Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. aggrading neomorphism 48 backscattered electron (BSE) imaging albite and albitization 9 Niger Delta Tertiary sands 249 authigenic 272–273, 277–278 Pannonian Basin study 407 cement 11 back-scattered electron microscopy (BSEM) 15 Algeria see Illizi Basin Arbuckle Group 283, 291–292 alkali elements, quartz cement study 378–379, barite 10, 11, 274–275 382–384, 384 baroque dolomite see under dolomite aluminium, quartz cement study 377–378, 378, 379–382, Barra Velha Formation 379, 384 Mg-rich clay mineral growth Amenas-Bourarhat Sud study area see Hirnantian chemical controls 36–38 glaciation sandstones diagenetic controls 39–41 analytical techniques, summary of 13–15 environment of formation 33–34 see also named methods sedimentological controls 38–39 anhydrite 10, 11, 13, 274–275 structural controls 34–36 Anschutz Ranch East Field (USA) 161 summary of behaviours 41–43 apatite cement 12 basin modelling 249–250 aragonite 4, 5 Niger Delta Tertiary 250–252 dissolution 47–48 Bassein Limestone in eodiagenesis 5 depositional environment 70 Arbuckle Group facies 71 geological setting 285–287 geological setting 68–70 methods of analysis 283–284 methods of analysis 72–73 results results BSEM 291–292 matrix porosity and stylolite density 74–76 fluid inclusion 292–300 pore system 73–74 paragenesis 287–288 results discussed early 288 diagenetic phases 76–77, 77 late 288–291 dissolution mechanism 79–83 Sr isotopes 306–309 porosity generation 77–79 stable isotopes 300–306 stratigraphy 69–70, 69 results discussed tritiated water tracer test 70, 72 fluid flow conduits 309–310 Belgium, Hallembaye chalk study hydrologic models 311–315 methods hydrothermal event timing 315 effluent ion chromatography 220, 221 hydrothermal fluids 310–311 FEG-SEM 222 migration events 311 flooding 218–220 stratigraphy 285 porosity 224–226 summary 315–316 pycnometry 222 Arroyo Grande Field (USA) 161 sample selection 218 ATR-FTIR (attenuated total reflectance whole-rock geochemistry 222–224 Fourier transform infrared) XRD 222 spectroscopy results Qishn Formation 109, 111 effluent ion chromatography 227 Austria see Vienna Basin FEG-SEM 227–228, 227, 228 authigenic minerals porosity 226 quartz 373–374 whole-rock geochemistry 228–229, 231 Vedder Formation XRD 228, 229, 230 anhydrite 274–275 results discussed 229–230, 232–233 barite 274 summary 233 carbonate 271–272, 277 berthierine, eogenetic 6, 7, 9 clay minerals 271, 277 bicarbonate concentration feldspar 272–274, 277–278 role in alteration 8 glauconite 269, 277 biofilms 8 phosphate 269–271, 277 bioturbation 8 pseudomatrix 274 Bombay Basin, Bassein Limestones study pyrite 271, 277 depositional environment 70 quartz 274, 278 facies 71 rutile 274 geological setting 68–70 442 INDEX

Bombay Basin, Bassein Limestones study (Continued) thermal study 407–408 methods of analysis 72–73 XRD 407 results results matrix porosity and stylolite density 74–76 kinetic modelling 412–413 pore system 73–74 laboratory 410–412 results discussed petrography 410 diagenetic phases 76–77, 77 results discussed 413–416 dissolution mechanism 79–83 summary 416 porosity generation 77–79 carbonate stratigraphy 69–70, 69 authigenic 271–272 tritiated water tracer test 70, 72 depositional environment 4–5 boron, quartz cement study 378, 384 diagenesis Borrowdale Volcanic Group 125 effect of petroleum on 19–21 Brazil eodiagenesis 3, 6–7, 8–9 Barra Velha Formation mesodiagenesis 3,9–11 Mg-rich clay mineral growth structural diagenesis 12 chemical controls 36–38 telodiagenesis 3,13 diagenetic controls 39–41 reservoir quality controls 3 environment of formation 33–34 Barra Vehla Formation sedimentological controls 38–39 chemical controls 36–38 structural controls 34–36 diagenetic controls 39–41 summary of behaviours 41–43 environment of formation 33–34 Campos Basin 261, 262 sedimentological controls 38–39 Santos Basin 321 structural controls 34–36 Bridport Sandstone 6 summary of behaviours 41–43 BSE (backscattered electron) imaging Bassein Limestone Niger Delta Tertiary sands 249 depositional environment 70 Pannonian Basin study 407 facies 71 BSEM (back-scattered electron microscopy) 15 geological setting 68–70 Arbuckle Group 283, 291–292 methods of analysis 72–73 burial corrosion, defined 67 results burial depth estimation see clumped isotope matrix porosity and stylolite density 74–76 thermometry pore system 73–74 burial diagenesis see mesodiagenesis results discussed burial history modelling diagenetic phases 76–77, 77 Qishn Formation dissolution mechanism 79–83 methods of analysis 109–111 porosity generation 77–79 results 111–114 stratigraphy 69–70, 69 results discussed 114–119 tritiated water tracer test 70, 72 setting 108–109 Kharaib Formation summary 119–120 geological setting 48–50 