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Heritage in the Myanmar Frontier: Shan State, Haws, and Conditions for Public Participation
HERITAGE IN THE MYANMAR FRONTIER: SHAN STATE, HAWS, AND CONDITIONS FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Zaw Lin Myat Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Historic Preservation Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation Columbia University May 2016 For the Union ZAW LIN MYAT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Erica Avrami, in guiding me through this process since the beginning. This thesis would not have been possible without her support, encouragement, and understanding. I would also like to thank my readers, Prof. Paul Bentel, and Prof. William Logan, for offering me insights and criticisms for improvement. Many thanks to my professors at the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation for an amazing academic experience at Columbia University. I would also like to acknowledge the support provided by GSAPP’s Kinne Fund and Dorothy Miner Fund, which enabled my thesis travel. During the research trip in Shan State, many local residents helped me in finding sources, accompanied me to visit many places, and invited me warmly to their homes. I am very grateful for their hospitality and support. I would like to thank my grandparents in Taunggyi especially, U Tin Win and Daw Shu Fong, for their support although grandpa was very much concerned about my travel as he called me every few hours on the phone to check on my travel route. I apologize for the worries I might have caused. My beloved aunts, Kyu Kyu and Chun Nyunt from Yawnghwe, not only supported me enormously in planning the travel routes but also took care of every accommodation and meal during the trip in Shan State so that I could concentrate on this thesis. -
Sawangwongse Yawnghwe Was Born in Shan State, Myanmar (Formally Burma)
! ART BASEL OVR:Portals 16 – 19 June 2021 ! ! SAWANGWONGSE YAWNGHWE Sawangwongse Yawnghwe was born in Shan State, Myanmar (formally Burma). Myanmar is the third-largest country in Southeast Asia with an ongoing political turmoil since the military junta took on 1st February 2021. Yawnghwe is the grandson of the first elected president of the Union of Burma and the last monarch of Yawnghwe. His family was forced to seek refuge in Thailand after the military intervention in 1962, during which his grandfather and uncle were killed. Yawnghwe's father was part of the Shan State Army, which was founded by his grandmother in the jungle near the border of Thailand to resist Myanmar's military government in Shan State. State violence against minorities in Myanmar, which was behind the family's struggle and forced exile, continues to this day, as the government of Myanmar denies citizenship to the Rohingya Muslim community. Today, the current situation in Myanmar is under the control of the military junta. In his series of paintings presented at Art Basel OVR: Portal 2021, Yawnghwe portrays the current political situation in Myanmar and the historic images of the Yawnghwe aristocratic family. In his latest works, Yawnghwe has chosen to divide his canvas into two parts, one portraying various patterns of the traditional textile of Myanmar the other portraying figurative images of Shan State aristocracy. These textiles are still worn across Myanmar ! ART BASEL OVR:Portals 16 – 19 June 2021 ! ! in today's modern world. The subject of his works is based on the idea of a regional superstition which is believed that it is extremely bad luck to be beneath women’s lower garment: in this case a sarong type garment called “Longyi”. -
Physoschistura Dikrongensis, a New Loach from Arunachal Pradesh, India (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)
Zootaxa 3586: 249–254 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press Article ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:A411F930-8D4A-4C25-9E09-0EAD4E2CD7A9 Physoschistura dikrongensis, a new loach from Arunachal Pradesh, India (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) Y. LOK ES HWO R 1 & W. VISHWANATH2 Department of Life Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur-795 003, Manipur, India. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract A new species of nemacheilid, Physoschistura dikrongensis, is described from the Brahmaputra basin in Arunachal Pradesh, India. It is easily distinguishable from congeners in having two V-shaped dark brown bars across the caudal fin towards the distal end; 11–15 irregular bars on the body; dark brown mottled markings on the head; 4 simple and 8½ branched dorsal-fin rays; 4 simple anal-fin rays; an incomplete lateral line; a forked caudal fin with 8+7 branched rays; a well-developed axillary pelvic lobe; suborbital flap in males, and nine preoperculo-mandibular sensory canal pores. Key words: Dikrong River, Doimukh, Brahmaputra basin, New nemacheilid Introduction Banarescu & Nalbant (in Singh et al. 1982) described the genus Physoschistura designating Nemacheilus brunneana Annandale (1918) from Yawnghwe Valley and Inle Lake, Myanmar, as its type species. Kottelat (1990, 2001) and Lokeshwor & Vishwanth (2012) diagnosed the genus in having a small body (less than 60 mm SL), strongly arched mouth, medially interrupted lower lip forming two lateral broadly triangular pads with deep furrows and irregularly shaped bars on the body. Chen et al. (2011) recognized seven species in the genus, which are distributed in the Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Salween and upper Mekong drainages, and described P. -
