DOCSLIB.ORG

Jarosek Copy.Fm

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jarosek Copy.Fm Cybernetics and Human Knowing. Vol. 27 (2020), no. 3, pp. 33–63 Knowing How to Be: Imitation, the Neglected Axiom Stephen Laszlo Jarosek1 The concept of imitation has been around for a very long time, and many conversations have been had about it, from Plato and Aristotle to Piaget and Freud. Yet despite this pervasive acknowledgement of its relevance in areas as diverse as memetics, culture, child development and language, there exists little appreciation of its relevance as a fundamental principle in the semiotic and life sciences. Reframing imitation in the context of knowing how to be, within the framework of semiotic theory, can change this, thus providing an interpretation of paradigmatic significance. However, given the difficulty of establishing imitation as a fundamental principle after all these centuries since Plato, I turn the question around and approach it from a different angle. If imitation is to be incorporated into semiotic theory and the Peircean categories as axiomatic, then what pathologies manifest when imitation is disabled or compromised? I begin by reviewing the reasons for regarding imitation as a fundamental principle. I then review the evidence with respect to autism and schizophrenia as imitation deficit. I am thus able to consolidate my position that imitation and knowing how to be are integral to agency and pragmatism (semiotic theory), and should be embraced within an axiomatic framework for the semiotic and life sciences. Keywords: autism; biosemiotics; imitation; neural plasticity; Peirce; pragmatism The concept of imitation has been around for a very long time, and many conversations have been had about it, from Plato and Aristotle to Piaget and Freud. Richard Dawkins’s memetic theory incorporates imitation into the Darwinian narrative, and interprets memes, analogous to genes, as cultural replicators. Clearly, Copyright (c) Imprint Academic imitation is regarded as important throughout academia and within contemporary Occidental culture. Yet despite this pervasive acknowledgement of its relevance, there For personal use only -- not for reproduction exists little appreciation of its place as a fundamental principle in the semiotic, cognitive and life sciences. There is little point accruing further evidence to prove imitation’s importance. If our cultural narrative has failed to appreciate its significance by now, after all these centuries since Plato through to contemporary Darwinism and systems theory, then it is unlikely to in the foreseeable future. We need to take a different approach, to interpret imitation more fundamentally, particularly within the context of the Peircean categories. Before addressing terms and definitions in greater detail in a later section, let’s begin by first establishing what the consensus on imitation is, and what it is generally understood to mean. From Wikipedia (2019): Imitation (from Latin imitatio, “a copying, imitation” [Online etymology dictionary]) is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and replicates another's behavior. Imitation is also a form of social learning that leads to the "development of traditions, and ultimately our culture. 1. Independent research scholar. Email: [email protected] 34 Stephen Laszlo Jarosek It allows for the transfer of information (behaviours, customs, etc.) between individuals and down generations without the need for genetic inheritance" (Hopper 2010). The word imitation can be applied in many contexts, ranging from animal training to politics. The term generally refers to conscious behavior; subconscious imitation is termed mirroring. (Wikipedia, 2019) 1) Reframing Imitation as a Fundamental Principle 1.1 The Pervasiveness of Imitation A cursory overview of some of the reasons why imitation should be taken more seriously within the life sciences. Here are some contentions that align with the thesis that I am setting out to establish: • Pragmatism within the context of mind-body predispositions (Jarosek, 2013), on its own, does not adequately account for how organisms make choices from their ecosystems. It is necessary to factor in imitation in order to account for the myriads of options that impact on behavior, from animals in the wild and domesticated animals, to humans in culture. • I contend that imitation provides humans with access to an array of options in culture that far exceed the options confined solely to arms-length, mind-body predispositions. Through language, our extended horizon of options enables us to get into the minds of others to apprehend experiences and contexts well beyond our own immediate familial contexts. • My contention is that it is imitation, not instinct, that provides the basis for replicating behavior. More specifically, there is no such thing as instinct. What is often mischaracterized as instinct, in non-human animals, is a category error. Animals without human language are confined to simpler, Copyright (c) Imprint Academic more reflexive actions and responses within a reduced horizon of options. Their behavior is no more confined to instinct than our own. There is nothing For personal use only -- not for reproduction about the instinct fallacy that cannot be addressed in the Peircean categories and our imitation thesis. This places us in a position to address the clumsy instinct-freewill dichotomy that has plagued Occidental science and theology throughout history. • Peirce’s categories are still important, but they are more appropriately interpreted as the filter through which organisms decide what to imitate. For example, humans with female mind-bodies will be predisposed to imitating women, and humans with male mind-bodies will be predisposed to imitating men. • My contention is that imitation, as the driver for conformity, provides the basis for structure, order, and division of labor. Without it, there would be only the chaos of individual needs and, therefore, disorder. Imitation is perhaps the most important solution to the entropy problem, because without it, there would be no colonies or culture. • Imitation, particularly within the existential context of knowing how to be, plays a fundamental role in the major world religions: Knowing How to Be 35 i) There are several references to imitation and leading by example, throughout the Catholic Holy Bible (Smith 2019 and Thomas à Kempis 1989). To follow Christ is to imitate him (Burridge 2007). Drake Williams (2013) explores Ignatius’s interpretation of imitation as a means of identifying with God, with “the person of Christ”, and with reference to human examples. Imitation of Christ as “a general ethical notion related to suffering, love, humility, and endurance.” Imitation as “being like God” and the imitation of “exemplary human beings.” ii) Islam clearly prohibits imitation of the kuffaar, that is, non- Muslims. Reasons revolve principally around identification, for example, “by describing those who imitate the kuffaar as being of them” (Islam Question & Answer, 2012) and “Whoever imitates a people is one of them” (narrated by Abu Dawood, 3512, in Islam Question & Answer, 2012). • Knowing how to be relates to Dasein, which is a concept from the existential philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Dasein is a German word that translates to English as being there, or presence, or existence. Concepts expressed in the context of Dasein include being-in-the-world, knowing oneself (Sichkennen), being-with, uncovering, being-with-one-another, potentiality-for-being, thrownness, modes of being, and these point clearly to the importance of engagement within the world in the course of discovering the kind of person Copyright (c) Imprint Academic that one is to become. Being and Time (Heidegger, 1962) provided the original inspiration for the existentialism of Jean-Paul Sartre, whose “existence precedes essence” relates to the notion that an individual’s essence For personal use only -- not for reproduction emerges with the choices that they make and how they live their life. Knowing how to be therefore relates in a fundamental way to existential philosophy. To have an existential crisis is thus to have a crisis of being—a crisis of knowing how to be. In summary, imitation relates to pragmatism because it is one of the ways in which organisms (as agents) define the things that matter. But imitation extends the narrative from that of individual needs, to that of the whole—the colony, the culture. Imitation is thus integral to knowing how to be, because compliance with the whole implies agreed-upon habits, narratives and assumptions. 1.2 Agency as Knowing How to Be Imitation plays an important role in how we and other entities know how to be, and knowing how to be relates to agency. In order to address the limitations of self-organization from the bottom up, we need to factor in organization from the top down, and this places mind-stuff at center 36 Stephen Laszlo Jarosek stage. An agent must know how to be in order to reliably and consistently gather facts that are relevant and attribute meaning. Kull (2018, p. 452) suggests “shifting the concept of choice to the centre of the semiotic theory of learning”: The model we propose consists in a slight redefinition of the general terms of learning, memory and semiosis. We define these terms bringing in the concept of free choice, which has been downplayed by both the computational and the neo-Darwinian approaches to learning. We observe that, in semiotics, the concept of free choice has not received the attention it deserves. (Kull, 2018, p. 453) By shifting emphasis to free choice, Kull positions the agent at the locus of control, and this aligns the agent’s choice-making with knowing how to be. Okasha (2018, n.p.2) examines the importance of agency and agential thinking in biology, which “involves treating an evolved organism as if it were an agent pursuing a goal, such as survival and reproduction, and treating its phenotypic traits, including its behaviours, as strategies for achieving this goal.” To this end, semiosis, pragmatism and imitation are integral. Heidegger’s Dasein incorporates being in the world into its narrative, and therefore by extension, knowing how to be.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Time-Frequency Based Phase-Amplitude Coupling
