The Jewish Question in the Ukrainian Revolution (1919-1920)

CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Supervisor: A Reappraisal of UkrainianA Reappraisal of Professor Michael Miller Professor L. The Jewish in Jewish The Question Revolutionthe Ukrainian (1919 Professor Alfred J.Rieber In fulfillmento partial Central European University - Jewish Relations the on Daily Based History Department Budapest, Hungary Master of Arts f the requirements forf the thedegree of Olga Petrova Submitted to Submitted

2013

By

- 1920): Ukra

ї na

CEU eTD Collection such instructions may bemade thewr without not mad copies such any of part a form must page in lodged and Author the by given instructions the with accordance in only made be may part, or full this of text the in Copyright N Copyright

the Central European Library. European Central the otice

thesis rests with the Author. the with rests thesis Details may b may Details

e. e. itten permissionitten ofthe Author. Further copies made in accordance with with accordance in made copies Further e obtained from the librarian. the from obtained e Copi es by any process, either in either process, any by es

This This CEU eTD Collection positi a fixing by cooperation items Ukrainian Ukra improve to tried Directory that Staff by histo end the at Therefore, forces national Ukrainian by established body provisional the of so the of period the with largely coinciding territories, Ukrainian destructive the of result a as population to in states first the of one was republic This the from evolved autonomy state Ukrainian the of project The determination. with Ukrainians provided and society Russian Abstract critically

riographyas of thebulwark Ukra and featuring a considerable amount of Jewish of amount considerable a featuring and and article and The aim of my thesis is to review this attitude and treatment of the Directory`s rule rule Directory`s the of treatment and attitude this review to is thesis my of aim The an threat Bolshevik mounting the to due fail to doomed was however, effort, This democra about brought 1917 March of Revolution Russian The

- ї to the daring effort of establishing an independent Ukrainian People`s Republic. Republic. People`s Ukrainian independent an establishing of effort daring the to Jewish coope Jewish na the whole Ukrai whole the by looking at looking

national may serve as an example of how the Ukrainian national leaders of the the of leaders national Ukrainian the how of example an as serve may

acquain s, published in published s, e n smahtc mg o the of image sympathetic and ve - personal autonomyand ting Ukrainian ting Ukra ration in the column “From the L “Fromthe column the in ration nian ї na

wave of of wave this newspaper. this , the , state popular Ukrainian antisemitism. antisemitism. Ukrainian popular inian

- official newspaper published by the Dir the by published newspaper official building

readership with the life of the Jewish population and population Jewish the of life the with readership - Jewish relations by the wide press coverage of of coverage press wide the by relations Jewish anti

the world to recognize the right the recognize to world the - eih ilne ht wp ars ethnically across swept that violence Jewish

to attempt to attempt project of 1919 of project

an oppo an This was done to enhance Ukrainian enhance to done was This - related content. In my work, I argue I work, my In content. related rtunity to realize their right to self to right their realize to rtunity implementing in it practice. ife of the Jewry” and in other newsother in and Jewry”the of ife Jew - 1920 ha 1920

- n Jws community Jewish and called Directory, the rule rule the Directory, called s

long been treated been long

rcaain of proclamation iain f the of tization ectory`s Army Army ectory`s of the Jewish the of

f 1918. of -

Jewish Jewish

in d - .

CEU eTD Collection answers. beautiful the to me introducing for Teliha Andrei Program, Studies to go thanks Endless throughout me with ch of endeavor risky my in encou for Rieber Alfred and Wilke Carsten professors as well as Miller Michael would I possible. been hardly have could deci for parents my thank to want I all, of First Acknowledgements sion to come to Budapest and Central European University European Central and Budapest to come to sion

kana cities Ukrainian –

all these people truly people these all these changes these

all my amazing friends and col and friends amazing my all Kmaes Podilsky Kamianets , anging the focus of my research, my of focus the anging , and and , to

inspired me. And most importantly I want to thank to want Iimportantly most And me. inspired also Eszter Timar for guidance in the writing process writing the in guidance for Timar Eszter whole whole i

supporting supporting

like to express my gratitude to my supervisor supervisor my to gratitude my express to like ad for and , fount of periodicals in one of the most most the of one in periodicals of fount leagues at CEU, at leagues both mentally and and mentally both helping me in my search for for search my in me helping to – Aniko Molnar for bearing for Molnar Aniko