“We Are Like Forgotten People” RIGHTS the Chin People of Burma: Unsafe in Burma, Unprotected in India WATCH
Burma HUMAN “We Are Like Forgotten People” RIGHTS The Chin People of Burma: Unsafe in Burma, Unprotected in India WATCH “We Are Like Forgotten People” The Chin People of Burma: Unsafe in Burma, Unprotected in India Copyright © 2009 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 2-56432-426-5 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org January 2009 2-56432-426-5 “We Are Like Forgotten People” The Chin People of Burma: Unsafe in Burma, Unprotected in India Map of Chin State, Burma, and Mizoram State, India .......................................................... 1 Map of the Original Territory of Ethnic Chin Tribes ............................................................. -
Federated Shan States Government
Shan States Gazette - Volume 03/2009 1 Information Department of Shan Government, Federated Shan States 2 Shan States Gazette - Volume 03/2009 Country Profile Size: Lies between 19 and 24 degrees latitude North, and Stretches from 96 to 101 degrees longitude East, covering approximately 64,000 square mile; shares boundaries with Burma, China, Laos, Thailand and the Karenni. Topography and Drainage: Bisected north to south by the Salween, one of the longest rivers in Asia. It lies at an average of 2,000 feet above sea-level, and the highest point, Mount Loilaeng, is 8,777 feet. It is composed of broad valleys, thickly wooded mountain ranges and rolling hills forming scenic landscapes. Jong- ang, the biggest waterfall (972 feet) can be found near the town of Kengtong in Mongnai State. Climate There are three seasons: Raing (May to October), cold (November to January) and Warm (February to April). Annual rainfalls average between 40-60 inches. The overall temperature is agreeable: not too cold and not too hot. Information Department of Shan Government, Federated Shan States Shan States Gazette - Volume 03/2009 3 Vegetation Pine and evergreen forests can be found in abundance. Teak and various kinds of hardwood cover over 47,210 square miles. Minerals The bulk of the so-called Burmese natural resources are in the Shan State: silver, lead, gold, copper, iron, tin, wolfram, tungsten, manganese, nickel, coal, mica, antimony, fluorite, marble, gemstones and even uranium. Mines well known are: the Mogok (Mognkut in Shan) and Mongsu ruby mines, and the Namtu Bawdwin silver mines discovered by the Chinese traders and renovated in 1904 by none other than Herbert Clerk Hoover (1874-1964) who became the 31st President of the United State. -
Min-Gyi-Nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524-27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486-1539
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, Autumn 2005, ISSN 1479-8484 Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524-27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486-1539 Jon Fernquist1 Min-gyi-nyo (r.1486-1531) occupies an important place in Burmese history as the first king of the First Toungoo dynasty of Burma (1486-1599). After Min-gyi-nyo’s death in 1531 mainland Southeast Asia rapidly became the stage for large-scale expansionary warfare. This warfare unified what for hundreds of years had been separate isolated zones of Burmese and Tai political control. The Toungoo Dynasty rapidly established control for a short time over such far-flung states as Ayutthya, Lan Chang (Laos), and the Chinese Shan states. As a result of these wars the Burmese state expanded to a size that it has never matched again. Min-gyi-nyo has long been neglected by historians of Burma. The last scholarly journal article on his reign was published in 1912 (Shwe Zan Aung, May Oung, and M.K., 1912). Lieberman (2003, 142-4, 150-1) and Surakiat (2005) have recently reasserted Min-gyi-nyo’s importance for the study of state expansion and the early modern Southeast Asian polity. Despite this new-found importance, there is still no adequate narrative history of 1 I would like to thank the anonymous referees for their extensive and helpful critiques as well as Mike Charney, U Saw Tun, Bruce Reynolds, and Michael Aung-Thwin for their help and encouragement. ©2005 JON FERNQUIST SOAS BULLETIN OF BURMA RESEARCH 285 Min-gyi-nyo’s reign available in English. -
Burma (Myanmar)