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Time-Frequency Based Phase- Amplitude Coupling Measure For Neuronal Oscillations Received: 17 September 2018 Tamanna T. K. Munia & Selin Aviyente Accepted: 9 August 2019 Oscillatory activity in the brain has been associated with a wide variety of cognitive processes including Published: xx xx xxxx decision making, feedback processing, and working memory. The high temporal resolution provided by electroencephalography (EEG) enables the study of variation of oscillatory power and coupling across time. Various forms of neural synchrony across frequency bands have been suggested as the mechanism underlying neural binding. Recently, a considerable amount of work has focused on phase- amplitude coupling (PAC)– a form of cross-frequency coupling where the amplitude of a high frequency signal is modulated by the phase of low frequency oscillations. The existing methods for assessing PAC have some limitations including limited frequency resolution and sensitivity to noise, data length and sampling rate due to the inherent dependence on bandpass fltering. In this paper, we propose a new time-frequency based PAC (t-f PAC) measure that can address these issues. The proposed method relies on a complex time-frequency distribution, known as the Reduced Interference Distribution (RID)-Rihaczek distribution, to estimate both the phase and the envelope of low and high frequency oscillations, respectively. As such, it does not rely on bandpass fltering and possesses some of the desirable properties of time-frequency distributions such as high frequency resolution. The proposed technique is frst evaluated for simulated data and then applied to an EEG speeded reaction task dataset. The results illustrate that the proposed time-frequency based PAC is more robust to varying signal parameters and provides a more accurate measure of coupling strength.
    [Show full text]
  • The Scarab 2010
    THE SCARAB 2010 28th Edition Oklahoma City University 2 THE SCARAB 2010 28th Edition Oklahoma City University’s Presented by Annual Anthology of Prose, Sigma Tau Delta, Poetry, and Artwork Omega Phi Chapter Editors: Ali Cardaropoli, Kenneth Kimbrough, Emma Johnson, Jake Miller, and Shana Barrett Dr. Terry Phelps, Sponsor Copyright © The Scarab 2010 All rights reserved 3 The Scarab is published annually by the Oklahoma City University chapter of Sigma Tau Delta, the International English Honor Society. Opinions and beliefs expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the university, the chapter, or the editors. Submissions are accepted from students, faculty, staff, and alumni. Address all correspondence to The Scarab c/o Dr. Terry Phelps, 2501 N. Blackwelder, Oklahoma City, OK 73106, or e-mail [email protected]. The Scarab is not responsible for returning submitted work. All submissions are subject to editing. 4 THE SCARAB 2010 POETRY NONFICTION We Hold These Truths By Neilee Wood by Spencer Hicks ................................. 8 Fruition ...................................................... 41 It‘s Too Early ............................................ 42 September 1990 Skin ........................................................... 42 by Sheray Franklin .............................. 10 By Abigail Keegan Fearless with Baron Birding ...................................................... 43 by Terre Cooke-Chaffin ........................ 12 By Daniel Correa Inevitable Ode to FDR ..............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Wikipedia.Org/W/Index.Php?Title=Neural Oscillation&Oldid=898604092"
    Neural oscillation Neural oscillations, or brainwaves, are rhythmic or repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms within individual neurons or by interactions between neurons. In individual neurons, oscillations can appear either as oscillations in membrane potential or as rhythmic patterns of action potentials, which then produce oscillatory activation of post-synaptic neurons. At the level of neural ensembles, synchronized activity of large numbers of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed in an electroencephalogram. Oscillatory activity in groups of neurons generally arises from feedback connections between the neurons that result in the synchronization of their firing patterns. The interaction between neurons can give rise to oscillations at a different frequency than the firing frequency of individual neurons. A well-known example of macroscopic neural oscillations is alpha activity. Neural oscillations were observed by researchers as early as 1924 (by Hans Berger). More than 50 years later, intrinsic oscillatory behavior was encountered in vertebrate neurons, but its functional role is still not fully understood.[1] The possible roles of neural oscillations include feature binding, information transfer mechanisms and the generation of rhythmic motor output. Over the last decades more insight has been gained, especially with advances in brain imaging. A major area of research in neuroscience involves determining how oscillations are generated and what their roles are. Oscillatory activity in the brain is widely observed at different levels of organization and is thought to play a key role in processing neural information.