Skagerrak Formation 332–333 microporosity study reservoir implications 338 methods of analysis 50, 52 reservoir quality 62 C isotope analysis 15 results Arbuckle Group 284 BSE 54 baroque dolomite 300–303 fluid inclusion microthermometry 56 calcite cement 303–306 optical microscopy 51, 52, 55 Kharaib Formation 50, 55–56 petrography 52–55 calcite SEM 51, 53 authigenic 271 stable isotopes 55–56 high magnesium 4, 5 results discussed in eodiagenesis 5 calcite formation temperature 60–61 in late diagenesis 291, 298–300, 303–306, macropores 61–62 308–309, 315, 316 micritization 56–59 calcrete 8 micro-overgrowth 59–60 Campos Basin (Brazil) 261, 262 summary 63 carbon dioxide storage, factors affecting 405 Mishrif Formation Hungarian Plain study composition 86, 87 geological setting 406–407 geological setting 85 methods of analysis methods of analysis 88 FTIR 408 results kinetic model application 408–409 capillary pressure curves 94–95, 95 petrography 407 diagenetic framework 94 INDEX 443

facies 88–89 baroque 289–290, 300–303, 396–308, 315, 316 microbial 92–93 eogenetic 6 rudist 89, 90, 91,92 mesogenetic 198, 199, 203 rock types 95, 97 quartz 11, 274, 278, 329, 373–374 non-reservoir 98,99 inhibition 355–359, 360–363, 366 reservoir 96, 97, 99 sulphate 11 results discussed cementation bands 161 role of cyclicity in reservoir quality 99–103 cementation events summary 103 Arbuckle Group Raytown Limestone baroque dolomite 289–290, 300–303, geological setting 178–179, 179 315, 316 methods of analysis 180–181, 183 calcite 291, 303–306, 315, 316 results megaquartz 289 diagenesis Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 353–359 early 189–193 Raytown Limestone 189, 193, 194–195 late 193–199 origins of 200–203 lithofacies 183, 183, 185 cementation modelling stratigraphy 183–188 Niger Delta Tertiary sands 250–252, 261 results discussed cementation porosity loss (CEPL) 332 origin of cements 199–203 Central Graben (North Sea) 321, 322, 323 porosity evolution 203–209 Skagerrak Formation summary 209–210 geological setting 322 carbonate clumped isotope thermometry 107–108 methods of analysis 325 Qishn Formation results method 109–111 burial history model 332–333 results 112, 113, 114, 117 compaction 327–328 results discussed 114–116 diagenesis 328–329 burial history 119 cement volume 332 palaeo-environmental significance 116, 118 chlorite coatings 329–331 summary 119–120 K-feldspar alteration 331 cataclastic deformation bands 141, 161 quartz cements 329 Rotliegend sandstone study 143 intergranular and cement volume 332 methods of analysis overpressure-depth correction 333–334 permeability 143–144 petrography petrography 144 grain size 325–327 well logs 143 porosity distribution 325–327 results results discussed 334–338 permeability 149–152 stratigraphy 322–325, 324 petrography 144–145, 146, 148, 149 summary 338 well logs 145, 147, 149 Central Kansas Uplift (USA) 178, 180 results discussed impact on Raytown Limestone 203–209 permeability 155–157 chalcedony 198 petrography 152, 154 chalk well logs 154–155 porosity and compaction study at Hallembaye summary 157 methods cathodoluminescence (CL) 15 effluent ion chromatography 220, 221 Arbuckle Group 283 FEG-SEM 222 Niger Delta Tertiary sands 249 flooding 218–220 Qishn Formation 109, 111, 114 porosity 224–226 Raytown Limestone 181 pycnometry 222 Rotliegend sandstone 144, 145 sample selection 218 Sherwood Sandstone Group 163, 167, 167 whole-rock geochemistry 222–224 Vedder Formation 268 XRD 222 cement and cementing minerals 6–8, 11–12 results calcite effluent ion chromatography 227 authigenic 271 FEG-SEM 227–228, 227, 228 high magnesium 4, 5 porosity 226 in eodiagenesis 5 whole-rock geochemistry 228–229, 231 in late diagenesis 291, 298–300, 303–306, XRD 228, 229, 230 308–309, 315, 316 results discussed 229–230, 232–233 carbonate 11 summary 233 clay 11 strength factors 217 dolomite Chaunoy Formation 10 authigenic 271–272 chemical compaction (pressure solution) 18 444 INDEX chemical index of alteration (CIA) 398 core analysis, Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 346–347 chert, eogenetic 7 cyclothemic strata, Kansas 178–179, 181 Cheshire Basin see Thurstaston (Wirral) chlorite and chloritization 9 dawsonite authigenic 271, 278 development of 405–406 cement and grain coatings 11 role in CO2 sequestration Skagerrak Formation 329–331, 336–337 methods of analysis 407–409 modelling 421, 427–429, 436–437 results CL see cathodoluminescence kinetic model 412–413 Clair Field (UK) 161 laboratory 410–412 clay minerals petrography 410 authigenic 271, 277 results discussed 413–416 cement 11 summary 416 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 353–355 decompaction joints 13 feldspar alteration 123 dedolomitization 13 Ravenglass Estuary 136 deformation bands 12–13 grain