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Renato Sabbagh Bahia Genocide and its Political use: a Conceptual History Dissertação de Mestrado Dissertation presented to the Programa de Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais do Instituto de Relações Internacionais of PUC- Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mestre em Relações Internacio- nais Advisor: Prof. Paulo Luiz Moreaux Lavigne Esteves Rio de Janeiro April 2017 Renato Sabbagh Bahia Genocide and its Political use: a Conceptual History Dissertation presented to the Programa de Pós-graduação em Relações Internacionais do Instituto de Relações Internacionais of PUC- Rio in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mestre em Relações Internacio- nais. Approved by the undersigned Examina- tion Committee Prof. Paulo Luiz Moreaux L. Esteves Advisor Instituto de Relações Internacionais – PUC-Rio Prof. Mônica Herz Instituto de Relações Internacionais – PUC-Rio Prof. Maurício Barreto Alvarez Parada Departamento de História – PUC-Rio Prof. Mônica Herz Vice Dean of Graduate Studies Centro de Ciências Sociais – PUC-Rio Rio de Janeiro, April 10th, 2017 All rights reserved. Renato Sabbagh Bahia The author graduated in International Relations from Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio) in 2014. Bibliographic Data Bahia, Renato Sabbagh Genocide and its political use : a conceptual history / Re- nato Sabbagh Bahia ; advisor: Paulo Luiz Moreaux Lavigne Esteves. – 2017. 132 f. ; 30 cm Dissertação (mestrado)–Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Relações Internacionais, 2017. Inclui bibliografia 1. Relações Internacionais – Teses. 2. Genocídio. 3. Histó- ria dos conceitos. 4. Raphael Lemkin. 5. Direito Internacional. 6. Tribunal Internacional Militar de Nuremberg. I. Esteves, Pau- lo Luiz Moreaux Lavigne. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Relações Internacionais. III. Títu- lo. CDD: 327 Acknowledgements To my parents, Ismail and Christina, who have been the basis of possibility for not only this work, but mostly all my professional and personal projects. To my brother, Marcelo, who inspires me with all his discipline and dedication. Without these three my paths in life might not have been the same. All your patience and understanding throughout these last few months of dissertation-writing were invaluable. My advisor, professor Paulo Esteves, I thank for his eternal patience and careful Reading, and whose suggestions were critical for the completion of this work in the best way possible. To my professors who, to a lesser or higher degree, contributed in a positive manner to this dissertation, be it through debates in class, through com- menting chapter drafts or the articulation of certain arguments and ideas – in class or otherwise -, being worth citing, in no particular order, professor Roberto Yamato, Maurício Parada, Mônica Herz, Jimmy Casas Klausen, Isabel de Siqueira, Bruno Magalhães, Raslan Ibrahim and Victor Coutinho. To Geisa and Lia who bore with me with endless patience and care. To my professor and friend, Danilo Marcondes de Souza Neto, whose presence in my academic life since 2011 has been invaluable to my professional growth. Also profes- sors Paula Drumond and Fernanda Alves, my eternal gratitude for being the two from whom I took to love my research field. To professor Fernando Maia, whose critical talk in 2014 was the igniting spark to this work. To Inez, who helped me to drastically change – for the better – my life in almost eve- ry way. Marina and Thais, who suddenly and inexplicably joined my life in early 2010 and have been, since then, my own guardian angels. To my Master’s degree class, who constantly and positively surprised me throughout the past two years, be it through our mutual support in class, on a personal level or even through the writing processes of our dissertations. Lucas, the tireless discussant, who made the commute not only easier, but academically productive through his in- sights. You are one whose friendship I hope to maintain not only through the halls of academia, but through life itself. Amanda, Natasha and Mayra, I surely did not de- serve the dedication and care that I received from you. Luisa and Beatriz, my partners in crime in PUC’s Library, those long hours were made incredibly lighter with your presence. To my friends from a certain neighborhood that kept me sane during Brazil’s recent political turbulences. Last, but not least, to CAPES whose financial support made this work possible. Abstract Bahia, Renato Sabbagh; Esteves, Paulo Luiz Moreaux Lavigne (Advisor). Genocide and its Political use: a Conceptual History. Rio de Janeiro, 2017. 