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Diplomka FINAL UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FARMACEUTICKÁ FAKULTA V HRADCI KRÁLOVÉ KATEDRA FARMACEUTICKÉ BOTANIKY A EKOLOGIE DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Neurotropní a antioxida ční aktivita vybraných druh ů jednod ěložných alkaloidních rostlin III Neurotropic and antioxidative activity of some selected species of monocotyledonous alkaloidal plants III Vedoucí katedry: prof. RNDr. Lud ěk Jahodá ř, CSc. Vedoucí diplomové práce: Ing. Lucie Cahlíková, Ph.D. Hradec Králové, 2013 Eduard Kantor PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že tato práce je mým p ůvodním autorským dílem, které jsem vypracoval samostatn ě. Veškerá literatura a další zdroje, z nichž jsem při zpracování čerpal, jsou uvedeny v seznamu použité literatury a v práci řádn ě citovány. Hradec Králové, 2013 ………………. podpis 2 Děkuji grant ům SVV UK 265 002, FRVŠ 664/2011 a FRVŠ 190/2012 za finan ční podporu, bez které by tato práce nemohla vzniknout. Rád bych velmi pod ěkoval Ing. Lucii Cahlíkové, Ph.D. za vedení diplomové práce, za cenné rady a p řipomínky, Ing. Kate řin ě Macákové, Ph.D. za zm ěř ení biologických aktivit a kated ře farmaceutické botaniky a ekologie za p říjemné pracovní prost ředí. 3 OBSAH 1. ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................... 6 2. CÍL PRÁCE .......................................................................................................................... 9 3. TEORETICKÁ ČÁST ....................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Demence ......................................................................................................................... 12 3.2 Alzheimerova choroba ................................................................................................... 12 3.2.1 Rizikové faktory ...................................................................................................... 12 3.2.3 Klinický obraz ......................................................................................................... 15 3.2.4 Lé čba Alzheimerovy choroby ................................................................................. 16 3.2.4.1 Inhibitory mozkových acetylcholinesteráz ....................................................... 17 3.2.4.2 Inhibitory NMDA receptor ů glutamatergního systému ................................... 18 3.2.4.3 Léky ovliv ňující pozitivn ě metabolismus CNS ............................................... 19 3.2.4.4 Léky omezující volné radikály ......................................................................... 20 3.2.4.5 Léky ú činné cestou nervových r ůstových faktor ů ............................................ 20 3.2.4.6 Nové lé čebné strategie u Alzheimerovy choroby............................................. 20 3.2.5 Nefarmakologická lé čba .......................................................................................... 21 3.3.1 Rod Fritillaria ......................................................................................................... 22 3.3.1.1 Taxonomické za řazení ...................................................................................... 22 3.3.1.2 Chemotaxonomické znaky ............................................................................... 23 3.3.1.3 Klasifikace alkaloid ů rodu Fritillaria ............................................................... 24 3.3.1.4 Biologická aktivita alkaloid ů izolovaných z rodu Fritillaria ....................... 25 3.3.1.4.1 Antihypertenzní aktivita ............................................................................... 25 3.3.1.4.2 Antitumorová aktivita ................................................................................... 26 3.3.1.4.3 Antiastmatická a antitusická aktivita ............................................................. 27 3.3.1.4.4 Anticholinergní aktivita ................................................................................. 27 3.3.1.5 Fritillaria imperialis ........................................................................................ 28 3.3.1.6 Fritillaria ussuriensis Maxim .......................................................................... 30 3.3.1.8 Další druhy rodu Fritillaria .............................................................................. 32 3.3.2 Rod Eucomis ........................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2.1 Taxonomické za řazení ...................................................................................... 34 3.3.2.2 Biologická aktivita a obsahové látky................................................................ 34 4. EXPERIMENTÁLNÍ ČÁST ............................................................................................. 