. Please provide them in the text or delete these citations from the list. Thank you for your assistance. YJASC2841_grabs ■ 28 May 2011 ■ 1/1 Journal of Archaeological Science xxx (2011) 1 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas 1 2 11 3 12 4 Highlights 13 5 14 < We analyzed DNA from rope and fabric from the “Christmas Cave” in the Qidron Valley. < Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase gene DNA was 6 15 primarily from Linum usitatissamum L. < Samples also had variable amounts of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) DNA. < 14C dating confirmed that samples 7 16 represented both the Roman and Chalcolithic periods in Israel. 8 17 9 18 10 19 20 21 0305-4403/$ e see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.004 Please cite this article in press as: Murphy, T.M., et al., Hemp in ancient rope and fabric from the Christmas Cave in Israel: talmudic background and DNA sequence identification, Journal of Archaeological Science (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.004 YJASC2841_proof ■ 28 May 2011 ■ 1/10 Journal of Archaeological Science xxx (2011) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jas 1 56 2 Hemp in ancient rope and fabric from the Christmas Cave in Israel: talmudic 57 3 58 4 background and DNA sequence identification 59 5 60 6 Terence M. Murphy a,*, Nahum Ben-Yehuda b, R.E. Taylor c,d,e, John R. Southon f 61 7 62 a 8 Department of Plant Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA 63 b Department of Jewish History, CText ATI, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel 9 c Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 64 10 d Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 65 11 e Keck Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA 66 12 f Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Keck Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Irvine, CA 92697, USA 67 13 68 14 69 15 article info abstract 70 16 71 17 Article history: The “Christmas Cave”, a cave in the Qidron Valley near the Dead Sea and Qumran, has yielded a complex 72 Received 18 February 2011 18 collection of plant-derived rope and fabric artifacts. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify 73 Received in revised form DNA of the samples, we estimated the sizes and determined restriction patterns and base sequences of 19 10 May 2011 74 chloroplast genes, primarily rbcL (gene for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase). DNA 20 Accepted 11 May 2011 75 was successfully extracted from all samples, but was limited to sizes of approximately 200e300 base 21 76 pairs. As expected, the DNA extracted from the samples was identified as coming primarily from flax Keywords: 22 (Linum usitatissamum L.), but two samples had a significant fraction, and all samples had at least a trace, 77 23 Flax Cannabis sativa 78 Linen of hemp ( L.) DNA. Artifacts from the Christmas Cave were thought to date from Roman 24 79 Hemp times, but it was thought possible that some could be much older. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)- 14 25 Rope based C dating confirmed that the samples contained representatives from both the Roman and 80 26 Fabric Chalcolithic periods. This paper provides a synthesis of DNA, isotope, and literary analysis to illuminate 81 27 Israel textile history at the Christmas Cave site. 82 28 Judean desert Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 83 DNA 29 rbcL gene 84 30 PCR 85 31 Polymerase chain reaction 86 32 AMS-based 87 14C dating 33 88 34 89 35 90 36 91 37 92 38 1. Introduction down DNA. However, even present-day rope is made with natural 93 fi 39 bers that receive a minimum of treatment, and the rope contains 94 40 DNA analysis can identify the biological source of archaeological fragments of tissue with intact organelles (Dunbar and Murphy, 95 fi 41 artifacts. This is true for many plant-based artifacts. Plant cells 2009). We expect that treatments of bers in the past were less 96 42 contain plastids, such as chloroplasts in leaves-often many copies- stringent and the products from which they were made more likely 97 fi 43 and plastids contain DNA sequences that are useful for identi ca- to retain plastids and nuclei. 98 44 tion. There is a great deal of information available concerning the It may be even more surprising that DNA persists in ancient 99 45 base sequences of plastid genes in different plants, much of it objects, since we can expect the rigors of time, with accompanying 100 46 gathered for use in determining evolutionary relationships. This hydration, desiccation, and temperature extremes, to break down 101 47 information can be applied to objects like textiles and baskets. biological molecules. In fact, that does occur (Smith et al., 2003). 102 fi 48 At rst glance, it may be surprising that DNA persists in man- But DNA may show a degree of resistance under certain conditions. 103 49 ufactured objects, and some processes-e.g, mordanting-do break Indeed its structure may have evolved in part to increase its 104 50 stability (Lazcano et al., 1988). There have been many reports of 105 51 ancient DNA isolated from, for example, mammoths preserved in 106 glaciers (Gilbert et al., 2007), human mummies (e.g., Caramelli 52 * Corresponding author. Tel.: þ1 530 752 2413; fax: þ1 530 752 5410. 107 53 E-mail address: [email protected] (T.M. Murphy). et al., 2008), wood (Liepelt et al., 2006), and rope (Mukherjee 108 54 109 e Ó 55 0305-4403/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 110 doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.004 Please cite this article in press as: Murphy, T.M., et al., Hemp in ancient rope and fabric from the Christmas Cave in Israel: talmudic background and DNA sequence identification, Journal of Archaeological Science (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.004 YJASC2841_proof ■ 28 May 2011 ■ 2/10 2 T.M. Murphy et al. / Journal of Archaeological Science xxx (2011) 1e10 111 in 1960 (Allegro, 1965, pp. 6e15). In 2007, the cave was surveyed 176 112 again by Roi Porat and Hanan Eshel (Porat et al., 2007). They 177 113 confirmed that the finds have no connection to the Qumran Caves 178 114 (see also Shamir and Sukenik, 2010). This cave served as a refuge, 179 115 beginning in the Chalcolithic Period and afterwards at the end of 180 116 the Great Revolt in 73 CE and again in the Bar Kokhba Revolt in 135 181 117 CE. (Porat et al., 2009) Among the archaeological finds from this 182 118 cave are wool and linen textiles from various periods. This assort- 183 119 ment of textiles, in contrast to those found in Qumran e which are 184 120 exclusively linen - is similar to those found in Masada (Belis, 2003, 185 121 p. 211, 219, Sheffer and Granger-Taylor, 1994). In the opinion of 186 122 Dr. Orit Shamir of the Israeli Antiquities Authority, comparison to 187 123 the textiles found in The Cave of Letters (Granger-Taylor, 2006; 188 124 Yadin, 1963) is more exact, those being generally coarser than the 189 125 Masada textiles (personal correspondence). 190 126 Because this site is not considered part of the Qumran complex 191 127 of caves, Humpert and Gunneweg’s (2003) inclusion of these 192 128 textiles in the Qumran group of findings is confusing. The intro- 193 129 duction (p. XIX) under the subheading “textiles"” does not mention 194 130 the CC at all, notwithstanding its textile finds being included in the 195 131 subsequent chapters. The CC finds all appear numbered as category 196 132 “QCC”(¼“Qumran Christmas Cave”), and some have been given 197 133 a parallel “QUM” number (Belis, 2003,p.221;Müller et al., 2003, 198 134 p. 277). In Humpert and Gunneweg (2003) Walton Rogers reports 199 135 her analysis of some of these fibers, referring to them simply as 200 136 coming from “a site in the Dead Sea region”, which is correct under 201 137 any circumstances. 202 138 These cordage and textile samples were stored since their 203 139 discovery at the Rockefeller Museum in Jerusalem, examined at 204 140 École Biblique et Archéologique Française de Jérusalem (EBAF), and 205 141 only recently relocated to the Israel Antiquities Authority.
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