Impact of Intergrating Teebus Hydro

IMPACT OF INTERGRATING TEEBUS HYDRO POWER ON THE UNBALANCED DISTRIBUTION MV NETWORK By: LINDANI MTHETHWA (213486806) A research dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Technology: Engineering: Electrical in the Faculty of Engineering, the Built Environment and Information Technology at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University April 2018 Supervisors: Dr R. Harris Co-Supervisor: Mr A. Roberts Industrial Mentor: Mr Eben Nyandoro IMPACT OF INTERGRATING TEEBUS HYDRO POWER ON THE UNBALANCED DISTRIBUTION MV NETWORK Lindani Mthethwa - 213486806 DECLARATION I, Lindani Mthethwa, declare that the contents of this Dissertation represent my own unaided work, and that the Dissertation has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU). Signature: Date: 15 March 2018 Student Number: 213486806 ii IMPACT OF INTERGRATING TEEBUS HYDRO POWER ON THE UNBALANCED DISTRIBUTION MV NETWORK Lindani Mthethwa - 213486806 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following persons and companies are acknowledged for their valued participation that contributed to the successful completion of this project: I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Raymond Harris and Mr Allen Roberts for their professional guidance and availing themselves when needed on their busy schedule. Eben Nyandoro, for sharing his in depth experience and providing an on-going mentorship. Eskom Distribution, Eastern Cape Operating Unit, Bursary Committee for the financial support needed to complete this research. My guardians and colleagues for their support and unconditional love. Simphiwe Hashe and Thobeka Maqoma, my Eskom managers for allowing me time to travel to PE for progress reporting and supporting my career. My dearest mother and father, for introducing me to this world. I would like to thank my almighty Father for making this work a reality and in making me believe that nothing is impossible in life, ‘’you only fail when you give up”. Furthermore, I would like to thank all my friends and colleagues for their help, support and belief in me. iii IMPACT OF INTERGRATING TEEBUS HYDRO POWER ON THE UNBALANCED DISTRIBUTION MV NETWORK Lindani Mthethwa - 213486806 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES .......................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ x LIST OF EQUATIONS ....................................................................................................................... xiii NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITION OF TERMS ....................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT xvi Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Electrical Energy in South Africa ................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Small Hydro – South Africa ............................................................................................ 2 1.2 Impact of Distributed Generation on Distribution Networks .................................................. 5 1.4.1 Voltage regulation and network instability ..................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Network performance, protection and reliability of power supply ................................. 5 1.4.3 Voltage Unbalance on the existing MV and LV Networks [8] ....................................... 5 1.3 Assumptions ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Research Hypothesis and Methodology .................................................................................. 6 1.5 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................... 7 1.6 Structure of the Dissertation ................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE ................................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Small Hydropower in the Eastern Cape .................................................................................. 9 2.3 Hydropower .......................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Hydropower schemes are generally of three types [13], [10]: ...................................... 11 2.4 Technology Overview ........................................................................................................... 12 2.4.1 Generator types ............................................................................................................. 12 2.4.2 Synchronous generators [14] ........................................................................................ 13 2.4.3 Asynchronous generators [14], [16] .............................................................................. 13 2.4.4 Differences between synchronous and asynchronous generators ................................. 13 2.5 Environment .......................................................................................................................... 15 2.6 Islanding of a Generator ........................................................................................................ 15 iv IMPACT OF INTERGRATING TEEBUS HYDRO POWER ON THE UNBALANCED DISTRIBUTION MV NETWORK Lindani Mthethwa - 213486806 2.6.1 Understanding of the term Islanding ............................................................................. 15 2.7 As a result of out of phase reclosing [20] ............................................................................. 16 2.8 Prevention [20] ...................................................................................................................... 16 2.9 Impact of DG on Feeder Protection ...................................................................................... 16 2.10 Potential Problems to Protection ........................................................................................... 17 2.10.1 Medium and High Voltage Protection .......................................................................... 18 2.10.2 Bus Coupler and Bus Section Protection and Control: ................................................. 18 2.10.3 Medium Voltage rural feeder protection: ...................................................................... 18 2.10.4 Embedded Generation Interconnection: ........................................................................ 19 2.10.5 Synchronism Check Protection for Generators: ............................................................ 19 2.10.6 Switching Synchronous Networks ................................................................................ 19 2.10.7 Switching Asynchronous Networks .............................................................................. 19 2.10.8 Transformer Protection ................................................................................................. 20 2.10.8.1 Station Transformer .................................................................................................. 21 2.10.8.2 Mobile Transformer .................................................................................................. 21 2.10.8.3 Distance Protection ................................................................................................... 21 2.10.8.4 Distance Relays ......................................................................................................... 21 2.10.8.5 Differential Relays .................................................................................................... 22 2.10.8.6 Switched and Non Switched Relays ......................................................................... 22 2.10.8.7 Switched Relays ........................................................................................................ 23 2.10.8.8 Non Switched Relays ................................................................................................ 23 2.10.8.9 CT Ratio .................................................................................................................... 23 2.10.8.10 Overcurrent Protection [25] ...................................................................................... 23 2.11 Relay Setting Calculation Information [8] ...........................................................................

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