Effects of Tourist Investments On
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
THE EFFECTS OF TOURISM INVESTMENTS ON POVERTY REDUCTION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN TANZANIA: THE CASE OF SERENGETI DISTRICT BY RAPHAEL NYAKABAGA MALEYA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2009 ii ABSTRACT Tanzania is among the few countries in the world endowed with vast range of tourist attractions. The tourism industry is Tanzania’s greatest success story since the introduction of free market economy in 1990s. Despite its impressive recent economic performance, Tanzania remains a poor country. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effects of tourism investments on poverty reduction in rural communities in Serengeti district. The specific objectives were to: identify types of tourism investments; examine the effects of tourism investments; and determine the potential tourism development investments. Data were collected from 124 respondents, including 100 community members household heads and 24 key informants using questionnaires, researcher’s diary and checklist. Quantitative data were analysed by using SPSS computer software and “content analysis technique” was used to analyse qualitative data. The study identified different types of tourism investments in rural communities in the study area, their effects on poverty reduction, and potential for tourism investments development. It was concluded that: employment opportunities for rural communities were low in cadres with skills and remuneration; local people have complex livelihoods strategies which are affected by tourism in various ways; and there is a clear opportunity to have significantly their benefits from tourism. Thus, it was recommended that in order to increase tourism effects on poverty reduction, there is a need to institute training programmmes that would ultimately provide chance for rural communities to be employed in high cadres with high pay; rural communities to have considerable role in decision making; and the community to integrate its marketing and products strategies to take the best advantage of existing tourism opportunities. Areas for further research are also suggested. iii DECLARATION I, RAPHAEL NYAKABAGA MALEYA do hereby declare to the Senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture, that this dissertation is my own original work and has neither been submitted nor is being concurrently submitted for a degree award at any other University. _______________________________ ____________________ Raphael Nyakabaga Maleya Date (M.A. Candidate) The above declaration is confirmed _______________________________ _____________________ Prof. R.M. Wambura Date (Supervisor) iv COPYRIGHT No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author or Sokoine University of Agriculture in that behalf. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I should first thank Almighty God for keeping me healthy and His spiritual guidance. I sincerely express my grateful thanks to Prof. Wambura, my supervisor for his guidance, constructive criticisms and encouragement which led to the successful completion of this study. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance and contribution of the academic staff members of the Development Studies Institute of Sokoine University of Agriculture; Prof. Mwageni, E., Drs. Simon, M., Mbwambo, J. S. and Kayunze, K in the course work and research proposal development phases of this study. I should also like to acknowledge the assistance from my employer, Serengeti District Council for granting me a study leave. I am also indebted to Mr. C. Boma, Safari James, Michael Maluka, Nestory, J.E. employees of Serengeti District Council, and Mr. Iddi Mfunda of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) and Heriel Masaki of Serengeti National Park (SENAPA) outreach programme coordination for their selfless assistance during field work. The conservators and investors particularly Barbara Schwachennman (Community Support Department Coordinator of Grumeti reserves) for their advices, physical and moral support which was given when it was needed; village leaders and research assistants during the data collection phase of this study. I am also deeply thankful to my family especially my beloved wife Robertina Kabibi Ezekiel Muyengi, my children Maleya Jr, Nyabutingo, Aunt Nyanyama, Mafuru and Mbogora for their endless prayers, tolerance and encouragement which were inspirational and kept me going when things became unbearable. May God Bless You All! vi DEDICATION To my beloved late parents Maleya Matage and Anastazia Nyakaotora Mwoya who laid down a better foundation for my education. This work is also dedicated to my late daughter Safiel Raphael and to my late father-in-law Mafuru Ezekiel Muyengi who passed away while I was in the final stages of writing this dissertation “May Almighty God rest their souls in peace. Amen!” vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................ii DECLARATION.................................................................................................................iii COPYRIGHT.......................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................v DEDICATION......................................................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................xi LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................xii LIST OF APPENDICES...................................................................................................xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................xiv CHAPTER ONE.................................................................................................................16 1.0 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................16 1.1 Background Information..............................................................................................16 1.2 Problem Statement and Justification of the Study.......................................................20 1.3 Objectives....................................................................................................................21 1.3.1 General objective..........................................................................................21 1.3.2 Specific objectives........................................................................................21 1.4 Research Questions......................................................................................................21 1.5 Operational Definition of Terms..................................................................................21 1.5.1 Poverty reduction..........................................................................................22 1.5.2 Tourism investments.....................................................................................22 1.5.3 Rural community..........................................................................................23 viii 1.5.4 Effects of tourism investments......................................................................24 1.5.5 The definition of key variables.....................................................................25 CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................26 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................26 2.1 Poverty and Poverty Reduction...................................................................................26 2.2 Types of Tourism Investments in Rural Communities.................................................28 2.3 Effects of Tourism Investments in Rural Communities...............................................29 2.4 Potential Tourism Development Investments in Rural Communities..........................32 2.5 Conceptual Framework for Analysis of the Study Data..............................................33 CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................36 3.0 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................36 3.1 Study Area....................................................................................................................36 3.2 Study Design................................................................................................................36 3.3 Sampling Procedures...................................................................................................36 3.4 Sample Size..................................................................................................................37 3.5 Data Collection Instruments........................................................................................38