coatings 329–331, 336–337, 338 cataclastic see Rotliegend sandstone study Mg-rich classification 141, 161 chemical controls 36–38 dilational 141 diagenetic controls 39–41 role of 161 environment of formation 33–34 Thurstaston (Wirral) study sedimentological controls 38–39 methods structural controls 34–36 field descriptions 163, 164, 165 summary of behaviours 41–43 microstructures 163–165 Vienna Basin study results methods 392–393 field data 165–166 results microstructures 167–169 mudstones 394–395, 396 results discussed sandstones 393–394, 396 relation to faults 169–170 results discussed 399–401 relation to reservoir properties 171–173 see also chlorite; illite; kaolinite relation to rock properties 170–171 clumped isotope thermometry 107–108 summary 173 Qishn Formation depositional environment, impact on reservoir 4–5 method 109–111 depth of burial results 112, 113, 114, 117 interpretation using clumped isotopes 119 results discussed 114–116 role in eodiagenesis 5 burial history 119 role in mesodiagenesis 9 palaeo-environmental significance 116, 118 diagenesis summary 119–120 controls on Mg-silicate formation 39–41 CO2 storage experimental simulation 16 Hungarian Plain study forward modelling 16–17 geological setting 406–407 Mishrif Formation 94 methods of analysis modelling see reactive transport modelling FTIR 408 Niger Delta Tertiary sands 254 kinetic model application 408–409 Raytown Limestone 188–189 petrography 407 early stage 189–193 thermal study 407–408 late stage 193–199 XRD 407 role in microporosity development 47–48 results role of petroleum emplacement in 19–21 kinetic modelling 412–413 Skagerrak Formation 328–329 laboratory 410–412 chlorite cement 329–331 petrography 410 development 334–336 results discussed 413–416 K-feldspar alteration 331 summary 416 quartz cement 329 compaction see also eodiagenesis; mesodiagenesis, porosity loss 12–13, 321 telodiagenesis Raytown Limestone 189, 193 diatoms 8 Vedder Formation 268–269, 278 dilation bands 141, 161 compaction bands 141, 161 dilational deformation bands 141 compaction porosity loss (COPL) 332 disaggregation bands 161 concretions 6, 6 dissolution Congo see Lower Congo Basin Arbuckle Group 288–289 conodont alteration colour 107 Bassein Limestone, 79–83 contact index (CI) 267–268, 268–269 eogenetic v. mesogenetic 67, 77 INDEX 445

Raytown Limestone 189, 193, 198 fenestral pores, Raytown Limestone 189–190, 189, 192 Vedder Formation 278–279 field emission gun scanning electron microscopy dolocrete 8 (FEG-SEM) dolomite chalk study 222, 227–228, 227, 228 authigenic 271–272 Fiexianguan Formation 10 baroque (saddle) 289–290, 300–303, 396–308, fission track-infrared spectroscopy see FT-IR 315, 316 fluid composition, role in eodiagenesis 5 eogenetic 6 fluid inclusion analysis 14,15 mesogenetic 198, 199, 203 Arbuckle Group 283, 292–293 dolomitization modelling 235 baroque dolomite 294–298 role in eodiagenesis 9 calcite cement 298–300 role in mesodiagenesis 21 megaquartz 293–294 Toca Formation Bassein Limestone 73 methods 237–238 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 347, 370 results 238–240 Kharaib Formation 50, 56 results discussed 242–243 Raytown Limestone 199–200 summary 243 fluid overpressure 321 fracture porosity 13 EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry) 15, 126, 268 fractures Ekofisk field (North Sea) 217, 218 control on system openness 20 ELAN (petrophysical element analysis) 249–250 detrital grain 269 electron microprobe analysis, quartz cement study, fracturing, Arbuckle Group 288 method 376 FT-IR spectroscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) 15, 126, 268 Bassein Limestone 73 eodiagenesis 3, 4,5–9 Pannonian Basin study 408, 412 dissolution effects 67 Qishn Formation 109, 111 dolomitization 9 quartz cement study, method 377 effect of depth 5 minerals 6–8 galena role of animals 8 Arbuckle Group 290 role of microbial activity 8–9 cement 12 role of water 8 ganister formation 8 Eskdale Granite 125 Gaza Formation (Tarbert Ness) 20 estuaries as sediment traps 123–124 gel formation, Mg-silicates 38–39 Ravenglass Estuary geochemistry and geochemical analysis 14,15 geological setting 124–125, 124 chalk 222–224, 228–229, 231 methods of analysis see also trace element analysis core sampling 125 germanium, quartz cement study 378, 379, 384, 384 QEMSCAN 126 Germany see North German Basin SEM 126 glauconite XRD 126 authigenic 269, 274, 277 results eogenetic 6, 7, 9 core stratigraphy 126–127, 127 grain coatings 6, 7, 11, 260 QEMSCAN 130–131, 131, 132, 133 chlorite 329–330, 336–337, 338 SEM 127–129 illite 271, 277 XRD 129–130, 129 grainstones, Mishrif Formation 96,97 results discussed 133 Greenley field (USA) clay minerals 136 geological setting 267 Fe-minerals 134–135 location 266 feldspar populations 134 reservoir quality studies mineralogy 133–134 methods of analysis provenance 134 petrography 267–268 summary 136–137 sampling 267 results faults, control on system openness 20 authigenic minerals 269–275 Fe-minerals, Ravenglass Estuary 134–135 compaction 268–269 FEG-SEM (field emission gun scanning electron detrital minerals 268 microscopy) fractures 269 chalk study 222, 227–228, 227, 228 mass balance 276–277 feldspar porosity 275 alteration 123 results discussed 277 authigenic 272–274 authigenic minerals 277–278 cement 11, 12 compaction 278 Ravenglass Estuary alteration studies 134 dissolution 278–279 446 INDEX