without their support this support their without

e specially financially from Jewish Jewish from raging me raging

my my . CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSIONS 4.5. 4.4. 4.3. Other 4.2. “FromLife Jewry” the ofthe 4.1. Question CHAPTER 4. Question CHAPTER the 3. TheDirectoryPeople`s the Republicand Ukrainian of Jewish CHAP 1.2. Approaches toUkrainian 1.1. Printedpress discourse CHAPTER Framework 1. Theoretical INTRODUCTION Contents of Table Ukra Ukra Ukra TER 2. Jewish PoliticalParties Their 2.Jewish TER and Dilemmas ї ї ї

...... na na na Ukra , a Kamianets Podilsky daily, 1919 and thepogroms on Ukra ї the position of the Jewish population ofthethe position Jewish Ukraine in na

......

voices on Jewish subjects onJewish voices

...... ї na

as the Directory`s Mouthpiece with regardas theDirectory`s to with Mouthpiece the Jewish

...... - ......

...... relationsJewish

......

......

...... ii

......

- ...... 1920 ......

......

......

67 61 56 51 48 44 40 40 28 19 15 10 10

1

CEU eTD Collection indicated. 1 of reorganization social for people Ukrainian the of struggle the Revolution, coup. Bolshevik the as more known latter the (November), October in and (March) February in 1917 in Empire Russian the of territory the on happened that revolutions both encompasses wit contemporaries legitimate. Decla Balfour the this of all and pogroms in slaughtered were Jews of hundreds Ukrainians for than t of history complex the in Ukrainian evaluating even the 1920, Ukraine of i since words, his with argue of was Revolution Ukrainian the in Ukraine in Jews Jews” the of life political and cultural, economic, national, ruined blood, Jewish of rivers hand, other the on and, government]… rights I

NTRODUCTION Ukra Ukra nessing? What was What theirnessing? perception, especially withregard Question? totheJewish ї na One more revolution that was unfolding at the same time was the so the was time same the at unfolding was that revolution more One – “Tragedy of The y The

ї , issue 3, August 12, 1919, p. p. 4 1919, 12, issueAugust , 3,

na the right for National for right the

While having a certain picture of these events in mind, does one know ho know one does mind, in events these of picture certain a having While and as the words of the Minister of Jewish Affairs, Pinkhas Krasnyi. One can hardly can One Krasnyi. Pinkhas Affairs, Jewish of Minister the of words the as ears 1917 ears

s f hs truet years turbulent these of ts other nations other looked upon the drastic changes and instantaneous developments they were were they developments instantaneous and changes drastic the upon looked ration the Zioni the ration

the Jewish people consists… Jewish the –

- Jewish relations in the twentieth century twentieth the in relations Jewish

with the attempts of creating Jewish Autonomy at the same time as as time same the at Autonomy Jewish creating of attempts the with -

1920 are 1920 his period. For it was no less, or even more complex for Jews for complex more even or less, no was it For period. his , n addition to posing a posing to addition n

who - esnl uooy[n te as n regu and laws other [and Autonomy Personal mostly known for the so the for known mostly . All the translations from Ukrainian are done by me, unless otherwise otherwise me,byunless done are from Ukrainian All . thetranslations st aspirations for Palestine were Palestine for aspirations st were 1

c – aught in the whirlwind of whirlwind the in aught

this most accurate portrayal of the destiny of the of destiny the of portrayal accurate most this

lo served also 1

in that, on theone ha in that, chronicle historiographical problem for historians historians for problem historiographical s suc o eautn ad re and evaluating of source a as - called Russian Revolution, which Revolution, Russian called d in 1919 in happening just happening as well as well as

the revolutions of 1917 of revolutions the officially recognized as as recognized officially nd, we have extensive have nd, we by one of the authors authors the of one by

