DOCSLIB.ORG

View PDF 268.12 K

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
View PDF 268.12 K Vol. 5 No. 3 J Chongqing Univ.-Eng. Ed. September 2006 Article ID: 1671-8224(2006)03- 0181-06 Connotations of architectural culture transmitted in cliff carvings in the Bashu region ∗ LIN Cong-hua 1,2,a, ZHANG Xing-guo 1, LIU Zhi-yong 1 1Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China 2The Research Institute of City and Architecture, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350007, P.R. China Received 5 June 2006; revised 9 July 2006 Abstract: Based on site studies, historical literature investigation and academic communication, this work aims to dig out the cultural significance in architectural and religious aspects conveyed in cliff carvings in the Bashu region. After casting a glance at the origin and evolution of Bashu culture and religion mainly involving Daoism and Buddhism recorded in forms of cliff carvings, we concentrated on discovering the national, regional and folk architectural characters implicated in cliff carvings at different sites within the Bashu region. The cliff carvings in this region vividly depicted the evolution of the architectural culture hereof. The essence of their religious and architectural connotations can be good stuff to be input in today’s architectural design philosophy. Keywords: cliff carvings; architectural culture ; Bashu; Daoism; Buddhism CLC number: K879.2 Document code: A 1 The cultural background of cliff carvings ∗ district, while the native deity culture which mainly refers to Min Mountain God and Min River God, The name “Bashu” appeared first as a writing style produced positive influence on the Qin-Han culture, on the Shang Dynasty bone- inscriptions. According i.e., the Central Plains culture. There was a long-time to Huayang State History-Shu History, ancient Bashu split and chaos period, lasted from the Three domain covered today’s Shichuan and Chongqing Kingdoms Period to the Eastern Jin and Western Jin district, and part of Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Dynasties, and even to the Southern and Northern Shanxi and Ganshu provinces. As a formal science Dynasties in the Chinese history. During this concept put forwards in the 1940s, the Bashu culture turbulent period, Bashu was famous for its unique mainly refers to the culture within Bashu region from religious culture. As the birthplace of Tianshi Daoism the past to today. combined with the Zen Buddhism, Bashu made a In the Shang Dynasty, the Bashu culture appeared great impact on Chinese culture. When it came to the mainly as a deity culture, and then it developed into Tang Dynasty and the period of the Five Dynasties, the Confucian ethical culture from the Western Zhou the political and economic center shifted to southern Dynasty to the Warring States Period. When the Qin China and many famous scholars or masters led by united China at the end of the Warring States Period, Emperor Xuan Zong and Emperor Xi Zong the Bashu culture began to evolve into a regional sub- immigrated to Shu (mainly today’s Sichuan Province) culture of the Qin-Han culture. From then on the area, which promoted cultural exchange between Central Plains culture became popular within Bashu Bashu and the Central Plains. As a great achievement of cultural exchange, cliff carvings witnessed this cultural transfer. During the Southern Song Dynasty a LIN Cong-hua (林从华): Male; Born 1962; Postdoctor; Asso. and the Northern Dynasty, the combined Buddhist Prof.; Research interests: architecture history and theory; and Daoist and Confucian thinking came into being urban theory; E-mail: [email protected]. and was embodied in cliff carvings. In this period, * Funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. Buddhist architecture had not only finished its last 2005037548). Architectural Science 182 J Chongqing Univ.