Greenley field (USA) (Continued) results mass balance calculations 279 kinetic modelling 412–413 porosity 279 laboratory 410–412 summary 280 petrography 410 gypcrete 8 results discussed 413–416 gypsum, eogenetic 6 summary 416 hydrocarbon charge, effect on cementation 261 H isotope analysis 15 hydrothermal systems, USA 286–287 halite, cement 11, 12 Hallembaye (Belgium) chalk study ichnology 15 methods ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass effluent ion chromatography 220, 221 spectrometry) 376 FEG-SEM 222 illite and illitization 9, 389, 390 flooding 218–220 cement 11 porosity 224–226 coatings 271, 277 pycnometry 222 modelling 421, 430–435, 437–438 sample selection 218 Vienna Basin study whole-rock geochemistry 222–224 methods 392–393 XRD 222 results 393–395 results results discussed 399–401 effluent ion chromatography 227 Illizi Basin (Algeria) glacial sandstones study FEG-SEM 227–228, 227, 228 facies scheme 345 porosity 226 geological setting 343, 344, 345 whole-rock geochemistry 228–229, 231 methods of analysis 346–347 XRD 228, 229, 230 results results discussed 229–230, 232–233 diagenetic factors 353 summary 233 clay minerals 353, 355, 357, 358 Haushi Group, quartz cement study 375, 376 quartz cements 366–369 Haushi-Huqf High (Oman) 109 facies associations 348–349 see also Qishn Formation grain size and sorting 353, 354 heavy mineral analysis 15 mineralogy 352–353, 352 Ravenglass Estuary 134 pore evolution 359–360, 364 helium porosity, Mishrif Formation 88 porosity v. permeability crossplots 350, 351, 352 Heron field (UK) 323, 326, 329, 332, 333, 334, thermal history 366 336–337 results discussed high-magnesium calcite 4, 5 quartz cementation 360–363 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones hydrocarbon inhibition of 363, 365, 366 methods of analysis 346–347 silica budgets 366–367, 368, 369 facies scheme 345 stratigraphy 344 results summary 367–370 diagenetic factors 353 ilmenite, cement 12 clay minerals 353, 355, 357, 358 India, Bassein Limestones study quartz cements 366–369 depositional environment 70 facies associations 348–349 facies 71 grain size and sorting 353, 354 geological setting 68–70 mineralogy 352–353, 352 methods of analysis 72–73 pore evolution 359–360 results porosity v. permeability crossplots 350, matrix porosity and stylolite density 74–76 351, 352 pore system 73–74 results discussed results discussed quartz cementation 360–363 diagenetic phases 76–77, 77 hydrocarbon inhibition of 363, 366 dissolution mechanism 79–83 silica budgets 366–367 porosity generation 77–79 setting 343, 344, 345 stratigraphy 69–70, 69 stratigraphy 344 tritiated water tracer test 70, 72 summary 367–370 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Hungarian Plain, CO2 storage study 405 (ICP-MS) 376 geological setting 406–407 Indus Basin (Pakistan) 321 methods of analysis infiltration 8 FTIR 408 Iola Limestone Formation 178, 179, 181 kinetic model application 408–409 Iraq, Mishrif Formation petrography 407 composition 86, 87 thermal study 407–408 geological setting 85 XRD 407 methods of analysis 88 INDEX 447

results macropores 61–62 capillary pressure curves 94–95, 95 micritization 56–59 diagenetic framework 94 micro-overgrowth 59–60 facies 88–89 reservoir quality 62 microbial 92–93 summary 63 rudist 89, 90, 91,92 kinetic modelling rock types 95, 97 Pannonian Basin study non-reservoir 98,99 methods 408–409 reservoir 96, 97, 99 results 412–413 results discussed Kreyenhagen Formation role of cyclicity in reservoir quality 99–103 geological setting 267 summary 103 methods of analysis iron petrography 267–268 Fe-minerals 134–135 sampling 267 ferric-ferrous reduction 9 results isotope analysis authigenic minerals 269–275 87Sr/86Sr analysis 15 compaction 268–269 Arbuckle Group 284 detrital minerals 268 results fractures 269 baroque dolomite 306–308 mass balance 276–277 calcite cement 308–309 porosity 275 Kharaib Formation 50, 56 results discussed 277 stable isotopes 15 authigenic minerals 277–278 Arbuckle Group compaction 278 methods 283–284 dissolution 278–279 results 300 mass balance calculations 279 baroque dolomite 300–303 porosity 279 calcite cement 303–306 summary 280 