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United in Division: the Polarized Nation in Restoration France United in Division: The Polarized French Nation, 1814-1830 Maximilian Paul Owre A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Dr. Jay M. Smith Dr. Donald Reid Dr. Karen Hagemann Dr. Steven Vincent @2008 Maximilian Paul Owre ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Maximilian Paul Owre: United in Division: The Polarized French Nation, 1814-1830 (Under the direction of Dr. Lloyd Kramer) This dissertation analyzes the political culture of the Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830), the first stable post-revolutionary, post-Napoleonic regime in France. It uses recent theoretical developments in cognitive linguistics and frame analysis to examine the impact of a polarized political conflict between liberals and ultraroyalists, the era’s two main factions, on French society. Drawing on published and archival sources such as formal political treatises, pamphlets, poems, popular songs, and state administrative and police records, this dissertation shows how polarized frames for understanding and participating in political life made the division between Left and Right a pervasive social metaphor. Each chapter outlines the frameworks that liberals and ultras used to understand the nation and conduct politics in a polarized public sphere. These ideas spread to diverse locations in France and among varied social classes, triggering further polarization in society. Specific case studies focus on events such as the expulsions of the Abbé Grégoire (1819) and Jacques-Antoine Manuel (1823) from the Chamber of Deputies and the 1823 military intervention in Spain to illustrate the political struggles that grew out of two mutually exclusive conceptions of the French nation. The central claim of this dissertation is that an overarching frame of Left/Right national division that had its origins in the revolutionary era evolved into the normative paradigm for modern French politics during the Restoration. This division has informed French conceptions of the nation and its political life, and has helped the French people negotiate the legacy of the Revolution to this day. This sense of irreparable division in the French public iii sphere also suggests that national identity is not a static concept but rather a dynamic process that relies on interactions between opposed ideas of the nation in the same polity. iv To Ceara v Acknowledgements I would like to thank everyone who has ever encouraged me to pursue my passions, especially my love for history. During my undergraduate career at the University of Vermont, James Overfield, Patrick Hutton, and Al Andrea, among others, introduced me to the formal study of history and gave me confidence in my ability to contribute to the discipline. Janet Whatley and Gretchen van Slyke introduced me to the French language and got me started on the road to research in primary source documents. At UVM, I also had the great luck of meeting Meg Welch, who ended up in Chapel Hill at the same time I started graduate school. Meg provided hours of care for our children and even more hours of wonderful friendship in a new place. At the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, I received excellent professional training from all the professors with whom I studied. I am particularly indebted to Theda Perdue, Michael Hunt, Donald Raleigh, and Jerma Jackson for helping me develop my approach and the arguments that evolved into this dissertation. Christopher Browning and Karen Hagemann agreed to sit on my prospectus committee and provided interesting insights from a non-French history perspective. I learned invaluable insights into the historical profession through teaching under Judith Bennett, Richard Talbert, Melissa Bullard, Terry McIntosh, and Konrad Jarausch. I would be remiss if I did not mention the hard work of vi Violet Andrews, the Graduate Assistant in the History Department, whose attention to detail ensured that I am where I am today. The three professors of French history at UNC, Jay Smith, Donald Reid, and Lloyd Kramer deserve special thanks. Jay Smith had the challenge of working with me my first year when my ideas, words, and writing had little direction. His patience and good humor helped me enormously then, and continue to inspire me. Don Reid, although not closely involved with this project, always interjected with critical observations that have helped broaden the scope of my work or hone in on its essence. Lloyd Kramer, my advisor, has been invaluable. Lloyd’s endless bounty of encouragement kept me hopeful that this dissertation would indeed be finished someday. Despite having to proofread and edit hundreds of pages of prose, he always saw the value of my ideas before I had learned to voice them clearly. Without his guidance, I would never have come close to what I achieved. Other historians and scholars have also provided excellent advice and feedback on this project. I would like to thank Steven Vincent, in particular, who agreed to sit on my defense committee, and whose challenging observations reminded me that there is still much work left to do. Also deserving of thanks for their input and feedback at seminars, conferences, or through correspondence are Steven Kale, Laura Mason, Maíre Cross, Steven Rowe, Anoush Terjanian, Patrice Gueniffey, Jo-Burr Margadant, John Shovlin, Jim Winders, and James Livesey. Several other scholars contributed to my project perhaps without their knowledge, offering choice words and critical insights in passing. I would also like to thank the staffs at Davis Library at UNC, the Archives Nationales, the Bibliothèque Nationale, and the Archives Départementales des Pyrénées-Orientales for their help in finding the many sources in this text. vii Knowing that I was not alone was great consolation through researching and writing this dissertation. My graduate student colleagues in the History Department kept me smiling during the all-too-tempting idle time that accompanies writing a dissertation. First, I would like to thank my “Frenchies,” Bethany Keenan, Sarah Shurts, Jennifer Heath, Natasha Naujoks, Michael Mulvey, Julia Osman, and Christina Hansen for travelling down the same road with me and keeping my attitude positive. By chance, two students of Latin American history, Michael Huner and Devyn Spence Benson, read parts of this dissertation in workshops and gave me great feedback. Josh Davis, Michael Meng, Marko Dumancic, Pam Lach, Matt Harper, and countless other good people are personally responsible for any delays that might have occurred in the writing of this dissertation. I blame them for being intellectually invigorating, fun, and available at all the wrong and, of course, all the right times. In addition to these friends and acquaintance, several institutions and benefactors have also made this dissertation possible. The UNC History Department offered teaching assistantships and a Mowry grant that helped me complete my studies. I have also received support from the Florence Gould Foundation, the Mellon Foundation, the Lurcy Foundation, and the Lovick P. Corn Foundation. With the aid of a FLAS grant, I was able to increase my proficiency in French at the Université de Perpignan in France. The people at the Council for Library and Information Resources at the United States’ Library of Congress saw promise in my project and gave me the funds necessary to pursue research in France. My extended and immediate families made graduate school a possibility and kept me going throughout. Without my in-law’s, Deborah and Maurice Curran’s, unconditional love and generosity, I would never have been able to go back to school for a BA, never mind viii pursue history as a career. My parents, Jim and Christine Owre, always encouraged me to study history and entered my graduate career in the eleventh hour to witness their inspiration in action. They too have provided material and emotional support at critical junctures in my graduate school career. My mother Christine, in particular, deserves immeasurable credit for scrubbing my prose clean through several versions of these chapters. My greatest thanks, however, go to my immediate family. My children, Sara, Evan, and Elise, have suffered the dislocations and the penury that accompany graduate school with great stoicism. Sara and Evan, in particular, endured my blind cheeriness over living in France while they negotiated the rigors of the French school system, and they continue to be patient with their daddy’s demanding schedule and frequent moments of stress. Nothing gives me greater pleasure than seeing Sara enjoy reading about history and Evan apply his creative appreciation for the past to his art and play; they remind me of why I started this whole process in the first place. Elise, in her capacity as our “Paris surprise,” will forever be a testimony of living in France and of this time in our lives. Ceara, to whom I’ve dedicated this dissertation, is my rock and my best friend. She has sacrificed everything so that I could pursue my goal of becoming a history professor. Her undying patience and understanding are only balanced by her honesty and forthrightness. In times of darkness and despair, she always gave me light; when my optimism was overbearing, she reined me in and helped me understand my true priorities. Without her, I am nothing. Thank you, Ceara. ix Table of Contents Chapter Introduction: The Polarized Nation in Restoration France…………………..……………………1
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