report Burma (Myanmar): The Time for Change By Martin Smith Acknowledgements Minority Rights Group International Minority Rights Group International (MRG) gratefully acknowl- Minority Rights Group International (MRG) is a non-govern- edges the support of all organizations and individuals who mental organization (NGO) working to secure the rights of gave financial and other assistance for this report ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities and indigenous peo- ples worldwide, and to promote cooperation and The Author understanding between communities. Our activities are Martin Smith is a writer and journalist specializing in Burmese focused on international advocacy, training, publishing and and ethnic minority affairs. He is author of Burma: Insurgency outreach. We are guided by the needs expressed by our and the Politics of Ethnicity, and he has reported for a variety worldwide partner network of organizations which represent of media, including the Guardian and the BBC. His television minority and indigenous peoples. work includes the documentaries, Dying for Democracy (UK Channel Four) and Forty Million Hostages (BBC). He has also MRG works with over 130 organizations in nearly 60 coun- written papers and reports for a number of academic institu- tries. Our governing Council, which meets twice a year, has tions and non-governmental organizations, including Article members from 10 different countries. MRG has consultative 19, World University Service, Tokyo University of Foreign Stud- status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council ies and Anti-Slavery International. Other publications include (ECOSOC), and is registered as a charity and a company Ethnic Groups in Burma: Development, Democracy and limited by guarantee under English law. -
Mapping India's Northeast
No. 12, November 2008 State of the States: Mapping India’s Northeast PAPERS Bhagat Oinam East-West Center Washington WORKING East‐West Center The East‐West Center is an internationally recognized education and research organization established by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to strengthen understanding and relations between the United States and the countries of the Asia Pacific. Through its programs of cooperative study, training, seminars, and research, the Center works to promote a stable, peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community in which the United States is a leading and valued partner. Funding for the Center comes for the U.S. government, private foundations, individuals, corporations and a number of Asia‐ Pacific governments. East‐West Center Washington Established on September 1, 2001, the primary function of the East‐West Center Washington is to further the East‐West Center mission and the institutional objective of building a peaceful and prosperous Asia Pacific community through substantive programming activities focused on the theme of conflict reduction in the Asia Pacific region and promoting American understanding of and engagement in Asia Pacific affairs. Contact Information: Editor, EWCW Working Papers East‐West Center Washington 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 200 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel: (202) 293‐3995 Fax: (202) 293‐1402 [email protected] Bhagat Oinam is an Associate Professor at the Center for Philosophy, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India. East‐West Center Washington Working Papers This Working Paper is a product of the East‐West Center Project on Internal Conflicts and State‐Building Challenges in Asia. See pages 41—55 for details. No. -
NE WIN's TATMADAW DICTATORSHIP by Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe B.A., University of Rangoon, 1961 a THESIS SUBMITTED in PARTIAL FULFILLMEN
NE WIN'S TATMADAW DICTATORSHIP By Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe B.A., University of Rangoon, 1961 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Political Science) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1990 (c) Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe, 1990 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Political Science The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date 27 April 1990 DE-6 (2/88) i i ABSTRACT This thesis examines the nature of Burma's military regime which came to power in March 1962, and which has portrayed itself, somewhat successfully until 1988, as a regime which has constructed a "Burmese" socialist political order in Burma. Though this self-image was more or less accepted by many observers, there nonetheless could be detected in writings on the regime some degree of scholarly unease regarding the nature of the regime stemming from its many glaring failures not only in economic management, but also in arresting political decay which has transformed Burma into a poverty-stricken, debt-ridden, and almost pre-modern authoritarian polity. -
Peace Accords in Northeast India: Journey Over