Kharaib Formation methods 50 LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation-inductively coupled results 55–56 plasma-mass spectrometry) 376–377 Raytown Limestone 183, 200 lake systems and lacustrine sediments 33 hydrothermal dolomitization modelling Judy field (UK) 323, 326, 327, 329, 331, 332, 336, 337 geological setting 236–237 methods 237–238 K-feldspar results 238–240 authigenic 273–274, 278 results discussed 242–243 Skagerrak Formation 331 summary 243 Kansas Cyclothem 181 Mg-rich clays in carbonates Kansas (USA) chemical controls 36–38 Central Kansas Uplift 284 diagenetic controls 39–41 see also Arbuckle Group environment of formation 33–34 kaolinite and kaolinitization sedimentological controls 38–39 authigenic 271, 279, 389 structural controls 34–36 eogenetic 6 summary of behaviours 41–43 modelling 421, 424–427, 436 laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass Vienna Basin study 396 spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) 376–377 karstification reactions 8 laumontite cement 279 kerolite 34, 35 Lie`ge (Belgium) see Hallembaye Keuper Sandstone (Paris Basin), quartz cement study lithium, quartz cement study 378–379 375, 376 Lower Congo Basin 261, 262 Kharaib Formation geological setting 48–50 Macaronichnus 8 microporosity study macroporosity, Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 347 methods of analysis 50, 52 magnesium-rich clay mineral growth results Barra Velha Formation BSE 54 chemical controls 36–38 fluid inclusion microthermometry 56 diagenetic controls 39–41 optical microscopy 51, 52, 55 environment of formation 33–34 petrography 52–55 sedimentological controls 38–39 SEM 51, 53 structural controls 34–36 stable isotopes 55–56 summary of behaviours 41–43 results discussed Marlim Complex 262 calcite formation temperature 60–61 mass balance calculations 276–277, 279 448 INDEX mechanical infiltration 8 petrography 410 mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) results discussed 413–416 Mishrif Formation 88, 94–95, 95 summary 416 mercury porosimetry mineralogical analysis 14,15 Bassein Limestone 73, 75 Niger Delta Tertiary sands mesodiagenesis 3, 4,9–13 detrital 252, 254 dissolution effects 67 diagenetic 254 Mesopotamian Basin 86 Mishrif Formation Mishrif Formation composition 86, 87 composition 86, 87 geological setting 85 geological setting 85 methods of analysis 88 methods of analysis 88 results results capillary pressure curves 94–95, 95 capillary pressure curves 94–95, 95 diagenetic framework 94 diagenetic framework 94 facies 88–89 facies 88–89 microbial 92–93 microbial 92–93 rudist 89, 90, 91,92 rudist 89, 90, 91,92 rock types 95, 97 rock types 95, 97 non-reservoir 98,99 non-reservoir 98,99 reservoir 96, 97, 99 reservoir 96, 97, 99 results discussed results discussed role of cyclicity in reservoir quality 99–103 role of cyclicity in reservoir quality 99–103 summary 103 summary 103 modelling meteoric water, role in eodiagenesis 5, 8 burial history Mexico, Gulf of 321 Qishn Formation Mg-rich clay minerals see under clay minerals geological setting 108–109 micritization 48 methods of analysis 109–111 Raytown Limestone 189, 192 results 111–114 microbes, role in eodiagenesis 8–9 results discussed 114–119 microporosity 47–48 summary 119–120 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 347 Skagerrak Formation 332–333 Kharaib Formation 48–50 reservoir implications 338 methods of analysis 50, 52 cementation results Niger Delta Tertiary sands 250–252, 261 BSE 54 hydrologic 311–315 fluid inclusion microthermometry 56 see also reactive (reaction) transport modelling optical microscopy 51, 52, 55 Mukta field, Bassein Limestones study petrography 52–55 depositional environment 70 SEM 51, 53 facies 71 stable isotopes 55–56 geological setting 68–70 results discussed methods of analysis 72–73 calcite formation temperature 60–61 results macropores 61–62 matrix porosity and stylolite density 74–76 micritization 56–59 pore system 73–74 micro-overgrowth 59–60 results discussed reservoir quality 62 diagenetic phases 76–77, 77 summary 63 dissolution mechanism 79–83 microthermometry porosity generation 77–79 Arbuckle Group stratigraphy 69–70, 69 baroque dolomite 296 tritiated water tracer test 70, 72 calcite cement 299 Mumbai, offshore see Mukta field also Panna field megaquartz 293–294 Miha´lyi-Re´pcelak (Hungary), CO2 storage study 405 neomorphism, Raytown Limestone 189, 196 geological setting 406–407 Niger Delta methods of analysis geological setting 245–247, 246 FTIR 408 lithostratigraphy 248, 257 kinetic model application 408–409 tectonics and structure 247–248, 249 petrography 407 reservoir quality assessment thermal study 407–408 methods of analysis XRD 407 basin modelling 249–250 results cementation modelling 250–252 kinetic modelling 412–413 petrography 248–249 laboratory 410–412 petrophysics 249 INDEX 449