-Eng. Ed. Vol. 5 No. 3 phase of merging into the Chinese architecture, but they sit and face a Buddha. In a chaitya, the central also had a strong regional cultural feature [1]. pillar (often in a Buddhist pagoda form) is the main Reading the Buddhist sutras, drilling Buddhist idol for Buddhist monks and followers to worship. grotto and building a temple for Buddha were the key The central pillar is the key part in the grotto style of ways to propagate Buddhism. Carving stone ancient India. sculptures on natural riverside cliffs was the common With the spread of Buddhism in China, grotto custom of all religious groups in ancient India. With temples began to adapt to the native culture and bear the spread of Buddhism in China, which lasted for some national architectural characters. The grotto about 1600 years, many grotto temples appeared temple built in Qiuci was the earliest typical Chinese across the country. The “thousand-buddha caves”, grotto temple mainly used for the Buddhist religious actually a grotto temple, appeared earliest in Xinjiang service. It evolved into three new forms: chaitya, area. Many other important grotto temples appeared image grottoes, and lecture grottoes. Later on in one after another in Ganshu, Shanxi, Sanxi, Henan, Dunhuang, more kinds appeared: central pillar grotto, Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangshu, Sichuan, and vihara, Buddha grotto, nirvana grotto, upside-down Yunnan areas. Cliff carving mainly has two forms: the funnellike ceiling grotto, and Buddha grotto with back cliff sculpture and the cliff temple. The cliff sculpture screen. Among these types, the upside-down was the transitional form before the grotto temple. funnellike ceiling grotto is of great significance, for it Buddhism became more secularized in China than in replaced the Indian chaitya and became the key type India. There were so many followers and Buddhists of the Chinese grotto temple. In an upside-down that many grottoes did not have enough space to funnellike ceiling grotto, not pagoda but Buddha was accommodate them all. To meet the urgent need of the idol, which marked the final evolution of the space for the fast growing Buddhist population, a new, Buddhist grotto from the Indian style to the Chinese much more spatial Buddhist ceremony place came style. Under the influence of the Chinese native into being, which was a big terrace before the Buddha culture and customs, Buddha grottoes with serene statues carved or the shallow grottoes chiseled on a backgrounds became more popular than those with natural cliff. The cliff Buddhist temple complex was a upside-down funnellike ceilings. Inside a grotto of the later form after the grotto temple. It was a complex of former kind, the symbolized Sumeru Mountain is on a giant stone Buddha or group Buddhist sculpture on a the back screen at the back of Buddha that is on an cliff and a big building to protect the carving and also altar, not in a niche as in an upside-down funnellike to provide ample space for religious ceremonies. This ceiling grotto; in that way, the idol of Buddha is better kind of cliff temple having a Buddha hall as the main displayed than in a niche. In the Chinese culture, building was the last typical form of the grotto temple, Sumeru Mountain is a paradise for supernatural gods and there were usually obvious national, regional, and and common people. So the Buddha (bearing back folk characteristics in it [2]. screen) grotto is the place for worship of supernatural beings and Buddha, which is the most obvious 2 The national architectural characters in Chinese national character [3]. cliff carving Bashu cliff carvings, which first appeared in the Southern and the Northern Dynasties, flourished in Being a special type of the Buddhist architecture, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and up to Ming and Qing grotto temples have mainly two forms. One is called Dynasties. The Huangze Grotto Temple dedicated to vihara, a Buddhist monastery usually used by monks Empress Wu Zetian (the first female sovereign in the for living and meditation. Another is chaitya, a history of China) and the Thousand-Buddha Cliff Buddhist church used for religious service. In a vihara, located on the Jinniu Roadway on the Qin-Shu there stands a central niche, which contains a Buddha passageway connecting ancient China’s Qin, the statue. Many small niches surrounding the central are current Shanxi Province, to Shu, the nowadays used for monks’ meditation and worship in which