37 4.1 Všeobecné postupy ......................................................................................................... 38 4.1.1 Destilace a odpa řování ............................................................................................ 38 4.2 Materiál a vybavení ........................................................................................................ 38 4.2.1 Rozpoušt ědla ........................................................................................................... 38 4.2.2 Chemikálie .............................................................................................................. 38 4.3 P říprava sumárních extrakt ů ........................................................................................... 38 4.3.1 Biologický materiál ................................................................................................. 38 4.3.2 P říprava ethanolového a alkaloidního extraktu ....................................................... 39 4.4 Stanovení inhibi ční aktivity alkaloid ů a alkaloidních extrakt ů v ůč i erytrocytární AChE a sérové BuChE .................................................................................................................... 39 4.4.1 Chemikálie a materiál použité pro stanovení cholinesterázové inhibi ční aktivity .. 39 4.4.2 P řístroj použitý pro stanovení cholinesterázové inhibi ční aktivity ......................... 39 4.4.3 Podmínky měř ení .................................................................................................... 40 4.4.4 P říprava erytrocytárních pouzder ............................................................................ 40 4.4.5 Stanovení cholinesterázové inhibi ční aktivity (hodnoty IC50) ............................... 40 4.5 Stanovení antioxida ční aktivity alkaloidních extrakt ů ................................................... 41 4 4.5.1 Chemikálie a materiál použité pro stanovení antioxida ční aktivity ........................ 41 4.5.2 P řístroje použité pro stanovení antioxida ční aktivity .............................................. 41 4.5.3 Stanovení antioxida ční aktivity (EC50) .................................................................. 41 5. VÝSLEDKY ........................................................................................................................ 42 5.1 Výsledky inhibi čních aktivit v ůč i AChE/BuChE ethanolových a alkaloidních extrakt ů rostlin .................................................................................................................................... 43 5.1.1 Inhibi ční k řivky ethanolových a alkaloidních extrakt ů ........................................... 44 5.2 Antioxida ční aktivita ...................................................................................................... 46 5.2.1 Inhibi ční k řivka Bessera Elegans a Brodiaea californica ...................................... 47 6. ZÁV ĚR A DISKUZE ......................................................................................................... 48 7. LITERATURA ................................................................................................................... 51 8. SEZNAM ZKRATEK ........................................................................................................ 62 5 1. ÚVOD 6 Sou časné terapeutické možnosti medicíny umož ňují dožívat se stále vyššího a vyššího věku. To s sebou nese mimo jiné zvýšení náklad ů na lé čbu, kdy možnosti jsou v nadsázce tém ěř neomezené, nicmén ě finan ční náro čnost použití nových lék ů stojí leckdy proti jejich čast ějšímu využití. Stárnutím populace dochází k nár ůstu onemocn ění souvisejících s vyšším věkem. Jedná se p ředevším o neurodegenerativní onemocn ění jako Alzheimerova choroba (AD) či Parkinsonova choroba. U t ěchto onemocn ění dochází v posledních desetiletí k velkému nár ůstu pacient ů práv ě v důsledku vyššího v ěku populace a schopnostem efektivn ě lé čit ostatní choroby týkající se kup říkladu soustavy srde ční, pohybové a dalších. Přes všechny poznatky moderní terapie je t řeba si uv ědomit, že ve v ětšin ě rozvojových zemí není ,,západní“ medicína a komplexní léka řská pé če jako taková p říliš dostupná. 1 Podle odhad ů sv ětové zdravotnické organizace (WHO) více než 80% sv ětové populace využívá rostliny jako primární zdroj k lé čení nemocí. 2 Přitom nap ř. 60 - 90% obyvatel Afriky je částe čně či úpln ě odkázáno na lé čbu lé čivými rostlinami a až 60% obyvatel Jihoafrické republiky se nechává lé čit tradi čními lidovými lé čiteli, kterých je p řes 200 000 a p ředevším ve venkovských oblastech jsou dostupn ější než b ěžní léka ři. 3-7 V souvislosti s dnešní medicínou můžeme zmínit, že lidové lé čitelství se
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