results packstones 96, 97, 99 basin thermal history model 255, 258 Pakistan, Indus Basin 321 cementation model 258–259 palaeokarst, Eocene-Oligocene 77–79 mineralogy palaeothermometry see clumped isotope thermometry detrital 252–253 Panna field, Bassein Limestones study diagenetic 254 depositional environment 70 petrophysics 254–255 facies 71 results discussed 259–260 geological setting 68–70 cementation temperature and pressure 261 methods of analysis 72–73 grain size and coatings 260 results hydrocarbon charge 261–262 matrix porosity and stylolite density 74–76 mineralogy 260 pore system 73–74 temperature 260–261 results discussed summary 262 diagenetic phases 76–77, 77 nitrate reduction 9 dissolution mechanism 79–83 nodules 6, 6 porosity generation 77–79 North German Basin 142–143 stratigraphy 69–70, 69 cataclastic deformation bands 141, 161 tritiated water tracer test 70, 72 methods of study 143–144 Pannonian Basin see CO2 storage study results 144–152 Paris Basin, Keuper Sandstone, quartz cement study results discussed 152–157 375, 376 summary 157 permeability North Sea, Central Graben 321, 322, 323 anisotropy 2 Rotliegend sandstone 143 O isotope analysis 15, 107 methods of analysis 143–144 Arbuckle Group 284 results 149–152 baroque dolomite 300–303 results discussed 155–157 calcite cement 303–306 summary 157 Kharaib Formation 50, 55–56 crossplots v. porosity see also clumped isotope thermometry glacial sandstones 96, 98, 100 occlusion of pores 5 Mishrif Formation 350, 351, 352 oil charge, effect on cementation 261 petrographic studies Oman 109 Arbuckle Group Qishn Formation burial history methods 283–284 geological setting 108–109 results 289, 291, 292 methods of analysis 109–111 baroque dolomite 294–295 results 111–114 calcite cement 298–299 results discussed 114–119 megaquartz 293 summary 119–120 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 347 optical microscopy 15, 249 Kharaib Formation 52–55 Ordovician see Hirnatian glaciation sandstones Niger Delta sands 248–249 Ostwald ripening 48 Pannonian Basin study 407, 410 overpressure, porosity effects 337–338 Rotliegend standstone Ozark Plateau Aquifer System (OPAS; Kansas) 283, methods 144 284, 314 results 144–145 Arbuckle Group results discussed 152, 154 geological setting 285–287 Skagerrak Formation 325–327 stratigraphy 285 Vedder Formation 267–268, 270, 271 methods of analysis 283–284 Vienna Basin diagenesis study 392 results petrophysical analysis 249–250 BSEM 291–292 Niger Delta Tertiary sands 254–255 fluid inclusions 292–300 phosphate, authigenic 269–271, 277 paragenesis 287–288 phyllosilicate bands 141 early 288 phyllosilicate smear bands 161 late 288–291 pore occlusion 5 Sr isotopes 306–309 porosity 2 stable isotopes 300–306 anomalous high 321 results discussed chalk 218 fluid flow conduits 309–310 change in compaction and flooding hydrologic models 311–315 methods 224–226 hydrothermal event timing 315 results 226 hydrothermal fluids 310–311 enhanced preservation in Skagerrak Formation migration events 311 geological setting 322 summary 315–316 methods of analysis 325 450 INDEX porosity (Continued) quartz results authigenic 274, 277 burial history model 332–333 cement 11 compaction 327–328 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 355–359, diagenesis 328–329 360–363, 366–369 cement volume 332 Skagerrak Formation 328–329 chlorite coatings 329–331 K-feldspar alteration 331 radiogenic isotope analytical techniques 15 quartz cements 329 87Sr/86Sr 15 intergranular and cement volume 332 Arbuckle Group 284 overpressure-depth correction 333–334 baroque dolomite 306–308 petrography calcite cement 308–309 grain size 325–327 Kharaib Formation 50, 56 porosity distribution 325–327 Raman spectroscropy 412 results discussed 334–338 Ravenglass Estuary stratigraphy 322–325, 324 geological setting 124–125, 124 summary 338 methods of analysis fracture-related 12–13 core sampling 125 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 347 QEMSCAN 126 impact of mesodiagenesis 10 SEM 126 loss by compaction and cementation 332 XRD 126 porosity v. permeability crossplots results Mishrif Formation 96, 98, 100 core stratigraphy 126–127, 127 Raytown Limestone 184 QEMSCAN 130–131, 131, 132, 133 event (1) 189–190, 192 SEM 127–129 events (2–8) 192–193 XRD 129–130, 129 events (9–11) 193 results discussed 133 events (12–29) 196, 198–199 clay minerals 136 evolution 203–209 Fe-minerals 134–135 secondary 18–19, 321 feldspar populations 134 Barra Velha Formation 39–41 mineralogy 133–134 Bassein Limestone provenance 134 matrix porosity and stylolite density 74–76 summary 136–137 pore system development 73–74 Raytown Limestone porosity generation 77–79 geological setting 178–179, 179 