Sichuan Province, is the earliest grotto temple. Its Architectural Science Vol. 5 No. 3 LIN Cong-hua, et al. / Connotations of architectural culture in cliff carvings in Bashu region 183 construction began in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and late period of the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties, went through the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui the Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, Dynasty and the early Tang Dynasty. It reached its lasting about 400 years with great vigor. The themes zenith during Emperor Gao Zong and Empress Wu include the Pascime digbhage Sect and Tantric Sect of Zetian’s reign, which is shown in many sculptures. Buddhist schools, the figures of sitting Maitreya and Today there still remains 52 grottos and more than Avalokitesvara popular at that time in the Min River 1 200 sculptures, including the Central Pillar Grotto basin and the Jialing River basin, and rare Confucian and the Big Buddha Hall (see Fig. 1) Cave with the Buddhist Scripture Pavilion built for Empress Wu Zetian to worship. The shape of Huangze Grotto Temple in Guangyuan County is a typical, popular style of the Tang Dynasty; the Heming Mountain cliff carving on the main section of Jinniu Roadway in Jiange County is another important group grottoes, which served as a ritual place for Daoism in Tang Dynasty. There remain 18 grottos and 75 sculptures. Among these sculptures, “the Distribution Map of the Five Pecks of Rice Sect” is of great importance, because it presented the scene of the beginning of the Five Pecks of Rice Sect founded by Zhang Ling, -the pioneer Daoist in history (see Fig.2).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Performing Masculinity in Peri-Urban China: Duty, Family, Society
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Performing Masculinity in Peri-Urban China: Duty, Family, Society Magdalena Wong A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London December 2016 1 DECLARATION I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/ PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 97,927 words. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I confirm that different sections of my thesis were copy edited by Tiffany Wong, Emma Holland and Eona Bell for conventions of language, spelling and grammar. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how a hegemonic ideal that I refer to as the ‘able-responsible man' dominates the discourse and performance of masculinity in the city of Nanchong in Southwest China. This ideal, which is at the core of the modern folk theory of masculinity in Nanchong, centres on notions of men's ability (nengli) and responsibility (zeren).
    [Show full text]
  • 旅游减贫案例2020（2021-04-06）
    1 2020 世界旅游联盟旅游减贫案例 WTA Best Practice in Poverty Alleviation Through Tourism 2020 Contents 目录 广西河池市巴马瑶族自治县：充分发挥生态优势，打造特色旅游扶贫 Bama Yao Autonomous County, Hechi City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Give Full Play to Ecological Dominance and Create Featured Tour for Poverty Alleviation ／ 002 世界银行约旦遗产投资项目：促进城市与文化遗产旅游的协同发展 World Bank Heritage Investment Project in Jordan: Promote Coordinated Development of Urban and Cultural Heritage Tourism ／ 017 山东临沂市兰陵县压油沟村：“企业 + 政府 + 合作社 + 农户”的组合模式 Yayougou Village, Lanling County, Linyi City, Shandong Province: A Combination Mode of “Enterprise + Government + Cooperative + Peasant Household” ／ 030 江西井冈山市茅坪镇神山村：多项扶贫措施相辅相成，让山区变成景区 Shenshan Village, Maoping Town, Jinggangshan City, Jiangxi Province: Complementary Help-the-poor Measures Turn the Mountainous Area into a Scenic Spot ／ 038 中山大学： 旅游脱贫的“阿者科计划” Sun Yat-sen University: Tourism-based Poverty Alleviation Project “Azheke Plan” ／ 046 爱彼迎：用“爱彼迎学院模式”助推南非减贫 Airbnb: Promote Poverty Reduction in South Africa with the “Airbnb Academy Model” ／ 056 “三区三州”旅游大环线宣传推广联盟：用大 IP 开创地区文化旅游扶贫的新模式 Promotion Alliance for “A Priority in the National Poverty Alleviation Strategy” Circular Tour: Utilize Important IP to Create a New Model of Poverty Alleviation through Cultural Tourism ／ 064 山西晋中市左权县：全域旅游走活“扶贫一盘棋” Zuoquan County, Jinzhong City, Shanxi Province: Alleviating Poverty through All-for-one Tourism ／ 072 中国旅行社协会铁道旅游分会：利用专列优势，实现“精准扶贫” Railway Tourism Branch of China Association of Travel Services: Realizing “Targeted Poverty Alleviation” Utilizing the Advantage
