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VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY of SOME SECONDARY METABOLITES of Anthyllis Vulneraria L

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VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY of SOME SECONDARY METABOLITES of Anthyllis Vulneraria L International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJMPS) ISSN 2250-0049 Vol.2, Issue 3, Dec 2012 51-64 © TJPRC Pvt. Ltd., PHENOLIC CONTENTS AND IN – VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME SECONDARY METABOLITES OF Anthyllis vulneraria L. FROM ALGERIA MERIEM GHALEM 1, SALIMA MERGHACHE 2, SAID GHALEM 2 AND MERIEM BELARBI 1 1 Laboratory of Natural Products, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the Nature and the Life, University of Tlemcen, Algeria 2Laboratory of Natural and Bioactive substances (LASNABIO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tlemcen, Algeria ABSTRACT Anthyllis vulneraria L. is a plant used in folk medicine for treatment of inflammation, disturbances of metabolism and acne and accelerates the healing of wounds. In this study, total phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyannidin contents, and antioxidant activities of Anthyllis vulneraria polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins extracts were evaluated using in vitro assays. The quantitative estimation showed that leaves and flowers of Anthyllis vulneraria were rich in polyphenols (185.00 – 326.66 mg PE / g DW). Anthyllis vulneraria flowers extract contained the highest levels of total phenolic content (326.66 mg PE /g DW) and flavonoid content (0.14 mg CE /g DW). The leaves extract had the highest content of proanthocyannidins (1.07 %). Polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins were extracted from leaves and flowers of Anthyllis vulneraria . In DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay, all extracts had shown significant optimum inhibition (53.52 – 93.46 %). In addition the IC 50 values of the extracts in DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ranged from 1.06 to 15.00 mg/ml, compared to 0.12, 0.21 and 0.46 mg/ml for gallic acid, tannic acid and ascorbic acid respectively. A dose dependant curve was obtained for all extracts in the ferric reducing power assay (FRAP). However, the antioxidant potencies of ascorbic acid and sample extracts were comparable at low concentrations. The leaves and flowers of Anthyllis vulneraria provide a source of natural antioxidant, and may be beneficial to the health of consumers. They played an important role in protecting the human body against free radicals. KEY WORDS: Anthyllis vulneraria L., Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Tannins, DPPH antioxidant power, Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). INTRODUCTION Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, many based on their use in traditional medicine. Over 50 % of all modern clinical drugs are of natural products origin. Natural products play important roles in drug development in the pharmaceutical industry (Preethi et al., 2010 ; Nagavani et al., 2010). Oxidative stress involving enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the etiology of over one hundred human diseases including inflammation, metabolic disorders, cellular aging, atherosclerosis, heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, cancer, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV / AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, ulcerative colitis and Parkinsons disease (Alho & Leinonen, 1999 ; Olukemi et al., 2005 ; Aliyu et al.,2008; Smith et al., 2000 ; Hyun et al., 2006 ). Antioxidants are molecules that are capable of neutralizing the harmful effects of the ROS through the andogenous enzymatic defense system such as the superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in human system. However, with the increasing damaging environmental factors such as cigarette smoke, UV – rays, radiation and toxic chemicals The endogenous defense system is weakened, resulting to a phenomenal disturbance in the equilibrium 52 Meriem Ghalem, Salima Merghache, Said Ghalem and Meriem Belarbi status of pro-oxidant /antioxidants reactions in living systems. This situation mediates damage to cell structures, including lipids and membranes, proteins and DNA (Valko et al., 2006). Plants derived antioxidants are regarded as effective in controlling the effects of oxidative damage (Viana et al., 1996; Pinder & Sandler, 2004). The antioxidative effect is mainly due to phenolic components, such as flavonoids (Pietta, 1998), phenolic acids and phenolic diterpenes (Shahidi et al., 1992). The antioxidants capacity of phenolic compounds is mainly do to their redox properties, which can play an important role in absorbing and neutralizing free radicals, quenching singlet and triplet oxygen, or decomposing peroxides (Osawa, 1994). The genus Anthyllis belongs to the leguminosae family and comprises more than 170 herbaceous or shrubby species distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (Halabalaki et al., 2011). Anthyllis vulneraria L. is a plant used in folk medicine for treatment of inflammation, disturbances of metabolism and acne and accelerates the healing of wounds (internally and externally) (Nartowska et al.,2001). Anthyllis vulneraria is a wild plant belonging to Papilionaceae family. It is a plant which is found throughout the Mediterranean area and the Northern Europe. It has also been introduced in North America and New Zealand (Hulten & Fries, 1986 a; Hulten & Fries, 1986 b). Anthyllis vulneraria reaches 5 – 40 cm of height. The stem is simple or more often branched. The leaves are imparipinnate, glabrous or with scattered hairs on the upper face and silky hairs on the underside. The flower heads are spherical in shape and 10 – 20 mm long ( Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 2012 ). The plant is known for a variety of purposes. Its flowers are traditionally used as a diuretic, blood purifier, to treat ulcers (Menkovi ć et al.,2011), for diseases of mouth and throat; also are used for exposure and vomiting (Fleming, 2000). This plant is also used for cattle feeding and as a helminthagogue for sheep. The flowers of A. vulneraria are used in cosmetology for hair growth enhancement (Sokoloff, 1997). It has been reported that ethanolic extract of A. vulneraria possess inhibitory effects on the multiplication of human herpesvirus 1 and poliovirus 2 in cell culture (Suganda et al., 1983). Despite the large number of Anthyllis species, only a few have been investigated from a chemical point of view, leading mainly to the identification of flavonoids and their corresponding glycosides. Quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin and rhamnocitrin have been reported as the main aglycones in A. vulneraria (Gonnet et al., 1972). In addition, Nartowska et al. (2001) reported the isolation and structure elucidation of the triterpenoid sapogenin from A. vulneraria . The antioxidant capacity of the methanol extract of A. vulneraria was investigated with various reaction mechanisms : total phenolic content by Folin – Ciocalteu, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values by ABTS radical cation and inhibition of liposome peroxidation ( Godevac et al., 2008). In the present study, the antioxidative properties of the polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin extracts of A. vulneraria leaves and flowers were evaluated by the DPPH and FRAP methods. The results were compared with antioxidant standards that have not been reported to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material The aerial parts of A. vulneraria were collected from Zarifet a region near Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria (1100 m, 34°50'49”N,01°21'45”W), during the flowering period (May 2012). Botanical identification of plant was conducted by Prof. Noury BENABADJI and a voucher specimen of the plant was deposited in the Herbarium of the Laboratory of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, University of Tlemcen, Algeria. Phenolic Contents and In – Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Some Secondary 53 Metabolites of Anthyllis Vulneraria L. From Algeria Before extraction, the fresh leaves and flowers were extended by ground, in one layer, in an open room protected from the sun. During drying time, plants were turned over to allow homogeneous drying. After drying, the leaves and flowers were cut to obtain the fine smithereens, which were used for extractions. PREPARATION OF EXTRACTS Polyphenols Extraction The dried plant materials (10 g) were ground and defatted with n-Hexane (Soxhlet extraction). The defatted powdered plant materials (leaves or flowers) were extracted with a mixture of acetone – water (100 ml, 70/30, v/v) by maceration at room temperature for 24 hours (Yu & Dahlgren, 2005). Then the extracts were filtered through whatman filter paper under vacuum. The MeOH was added to each extract (total polyphenol extracts of leaves and Flowers), two fractions were obtained: a soluble fraction in MeOH (FMPL: leaves; FMPF: flowers) and an insoluble fraction in MeOH (FAPL: leaves; FAPF: flowers). Each filtrate (the MeOH soluble fraction) was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure at 45°C using an evaporator. All fractions were stored at 4°C and afterward, used for further investigation (antioxidant activity). Flavonoids Extraction The dried plant materials (10 g of leaves or flowers) were extracted with 400 ml of mixture MeOH – Water (70/30, v/v) by maceration at room temperature for 24 hours (Fathiazad et al., 2011) . After filtration through whatman filter paper, the MeOH of resultant hydroalcoholic extracts was evaporated at 40°C under reduced pressure and affording the aqueous extracts. Subsequently, the aqueous extracts were then fractionated by solvent – solvent extraction, first with Ethyl acetate and then with n-butanol, using a separating funnel (Pyrex). For each part of plant (leaves
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