defined 67 methods of analysis 180–181, 183 development in early diagenesis 39–41 results Skagerrak Formation 325–326 diagenesis effect of pore fluid overpressure 337–338 early stage 189–193 Vedder Formation 275, 279 late stage 193–199 see also microporosity lithofacies 183, 183, 185 Portland Limestone 6 stratigraphy 183–188 potassium, quartz cement study 378–379, 384 results discussed pressure history, Niger Delta Tertiary sands 258, 261 origin of cements 199–203 pressure solution (chemical compaction) 18 porosity evolution 203–209 provenance studies 15 summary 209–210 effect on reservoir quality 123 reactive (reaction) transport models (RTM) 16–17, pseudomatrix 274 235–236, 419–420 pycnometry 222 North African Cretaceous reservoir sandstone pyrite 10 set-up authigenic 271, 275, 277 diagenetic events 421 cement 11 thermodynamics and kinetics framboidal 9 421–424 stylolites 199 water composition 421 simulation 424 QEMSCAN 15, 126 stage (1) 424–427, 436 Ravenglass Estuary sediments 127–129, 130–131, stage (2) 427–429, 436–437 131, 132, 133 stage (3) 430, 437–438 Qishn Formation burial history compaction models 431–435 methods of analysis 109–111 flush models 430–431 results 111–114 summary 435–436 results discussed 114–119 Toca Formation setting 108–109 methods 237–238 summary 119–120 results 238–240 INDEX 451

results discussed 242–243 role of petroleum in 19–21 summary 243 structural 12 recrystallization, micrite 48 reservoir quality studies 4 reflux reactions 9 Miocene see Vienna Basin (Austria) reservoir quality Oligocene see Greenley field (USA) also controls on 2, 3, 4 Niger Delta modern analogues 15–16 Ordovician see Illizi Basin (Algeria) summary of factors 21–22 Triassic see Rotliegend also Skagerrak Formation techniques for measuring 13–15, 13–16, 14 also Thurstaston (Wirral) see also permeability also porosity trace elements in authigenic quartz rhizomoldic pores, Raytown Limestone 189–190, geological settings 374–376 189, 192 methods of analysis 376–377 Rockenberg Formation, quartz cement study 374, results 377–379 375, 376 results discussed 379–385 Rotliegend sandstone, deformation bands summary 385 study 143 Santos Basin (Brazil) 321 methods of analysis Barra Velha Formation permeability 143–144 Mg-rich clay mineral growth petrography 144 chemical controls 36–38 well logs 143 diagenetic controls 39–41 results environment of formation 33–34 permeability 149–152 sedimentological controls 38–39 petrography 144–145, 146, 148, 149 structural controls 34–36 well logs 145, 147, 149 summary of behaviours 41–43 results discussed Selwicks Bay (Flamborough) 18 permeability 155–157 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) petrography 152, 154 chalk 222, 227–228, 227, 228 well logs 154–155 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 347 summary 157 Niger Delta Tertiary sands 249 rutile Sherwood Sandstone Group 163, 167 authigenic 274–275 Vedder Formation 268 cement 12 Vienna Basin diagenesis study 392 SEM-BSE, Vedder Formation 276 S isotope analysis 15 SEM-EDS 15, 126, 227–228, 268 saddle dolomite see under dolomite Ravenglass Estuary sediments 127–129, 130–131, St Bees Sandstone Formation 125 131, 132, 133 San Joaquin Basin (California), Greenley field sepiolite 34, 35 geological setting 267 shale, porosity and uplift 13 location 266 shear bands 141, 161 reservoir quality studies Sherwood Sandstone Group, deformation band study methods of analysis methods petrography 267–268 field descriptions 163, 164, 165 sampling 267 microstructures 163–165 results results authigenic minerals 269–275 field data 165–166 compaction 268–269 microstructures 167–169 detrital minerals 268 results discussed fractures 269 relation to faults 169–170 mass balance 276–277 relation to reservoir properties 171–173 porosity 275 relation to rock properties 170–171 results discussed 277 summary 173 authigenic minerals 277–278 siderite, eogenetic 6, 7, 9 compaction 278 silica, cryptocrystalline, eogenetic 6 dissolution 278–279 SIMS, quartz cement study 376 mass balance calculations 279 Skagerrak Formation porosity 279 geological setting 322 stratigraphy 267 stratigraphy 322–325, 324 summary 280 methods of analysis 325 structure 267 results sandstones burial history model 332–333 depositional environment 5 compaction 327–328 diagenesis diagenesis 328–329 eodiagenesis 5, 6–7 cement volume 332 mesodiagenesis 9–10, 11 chlorite coatings 329–331 452 INDEX