    [Show full text]
  • Modern International Park City and Ecological Civilization Education Practice: Taking Chengdu Tianfu Greenway As the Core
    ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 16, No. 9, 2020, pp. 28-35 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/11896 www.cscanada.org Modern International Park City and Ecological Civilization Education Practice: Taking Chengdu Tianfu Greenway as the Core PENG Ou[a]; WANG XiaoJu[b]; GAO Xuemeng[c]; ZHANG Zhengbo[d],* [a] Ph.D., Lectrurer. College of teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Modern Park City; Ecological Education China. Key words: [b]Vice President and Professor, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China. Practice; Environmental Aesthetics; Chengdu Tianfu [c]Current PhD student, China-ASEAN Art College, Chengdu University, Green Way; “Beautiful and livable park city” Chengdu, China. [d]Associate Professor, China-ASEAN Art College, Chengdu University, Peng, O., Wang, X. J., Gao, X. M., & Zhang, Z. B. (2020). Modern Chengdu, China. International Park City and Ecological Civilization Education Practice: * Corresponding author. Taking Chengdu Tianfu Greenway as the Core. Canadian Social Science, 16(9), 28-35. Available from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/ Supported by the Chengdu University’s 2019 Educational Reform Project “Innovative Practice in the Cultivation of International Artistic view/11896 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/11896 Talents under the Co-construction of the “One Belt and One Road” Initiative-Taking the China-ASEAN Art College of Chengdu University as an example” When we talk about green way, the first thing people think of is the kind of green corridors, forest runways, Received 27 June 2020; accepted 19 August 2020 Published online 26 September 2020 and green linear corridors that line the towns and villages, historical monuments, temple towers, and the open linear space impression of the mountains and forests.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sichuan Folk Songs Pedagogy at Sichuan Consevratory of Music in China
    The Sichuan folk songs pedagogy at sichuan consevratory of music in china Jieke Wang A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for degree of Master of Music in Music March 2021 Copyright of Mahasarakham University การสอนเพลงพ้ืนบา้ นสือฉวน ในวิทยาลัยดนตรีสือฉวน ประเทศจีน วิทยานิพนธ์ ของ Jieke Wang เสนอต่อมหาวทิ ยาลยั มหาสารคาม เพื่อเป็นส่วนหน่ึงของการศึกษาตามหลกั สูตร ปริญญาดุริยางคศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาดุริยางคศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต มีนาคม 2564 ลิขสิทธ์ิเป็นของมหาวทิ ยาลยั มหาสารคาม The Sichuan folk songs pedagogy at sichuan consevratory of music in china Jieke Wang A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for Master of Music (Music) March 2021 Copyright of Mahasarakham University The examining committee has unanimously approved this Thesis, submitted by Mr. Jieke Wang , as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music Music at Mahasarakham University Examining Committee Chairman (Asst. Prof. Khomkrit Karin , Ph.D.) Advisor (Asst. Prof. Sayam Juangprakhon , Ph.D.) Committee ( Tanaporn Bhengsri , Ph.D.) Committee (Assoc. Prof. Jatuporn Seemong , Ph.D.) Mahasarakham University has granted approval to accept this Thesis as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Music Music (Asst. Prof. Khomkrit Karin , Ph.D.) (Assoc. Prof. Krit Chaimoon , Ph.D.) Dean of College of Music Dean of Graduate School D ABSTRACT TITLE The Sichuan folk songs pedagogy at sichuan consevratory of music in china AUTHOR Jieke Wang ADVISORS Assistant Professor Sayam Juangprakhon , Ph.D. DEGREE Master of Music MAJOR Music UNIVERSITY Mahasarakham University YEAR 2021 ABSTRACT The Sichuan Conservatory of Music is the most important conservatory of music in southwest China, and so are Sichuan folk songs. Folk songs are mostly collective creations processed and improved by the masses through oral transmission.