    [Show full text]
  • Structured Sequence Processing and Combinatorial Binding: Neurobiologically Royalsocietypublishing.Org/Journal/Rstb and Computationally Informed Hypotheses
    Structured sequence processing and combinatorial binding: neurobiologically royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rstb and computationally informed hypotheses Ryan Calmus, Benjamin Wilson, Yukiko Kikuchi and Christopher I. Petkov Review Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK RC, 0000-0002-7826-9355; BW, 0000-0003-2043-7771; YK, 0000-0002-0365-0397; Cite this article: Calmus R, Wilson B, Kikuchi CIP, 0000-0002-4932-7907 Y, Petkov CI. 2019 Structured sequence processing and combinatorial binding: Understanding how the brain forms representations of structured information distributed in time is a challenging endeavour for the neuroscientific neurobiologically and computationally community, requiring computationally and neurobiologically informed informed hypotheses. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B approaches. The neural mechanisms for segmenting continuous streams of sen- 375: 20190304. sory input and establishing representations of dependencies remain largely http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0304 unknown, as do the transformations and computations occurring between the brain regions involved in these aspects of sequence processing. We propose a blueprint for a neurobiologically informed and informing computational Accepted: 4 November 2019 model of sequence processing (entitled: Vector-symbolic Sequencing of Binding INstantiating Dependencies, or VS-BIND). This model is designed to support One contribution of 16 to a theme issue the transformation of serially ordered elements in sensory sequences into struc- ‘Towards mechanistic models of meaning tured representations of bound dependencies, readily operates on multiple composition’. timescales, and encodes or decodes sequences with respect to chunked items wherever dependencies occur in time. The model integrates established vector symbolic additive and conjunctive binding operators with neurobiologically Subject Areas: plausible oscillatory dynamics, and is compatible with modern spiking neural neuroscience, cognition, computational biology network simulation methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy on Evoked And
    brain sciences Article Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy on Evoked and Induced Gamma Oscillations in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Manuel F. Casanova 1,2, Mohamed Shaban 3, Mohammed Ghazal 4 , Ayman S. El-Baz 5, Emily L. Casanova 1, Ioan Opris 6 and Estate M. Sokhadze 1,2,* 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville, 701 Grove Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA; [email protected] (M.F.C.); [email protected] (E.L.C.) 2 Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville, 401 E Chestnut Str., #600, Louisville, KY 40202, USA 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; [email protected] 4 BioImaging Research Lab, Electrical and Computer Engineering Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, UAE; [email protected] 5 Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; [email protected] 6 School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-(502)-294-6522 Received: 30 May 2020; Accepted: 30 June 2020; Published: 3 July 2020 Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally diagnosed neurodevelopmental condition of unknown pathology. Research suggests that abnormalities of elecltroencephalogram (EEG) gamma oscillations may provide a biomarker of the condition. In this study, envelope analysis of demodulated waveforms for evoked and induced gamma oscillations in response to Kanizsa figures in an oddball task were analyzed and compared in 19 ASD and 19 age/gender-matched neurotypical children. The ASD group was treated with low frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), (1.0 Hz, 90% motor threshold, 18 weekly sessions) targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
    [Show full text]
  • Fast Hebbian Plasticity Explains Working Memory and Neural Binding
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/334821; this version posted May 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Fast Hebbian Plasticity explains Working Memory and Neural Binding Florian Fiebig1, Pawel Herman1, and Anders Lansner1,2 1 Lansner Laboratory, Department of Computational Science and Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden, 2 Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden Abstract We have extended a previous spiking neural network model of prefrontal cortex with fast Hebbian plasticity to also include interactions between short-term and long-term memory stores. We investigated how prefrontal cortex could bind and maintain multi-modal long-term memory representations by simulating three cortical patches in macaque brain, i.e. in prefrontal cortex together with visual and auditory temporal cortex. Our simulation results demonstrate how simultaneous brief multi-modal activation of items in long- term memory could build a temporary joint cell assembly linked via prefrontal cortex. The latter can then activate spontaneously and thereby reactivate the associated long-term representations. Cueing one long-term memory item rapidly pattern completes the associated un-cued item via prefrontal cortex. The short-term memory network flexibly updates as new stimuli arrive thereby gradually over- writing older representation. In a wider context, this working memory model suggests a novel solution to the “binding problem”, a long-standing and fundamental issue in cognitive neuroscience.