Skagerrak Formation (Continued) thermometry K-feldspar alteration 331 clumped isotope 107–108 quartz cements 329 Qishn Formation intergranular and cement volume 332 method 109–111 overpressure-depth correction 333–334 results 112, 113, 114, 117 petrography results discussed 114–116 grain size 325–327 burial history 119 porosity distribution 325–327 palaeo-environmental significance results discussed 334–338 116, 118 summary 338 summary 119–120 smectite, eogenetic 6 fluid inclusion 15, 107 illitization Kharaib Formation 50, 56 Vienna Basin study 389, 390 Thurstaston (Wirral) deformation band study methods 392–393 methods results 393–395 field descriptions 163, 164, 165 results discussed 399–401 microstructures 163–165 stevensite 34, 35 results sodium, quartz cement study 378–379, 384 field data 165–166 Solling Formation, quartz cement study 374, 375 microstructures 167–169 solution bands 161–162 results discussed sphalerite relation to faults 169–170 Arbuckle Group 290 relation to reservoir properties 171–173 cement 12 relation to rock properties 170–171 87Sr/86Sr analysis 15 summary 173 Arbuckle Group 284 tight-packing index (TPI) 268, 269 results Toca Formation baroque dolomite 306–308 geological setting 236–237 calcite cement 308–309 reaction transport modelling Kharaib Formation 50, 56 methods 237–238 stable isotope analysis 15 results 238–240 Arbuckle Group results discussed 242–243 methods 283–284 summary 243 results 300 TOUGHREACT 420 baroque dolomite 300–303 trace element analysis 15 calcite cement 303–306 authigenic quartz Kharaib Formation geological settings 374–376 methods 50 methods of analysis 376–377 results 55–56 results 377–379 Raytown Limestone 183, 200 results discussed 379–385 stevensite 34, 35 summary 385 structural diagenesis, defined 12 trace fossil analysis 14–15 stylolite formation 10, 12, 18, 18 Triassic sandstone studies Bassein Limestone 74, 75, 76, 79 Paris Basin Keuper 375, 376 Raytown Limestone 189, 198 Rotliegend sandstone 143 sulphates methods of analysis cement 11 permeability 143–144 dissolution 13 petrography 144 reduction 9 well logs 143 sulphuric acid, role in alteration 8 results surface water, role in eodiagenesis 8 permeability 149–152 petrography 144–145, 146, 148, 149 telodiagenesis 3, 4,13 well logs 145, 147, 149 temperature results discussed history of development permeability 155–157 Niger Delta Tertiary sands 255–256, petrography 152, 154 258, 261 well logs 154–155 importance of measuring 107 summary 157 role in alteration reactions 419 Skagerrak Formation role in calcite micro-overgrowths 60–61 geological setting 322 role in eodiagenesis 5 stratigraphy 322–325, 324 role in mesodiagenesis 9 methods of analysis 325 Thamama Group 48, 50 results thermogravimetry burial history model 332–333 Pannonian Basin study 407–408, 410, 412 compaction 327–328 INDEX 453

diagenesis 328–329 Vedder Formation cement volume 332 geological setting 267 chlorite coatings 329–331 methods of analysis K-feldspar alteration 331 petrography 267–268 quartz cements 329 sampling 267 intergranular and cement volume 332 results overpressure-depth correction 333–334 authigenic minerals 269–275 petrography compaction 268–269 grain size 325–327 detrital minerals 268 porosity distribution 325–327 fractures 269 results discussed 334–338 mass balance 276–277 summary 338 porosity 275 Thurstaston (Wirral) deformation band study results discussed 277 methods authigenic minerals 277–278 field descriptions 163, 164, 165 compaction 278 microstructures 163–165 dissolution 278–279 results mass balance calculations 279 field data 165–166 porosity 279 microstructures 167–169 summary 280 results discussed vertical effective stress 321 relation to faults 169–170 Vienna Basin (Austria) relation to reservoir properties 171–173 clay mineral diagenesis study relation to rock properties 170–171 methods 392–393 summary 173 results tritiated water tracer test, Bassein Limestone mudstones 70, 72 chemistry 395 Turkana, Lake 39 mineralogy 394–395 sandstones United Arab Emirates, Kharaib Formation chemistry 394 geological setting 48–50 mineralogy 393–394, 393, 394 microporosity study results discussed methods of analysis 50, 52 effect of depth 395, 397–399 results illitization process 399–401 BSE 54 summary 401–402 fluid inclusion microthermometry 56 drilling history 390–391 optical microscopy 51, 52, 55 geological setting 390, 391–392 petrography 52–55 SEM 51, 53 wackestones 98,99 stable isotopes 55–56 weathering see telodiagenesis results discussed Witten Formation, quartz cement study 374, 375 calcite formation temperature 60–61 macropores 61–62 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 15, 126 micritization 56–59 chalk 222, 228, 229, 230 micro-overgrowth 59–60 Hirnantian glaciation sandstones 347, 370 reservoir quality 62 Pannonian Basin study 407, 410 summary 63 Ravenglass Estuary sediments 129–130 uplift diagenesis see telodiagenesis Vienna Basin diagenesis study 392, 395, 398 USA 161, 286-287 X-ray fluorescence (XRF) 15 see also Arbuckle Group; Greenley field; Raytown Vienna Basin diagenesis study 392 Limestone UV epifluorescence petrography 283, 290 zeolite, cement 11, 12