    [Show full text]
  • Aesthetic Characteristics in Ba Culture
    Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2020, 8, 251-261 https://www.scirp.org/journal/jss ISSN Online: 2327-5960 ISSN Print: 2327-5952 Aesthetic Characteristics in Ba Culture Lei Ma Ba Cultural Research Institute, Sichuan University of Arts and Sciences, Dazhou, China How to cite this paper: Ma, L. (2020). Abstract Aesthetic Characteristics in Ba Culture. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8, 251-261. The Ba cultural elements can still be summarized and analyzed by their relics https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.89020 and the Tujia culture passed down to now after they disappeared. Here is a preliminary summary of the aesthetic characteristics of Ba culture through Received: August 24, 2020 Accepted: September 22, 2020 the form of Ba people’s tombs, utensils, songs and dances. It reflects the Published: September 25, 2020 beauty of primitive simplicity, abstraction of animal worship, spirituality ad- vocating witchcraft, worship with fight and cooperation, flexibility and round- Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. ness, and compatibility from diverse sources. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International Keywords License (CC BY 4.0). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Ba Culture, Aesthetics, Characteristics Open Access 1. Introduction Although the Ba people and their culture have disappeared in the long history of mankind, from the legacy or cultural elements of the handed down, many marks left by the Ba culture can still be seen. More important ancient relics such as Xiaotianxi, Luojiaba, Chengba and other various cultural sites scattered in Chongqing and East Sichuan, and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Information Technology in Academic Libraries' Resource
    The Role of Information Technology in Academic Libraries’ Resource Sharing in Western China Lian Ruan 阮炼 and Zhu Qiang 朱强 Abstract This essay examines the work of China Academic Library and Infor- mation System (CALIS), an academic library community that has established resource sharing in a network environment. More spe- cifically, it examines CALIS’s work in the developed Eastern and the underdeveloped Western regions in China and considers how CALIS has used information technology to narrow the gap between aca- demic library communities in these distinct regions. It also attempts to promote professional understanding about academic libraries in China’s Western region, especially around the ways in which these libraries have used information technology and digital databases of local culture to help transform communities across their regions. Introduction Chinese academic libraries have changed in the past 30 years. As economic reforms swept through China, academic libraries have transformed their infrastructure, work modes, service patterns, and service concepts. These libraries have abandoned a traditional model of librarianship in favor of a modern model (Zhang, 2011, p. 219). Nowadays, academic libraries func- tion as university-based documentation and information centers (Wang, 2001, p. 40). As of 2010, according to official statistics, there were 1,800 academic libraries in China (Wang & Chen, 2010, p. 29). In 2009, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council held an education conference and officially published aNational Outline for Medium and Long-term Educa- tion Reform and Development (2010–2020). This document was a blueprint for the continued development of higher education and academic librar- ies.
    [Show full text]
  • North Tea-Horse Ancient Road" on Music and Dance in Longnan
    2018 7th International Workshop on Arts, Culture, Literature, and Education (IWACLE 2018) Humanistic Interpretation on the Impacts of the "North Tea-Horse Ancient Road" on Music and Dance in Longnan Fei Wen Sichuan University of Culture and Arts, Mianyang, Sichuan Province, China Keywords: "the North Tea-Horse Ancient Road", music and dance, cultural routes, unity in diversity Abstract: To a great extent, the dissemination, exchanging and development of the Chinese civilization and the world civilization are achieved on the basis of the "road". The "road" does not only have the function of transportation, but also provides the material basis of communication for residents live in different areas. The road enables people to communicate with each other about their spiritual worlds such as their thoughts, concepts and behaviors. Therefore, the "road" has specific vitality and historical functions. 1. Introduction Like the "Silk Road", the "Tea-Horse Ancient Road" is a poetic and imaginative name given by six scholars in Yunnan Province in the early 1990s, after they investigated several trade routes in southwestern China. With the main purpose of "Tea-Horse Mutual Market", these routes have been opened since the Han Dynasty. In recent years, with the advancement of China's "the Belt and Road" initiative, the historical status and the practical significance of the "Tea-Horse Ancient Road" has become increasingly prominent. The geographical definition of the "Tea-Horse Ancient Road" has been extended from the original concept of "Southwest China" to "areas include Yunnan, Tibet and Sichuan, and further extend to Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces." In June 2010, the "Pu'er Consensus" was reached at the "Pu'er Forum on Cultural Heritage Protection: Heritage Protection of the Tea-Horse Ancient Road" co-sponsored by the National Cultural Heritage Administration and the People's Government of Yunnan Province.