46 About this Issue Recent Series Publications: Policy Studies 46 Policy Studies Policy This monograph examines the effec- Policy Studies 45 tiveness and sustainability of peace The Karen Revolution in Burma: Diverse Voices, Uncertain Ends accords in Northeast India. A compar- Ardeth Maung Thawnghmung, University of ative examination of thirteen accords Massachusetts, Lowell signed in the region between 1949 and Policy Studies 44 2005 finds that only one—the Mizo Economy of the Conflict Region Accord of 1986—was successful in cre- in Sri Lanka: Peace Accords in Northeast India in Northeast Accords Peace ating an enduring peace. Most often, From Embargo to Repression Muttukrishna Sarvananthan, Point Pedro mediators and negotiators have seen a Institute of Development, Sri Lanka peace accord as an endpoint instead of viewing it as just one part of a peace Policy Studies 43 Looking Back, Looking Forward: Peace Accords process. Unfortunately, the accord- Centralization, Multiple Conflicts, and making processes in Northeast India Democratic State Building in Nepal have been flawed: preaccord talks have Mahendra Lawoti, Western Michigan in Northeast India: not been inclusive; the provisions University agreed upon with one group frequent- Policy Studies 42 ly conflict with the interests of anoth- Conflict and Peace in India’s Northeast: Journey over Milestones er; accords contain provisions that The Role of Civil Society Samir Kumar Das, University of Calcutta cannot be implemented; or they do not deal with core issues. Moreover, no Policy Studies 41 Muslim Perspectives on the responsive and accountable political Sri Lankan Conflict infrastructure has been created in Dennis B. McGilvray, University of Colorado Northeast India either for conflict res- at Boulder Swarna Rajagopalan olution or for governance itself. -
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XXIV SOME INDIAN SPIDERS OF THE SUB-FAMILY TETRAGNATHINAE. By F. H. GRAVELY, D.Se., F.A.S.B., Superintendent, Government M'l-tseum, Madras. Spiders of the subfalui1y 'fetragnathinae must be fatlliliar to all field naturalists in India especially the curiously elongate species which comprise the large and widely di~tributed genus Tetragnatha, and the handsome sil very species which are among the commonest representatives of the genus Leucauge (=Argyroepeira). Both are moisture-loving genera, most abundant in the rains, and often frequenters of vegetation bordering streams and tanks, among which they spin their circular and generally more or less horizontal webs. Leucauge is usually diurnal and sits in its web all day; but Tetragnatha is 1110re nocturnal and cOlnmonly rests by day with its legs stretched straight out in front of and behind it on a twig, leaf or blade of grass near its web-or sometimes (e.g. T gracilis) on a twig which passes through the centre of the web. ~ Eleven other genera of the subfamily are recorded from the Otiental Region in Simon's "Historie N aturelle des Araignees,H namely Atelidea, Atimiosa, Dolichognatha, Dyschiriognatha, Euc;ta, Meta, Mitoscelis, Orsinome, Pachygnatta, Timonoe and Tylorida, and of these all except Mitoscelis and Tylorida are already known from India, Burma or Ceylon. Only two of them, however, namely Eucta and Orsinome, can be de~lt wi th in the present paper as the others are not sufficiently represented in the collection before me. This collection belongs to the Zoological Survey of India, except for a few specimens belonging to the Madras Museum and a few belonging to Mr. -
National Dialogue: Armed Groups, Contested Legitimacy and Political Transition Harn Yawnghwe
Burma National dialogue: armed groups, contested legitimacy and political transition Harn Yawnghwe Legitimacy is the key challenge for the Burma Army or Tatmadaw, even after 50 years of absolute rule. There is no doubt that it has the coercive power to continue ruling. But no one – not the ethnic population, not the person in the street, and not even the international community – sees the military as the legitimate and rightful ruler. The armed struggles that have beset Burma /Myanmar who constitute at least 40 per cent of the population and since independence in 1948 have involved multiple armed whose homelands make up about 60 per cent of Burma’s groups seeking recognition and representation and ongoing current territory. demands for political transition of the military regime. Recent reformist moves by the state have raised hopes The ethnic nationalities’ competing national vision that there is an opportunity for real change. A proposed acknowledges only temporary subjugation by three Myanmar nationwide ceasefire aims to bring in all armed groups – kings, looking instead to their own kings and traditional those that have already signed ceasefires and those that rulers, including those reigning during British rule. They do have not. A subsequent National Dialogue looks to include not consider that they were part of the Myanmar empire; in all stakeholders – armed groups, political parties and civil fact, they agreed to join their territories to Myanmar at the society. The dialogue is not just about resolving armed 1947 Panglong Conference and claim that they and not the insurgencies, but about the future of the country.