132p. Dissertação de Mestrado – Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifí- cia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro This work seeks to investigate a few of the conditions of possibility for a con- cept of Genocide. By establishing an analysis that tries to reconcile the basis under which the creation of the concept in 1944, as well as its reception, take and dispute of what the concept must (have) mean(t) between 1944 and December 1948, when the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was ap- proved by the United Nations General Assembly, this work aims for an understanding of a few of the political and social limits on the employment of the term “Genocide”. More than just considering the politicisation (“Politisierung”), it is argued that a cer- tain understanding of what “Genocide” “is” or “ought to be”, be it through the pro- posed temporal frame or through the debates that follow in the Field of Genocide Studies, requires an approach that reflects on the multiple temporalities that each claim for a certain meaning that is brought within the Concept. Keywords Genocide; Conceptual History; Raphael Lemkin; International Law; Nurem- berg Trials Resumo Bahia, Renato Sabbagh; Esteves, Paulo Luiz Moreaux Lavigne. Genocídio e seu uso político: uma história conceitual. Rio de Janeiro, 2017. 132p. Dis- sertação de Mestrado – Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Uni- versidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro O presente trabalho propõe uma investigação de algumas das condições de possibilidade quanto ao conceito de Genocídio. Buscando entender alguns dos limites políticos e sociais na utilização do termo “Genocídio” – no Internacional ou não -, estabelece-se uma análise que tenta conciliar as bases que tornam possível a invenção do conceito em 1944 pelo jurista polonês Raphael Lemkin, bem como sua recepção, abordagem, e disputas quanto ao que o conceito deve(ria) significar entre 1944 e de- zembro de 1948, quando a Convenção para a Prevenção e a Repressão do Crime de Genocídio foi aprovada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas. Mais do que ape- nas determinar a politização (“Politisierung”) do Conceito, argumenta-se que um en- tendimento sobre o que “Genocídio” “é” ou “deveria ser”, seja no recorte temporal proposto, seja nos debates que se seguem no Campo de Estudos sobre Genocídio, requer uma abordagem que reflita as múltiplas temporalidades que cada reinvindica- ção de significado do Conceito traz em si. Palavras-Chave Genocídio; História dos Conceitos; Raphael Lemkin; Direito Internacional; Tribunal Internacional Militar de Nuremberg Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 8 2. On the Problem of Genocide and Conceptual History .............................. 14 2.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 14 2.2. Contextualising the Field of Genocide Studies ................................... 16 2.2.1. History and IR: Concepts and Time .............................................. 23 2.2.2. Genocide and International Law ................................................... 26 2.3. On Conceptual History ....................................................................... 29 3. Genocide before Genocide: Raphael Lemkin, Barbarism and International Law ........................................................................................... 41 3.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 41 3.2. Early Beginnings ................................................................................ 44 3.3. International Law in the Interwar Period ............................................. 50 3.4. From “Barbarism” and “Vandalism” to the United States .................... 58 3.5. A few concluding thoughts ................................................................... 62 4. Genocide from Axis Rule in Occupied Europe to the Convention ............ 64 4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................... 64 4.2. On the perceptions of the Holocaust viz a viz Genocide .................... 65 4.3. On the reception of Axis Rule and the London Charter ...................... 75 4.4. On the Tribunal of Nuremberg ............................................................ 90 4.5. Genocide at the UN: The road to the Convention ............................... 97 4.6. The Three Drafts and the Convention .............................................. 100 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 116 6. Bibliography ............................................................................................ 125 1. Introduction This research main goal is to
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