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Lin Pan of Western Sichuan “Going Out” Tailin Zhou (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China)
    2018 3rd International Conference on Society Science and Economics Development (ICSSED 2018) ISBN: 978-1-60595-031-0 A Study on Rural Rejuvenation with Western Sichuan Regional Culture —Promoting Lin Pan of Western Sichuan “going out” Tailin Zhou (College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China) Keywords: Lin Pan of Western Sichuan, Revitalization of the Countryside, Model Building, Bashu Culture Abstract: Along with the integration of urban and rural construction, the urban area of many cities in China has been expanding rapidly, and farmland and rural areas around the city have gradually become the new urban areas. Agriculture and rural areas are being absorbed by the growing cities. Development has been made at the expense of the surrounding farmland and natural scenery as a heavy price. The development of blindness has led to the serious homogenization of the "one side" of the current planning and construction, the lack of vitality and greenness of the city as well as the collapse of farmland, energy shortage and environmental problems. Even having the congenital advantages of the Chengdu Plain and facing the problem of gradually compressed living space, how can Lin Pan of western Sichuan under this huge impact not only gets its own development but also retains the original landscape features has become a current major issue. Therefore, based on the study of Lin Pan of Western Sichuan, this paper studies the strategies of rural revitalization, researches how to build a rural model with the regional cultural characteristics of West Sichuan and seeks to build a model system suitable for the development and protection of Lin Pan of Western Sichuan.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research, volume 165 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2020) Research on the Impact of Consumer Experience Perception on City Brands in Different Food Environments — Taking Chengdu as an Example Xiaoyu Dai1,* Chaoying Wang1 Yiqi Qiu1 1College of Tourism, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611830, China *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Food is not only an important part of tourism experience, but also a unique symbol of a city. Through the research on the food environment experience, taking Chengdu as a case, the consumers in the themed restaurant and "fly diners" are investigated and researched. This paper uses factor analysis, regression analysis and other methods to study consumers' perception of the food environment experience and its influence on city brands. The results show that in the food environment experience, the sensory experience of food has a significant positive impact on the city brand, while the dining facilities and service, and value-added services have no significant impact on the city brand. Under the two environmental experiences of "fly diners" and themed restaurants, consumers' sensory experience of food, and dining facilities and service are significantly different, while there is no significant difference in value-added services. Judging from the significant impact on city brands, whether it is a "fly diner" or a themed restaurant, it should pay more attention to the sensory experience of the food itself. Keywords: food environment experience, city brand, consumers, "fly diner", themed restaurant hand, it has also become an important part of tourism I.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019 of Xinhua Winshare, but Does Not Include the Financial Statements and Our Auditor’S Report Thereon
    (a joint stock limited company incorporated in the People's Republic of China with limited liability) (Stock Code: 00811) ANNUAL 2019 REPORT For identification purposes only Contents 2 Definitions 6 Important Notice 7 Corporate Information 9 Financial Summary 10 Chairman’s Statement 16 Corporate Structure of the Group 20 Management Discussion and Analysis 39 Report of the Directors 52 Corporate Governance Report 68 Profile of Directors, Supervisors, Senior Management and Employees 78 Environmental, Social and Governance Report 99 Report of the Supervisory Committee 102 Auditor’s Report 107 Statements, Notes and Supplementary Information Prepared in accordance with the China Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises Definitions In this report (excluding the section of the auditor’s report), the following expressions shall have the meanings stated below unless the context otherwise requires: 2019 AGM the annual general meeting to