    [Show full text]
  • Stephen Grossberg
    STEPHEN GROSSBERG Wang Professor of Cognitive and Neural Systems Professor of Mathematics, Psychology, and Biomedical Engineering Director, Center for Adaptive Systems Boston University 677 Beacon Street Boston, MA 02215 (617) 353-7857 (617) 353-7755 [email protected] http://cns.bu.edu/~steve HIGH SCHOOL: Stuyvesant High School, Manhattan First in Class of 1957 COLLEGE: Dartmouth College, B.A. First in Class of 1961 A.P. Sloan National Scholar Phi Beta Kappa Prize NSF Undergraduate Research Fellow GRADUATE WORK: Stanford University, M.S., 1961-1964 NSF Graduate Fellowship Woodrow Wilson Graduate Fellowship Rockefeller University, Ph.D., 1964-1967 Rockefeller University Graduate Fellowship POST-GRADUATE ACTIVITIES: 1. Assistant Professor of Applied Mathematics, M.I.T., 1967-1969. 2. Senior Visiting Fellow of the Science Research Council of England, 1969. 3. Norbert Wiener Medal for Cybernetics, 1969. 4. A.P. Sloan Research Fellow, 1969-1971. 5. Associate Professor of Applied Mathematics, M.I.T., 1969-1975. 1 6. Professor of Mathematics, Psychology, and Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 1975-. 7. Invited lectures in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, Norway, Qatar, Scotland, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and throughout the United States. 8. Editor of the journals Adaptive Behavior; Applied Intelligence; Behavioral and Brain Sciences (Associate Editor for Computational Neuroscience); Autism Open Access Journal; Behavioural
    [Show full text]
  • Oscillations in Working Memory and Neural Binding: a Mechanism for Multiple Memories and Their Interactions
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/263277; this version posted February 12, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Oscillations in working memory and neural binding: a mechanism for multiple memories and their interactions Jason E. Pina1*, Mark Bodner2, Bard Ermentrout1 1 Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America 2 MIND Research Institute, Santa Ana, California, United States of America * [email protected] Abstract Neural oscillations have been implicated in many different basic brain and cognitive processes. Oscillatory activity has been suggested to play a role in neural binding, and more recently in the maintenance of information in working memory. This latter work has focused primarily on oscillations in terms of providing a \code" in working memory. However, oscillations may additionally play a fundamental role in essential properties and behaviors that neuronal networks must exhibit in order to produce functional working memory. In the present work, we present a biologically plausible working memory model and demonstrate that specific types of stable oscillatory dynamics may play a critical role in facilitating properties of working memory, including transitions between different memory states and a multi-item working memory capacity. We also show these oscillatory dynamics may facilitate and provide an underlying mechanism to enable a range of different types of binding in the context of working memory. Author summary Working memory is a form of short-term memory that is limited in capacity to perhaps 3 { 5 items.
    [Show full text]
  • Wyrd Ecology
    Wyrd Ecology by Barbara Jane Davy A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environment, Resources and Sustainability Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2021 © Barbara Jane Davy 2021 Examining Committee Membership The following served on the Examining Committee for this thesis. The decision of the Examining Committee is by majority vote. External Examiner SARAH PIKE Professor Supervisor STEPHEN QUILLEY Associate Professor Internal Member SARAH WOLFE Associate Professor Internal-external Member DOUGLAS COWAN Professor Other Members DANIEL MCCARTHY Associate Professor SHELDON SOLOMON Professor ii Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. iii Abstract This work investigates what motivates environmental action through developing a case study on how ecological conscience forms in the ritual practices of a new religious movement. I conducted a two-year ethnographic study with a community of contemporary Heathens in eastern and southwestern Ontario to investigate how ritual practices are related to the formation of conscience in the group. I used participant observation and interviews to investigate how ritual is related to conscience formation, and how it can generate a sense of obligation to others, including nonhuman others. I draw on social psychology (especially terror management theory), cognitive science, anthropology, ritual studies, and philosophy to describe and interpret three ritual practices, each of which involve some sort of gift giving.