be held by the Company on 21 May 2020 A Share(s) Renminbi-denominated ordinary share(s) of the Company with a nominal value of RMB1.00 each, all of which are issued in China, subscribed in Renminbi and listed on the SSE Articles of Association the articles of association of the Company (as amended from time to time) Audit Committee the audit committee under the Board of the Company Bank of Chengdu Bank of Chengdu Co., Ltd. Board the board of directors of the Company CG Code the Corporate Governance Code set out in Appendix 14 to the Listing Rules CITIC Buyout Fund CITIC Buyout Investment Fund (Shenzhen) Partnership (Limited Partnership) Companies Ordinance the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance (Chapter 622 of the Laws of Hong Kong) Company Law the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China Company, Xinhua Winshare or Xinhua Winshare Publishing and Media Co., Ltd.* (新華文軒出版傳媒股份有 Listed Company 限公司) Consolidated Statement of Changes the details of movements of the Group’s reserves for the Year in Shareholders’ Equity Controlling Shareholder or Sichuan Xinhua Publishing Group Co., Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • The Local Brand Value of Ba Di's Literature
    International Journal of Science Vol.7 No.11 2020 ISSN: 1813-4890 The Local Brand Value of Ba Di’s Literature Chunyan Wang, Yan Ran Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, Sichuan, 635000, China. Abstract Ba Di literature has accumulated a large number of excellent works since the 1970s and 1980s, which has an important impact on Chinese literary, film and television, critics and cultural circles. Its social influence on the brand of Ba Di culture has far-reaching significance for the broad social groups to accept Ba literature and culture. The successful creation of cultural brand of Bashan literature includes the creation, publicity, dissemination and formation of cultural brand value. To successfully realize the whole non purposeful cultural brand, we should remain the fine culture of Ba Di literature. Keywords Bashan literature; Cultural brand value; Creation; Dissemination. 1. Introduction In the 1970s and 1980s, the spring breeze of China's reform and opening -up awakened a large number of students and literati living in Bashan. They integrated their own experience, perception and emotion into the literary creation of Bashan. The farmers, teachers and students living in Bashan took the train of the reform of the times to express their experiences and life, experience and reflection, passion and thought, reality and reality Longing becomes a poem, a novel, a page of prose, a scene of film and television They are constantly published in newspapers and magazines, and remade on film and television screens, bringing fresh vitality and vigorous power to the Chinese literary world, which has been silent for a long time in the long history.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ernian Lü Ling Manuscript
    The Ernian lü ling Manuscript Dissertation! zur Erlangung der Würde des Doktors der Philosophie der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Li Jingrong aus Hunan Hamburg 2014 Angenommen vom Fachbereich Orientalistik (Asien-Afrika-Institut) der Universität Hamburg Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Friedrich Zweiter Gutachter: Pd. Dr. Ulrich Lau Datum der Disputation: 14. 07. 2014 II Acknowledgements I am very thankful that I had the opportunity to do my PhD at the University of Hamburg. First, I would like to thank Professor Michael Friedrich for have invited me to do my PhD in Hamburg and for his support during my study in Hamburg. His inspiring and patient guidance has led me to shape my research ideas. His thought-provoking comments have significantly helped me to revise my thesis. I have learnt different research methods from him, as well as to do research conscientiously. I am very grateful to Doctor Lau for commenting on my thesis and giving me valuable suggestions for further revisions. He is a knowledgeable specialist for the study of Chinese early law. The discussions with him have significantly enriched my knowledge about law of early China and its legal system. Beside, I wish to thank him for showing me his unpublished materials about legal terms. I feel indebted to Professor Chen Songchang for supporting me to study in Hamburg and commenting on my thesis. He has also kindly shown me valuable materials of legal manuscripts collected by Yuelu Academy before publication and discussed them with our research group in Hamburg. I would also like to thank Thies Staack, Wang Bin, and Haeree Park very much for their help.
    [Show full text]