    [Show full text]
  • PERFORMING 'DUBYA': GEORGE W. BUSH NARRATIVES on the POLITICAL and THEATRICAL STAGES by Ryan Patrick Howe BA Theatre Arts A
    PERFORMING ‘DUBYA’: GEORGE W. BUSH NARRATIVES ON THE POLITICAL AND THEATRICAL STAGES by Ryan Patrick Howe BA Theatre Arts and Political Science, Boston College, 1998 MA Drama, Washington University in St. Louis, 2004 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2013 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH THE DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Ryan Patrick Howe It was defended on March 20th, 2013 and approved by Dr. Bruce A. McConachie, Professor, Department of Theatre Arts Dr. Kathleen George, Professor, Department of Theatre Arts Dr. Susan Harris Smith, Professor, Department of English Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Attilio Favorini, Professor, Department of Theatre Arts ii Copyright © by Ryan Patrick Howe 2013 iii PERFORMING ‘DUBYA’: GEORGE W. BUSH NARRATIVES ON THE POLITICAL AND THEATRICAL STAGES Ryan Patrick Howe, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2013 This dissertation examines how theatrical performance might offer the political left a model for responding to the communication strategies of the political right through a case study of responses to the George W. Bush administration. I conduct this exploration through a two-part study. In the first part, I establish a theoretical framework by looking to the work of Francis Fukuyama, Bruce McConachie, Brian Boyd and others to identify the common evolutionary and cognitive roots of storytelling and political order. Based on that understanding, I examine the historical development of presidential storytelling and create a rubric for analyzing contemporary presidential performance. The second part of this dissertation is comprised of three chapters, each of which focuses on a particular narrative strategy used by the George W.
    [Show full text]
  • An Indexing Theory for Working Memory Based on Fast Hebbian Plasticity
    Research Article: Research Article: New Research | Cognition and Behavior An Indexing Theory for Working Memory based on Fast Hebbian Plasticity https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0374-19.2020 Cite as: eNeuro 2020; 10.1523/ENEURO.0374-19.2020 Received: 17 September 2019 Revised: 17 January 2020 Accepted: 27 January 2020 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.eneuro.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2020 Fiebig et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. 1 An Indexing Theory for Working Memory based on Fast Hebbian 2 Plasticity 3 Abbreviated Title: Fast Hebbian Indexing Theory for WM 4 Authors: Florian Fiebig1, Pawel Herman1, and Anders Lansner1,2,* 5 1. Lansner Laboratory, Department of Computational Science and Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 6 10044 Stockholm, Sweden, 7 2. Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden 8 * Corresponding Author: Anders Lansner, Department of Computational Science and Technology, Royal Institute 9 of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Lindstedtsvägen 24, 100 44,
    [Show full text]
  • United in Division: the Polarized Nation in Restoration France
    United in Division: The Polarized French Nation, 1814-1830 Maximilian Paul Owre A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Dr. Jay M. Smith Dr. Donald Reid Dr. Karen Hagemann Dr. Steven Vincent @2008 Maximilian Paul Owre ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Maximilian Paul Owre: United in Division: The Polarized French Nation, 1814-1830 (Under the direction of Dr. Lloyd Kramer) This dissertation analyzes the political culture of the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830), the first stable post-revolutionary, post-Napoleonic regime in France. It uses recent theoretical developments in cognitive linguistics and frame analysis to examine the impact of a polarized political conflict between liberals and ultraroyalists, the era’s two main factions, on French society. Drawing on published and archival sources such as formal political treatises, pamphlets, poems, popular songs, and state administrative and police records, this dissertation shows how polarized frames for understanding and participating in political life made the division between Left and Right a pervasive social metaphor. Each chapter outlines the frameworks that liberals and ultras used to understand the nation and conduct politics in a polarized public sphere. These ideas spread to diverse locations in France and among varied social classes, triggering further polarization in society. Specific case studies focus on events such as the expulsions of the Abbé Grégoire (1819) and Jacques-Antoine Manuel (1823) from the Chamber of Deputies and the 1823 military intervention in Spain to illustrate the political struggles that grew out of two mutually exclusive conceptions of the French nation.
    [Show full text]