the place of Jews Jews of place the - called Ukrainian called

when through when the Ukrainian the lations of the of lations w the w

- - : CEU eTD Collection 1999) Press, University Harvard (Cambridge: 81; 5 zhurnal Ukra Jews Approach Methodological more (for in 1917 Revolution Russian ofthe course an social to pertaining 4 zhurnal Experience”), AnalysisofPeriodization Period: Council Central the Revolutionof “Ukra Soldatenko, ofapproaches 3 consistent be to words ofboth translation 2 were pogroms Directory the with affiliated troops the by perpetrated as identified are pogroms the of percent 40 approximately Since Pe Ukrainian the of Directory happened anti of storm increasing the with turmoil and tragedy of fo Affairs Jewish of Ministry the of creation wit Jews the for opportunities of time so the within territories, Russ the of population Jewish the of part major the because Jews the for importance such of be to out turned Revolution Ukrainian The one. Ukrainian events revolutionary the of Bolsheviks` infact takeover, which Ukrainian an put end tothe Revolution. Council Central the of period territories Ukrainian ethnically the of control holding into divided traditionally is Revolution so

Serhy Yekelchyk, SerhyYekelchyk, Pa The whole variety is a there and morecomplex much is Revolution the Ukrainian ofperiodizing Infact,the task Ukrainian many the In publications ciety coupled with the search for search the with coupled ciety Henry Abramson, Abramson, Henry

ї in ni na pochatok XX st.” (“Jews in Ukraine at the Beginning of the 20 ofBeginningthe the at Ukraine in (“Jews st.” XX napochatok ni

Ukraine ( ( le of Settlement encompassed restrictions on the possibilities of settling and special regulations special and ofsettling possibilities the on restrictions le ofSettlement encompassed In 1917 In Ukrainian Historical Journal) Journal) Historical Ukrainian Journal) Historical Ukrainian on to periodization of the events of1917 ofthe events periodization to

the territory the :

History - ї state a ns`ka revoliutsiia dobyTsentral`noi revoliutsiia ns`ka t 1920 Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation Modern a of Birth Ukraine: d economic rights of the Jewsin ofthe rights economic d A Prayer for the Government: Jews and Ukrainians in Revolutionary Times, 1917 Times, Revolutionary in Ukrainians Jews and Government: the for Prayer A ,

Culture - to the ofUkrainian Issues to he Jewish population of the Russian Empire foun Empire Russian the of population Jewish he ntae o a lat state least at or initiated - called Pale of Settlement. of Pale called

of Ukraine and which reached its peak in 1919, the year w year the 1919, in peak its reached which and Ukraine of

, 5 Traditions –

ople`s Republic struggled not to lose control over Ukrainians. over control lose to not struggled Republic ople`s h ,

Tsentral ( hs o te usa Rvlto, u ee more even but Revolution, Russian the of those Tsentral`na Rada Tsentral`na soin sil rpl wt te rbe o wehr these whether of problem the with grapple still istorians 4 (1994): 19 (1994): 4 3 (1997): 3 –

the ‘Central Council’. ‘Central the the path the ,113. , `na Rada `na ed. I.F. Kuras I.F. ed. te a o National of Law the h several -

25. - information, see Irina Pohrebinska, “Modern “Modern Pohrebinska, Irina see information, - - 1920. For more information on these approaches, see V.F. V.F. see approaches, Forthese on more information 1920. 29. Jewish Relations (Late19 Relations Jewish r the first time in European history and the time time the and history European in time first the r

2 ї

the Russian Empire. The Pale wasin the Pale abolished The Empire. Russian the

to national self national to is referred to as the ‘Central Rada’, in my work myuse I in as the ‘CentralRada’, to isreferred

(Oxford; New(Oxford; Oxford York:

Rady: analiz dosvidu periodyzatsi dosvidu analiz Rady: -

norgd policy encouraged periods, determined by the type of power power of type the by determined periods, ) 4 2 (Kiev, 1 (Kiev,

, the Hetmanate, the Directory, and the and Directory, the Hetmanate, the , The Ukrainian Revolution was both the both was Revolution Ukrainian The

span , 997 - ian Empire resided on Ukrainian on resided Empire ian Jewish pogroms, which mostly mostly which pogroms, Jewish ) th - ,209 ig rm 97 o 1920 to 1917 from ning determination. determination.

- Century”), Century”), esnl A Personal - th 226; Igor Samartsev, Igor 226;

and Early 20 Early and ,

Ukra n i te wr, how were, they if and

Univ Ukra d itself in the heart the in itself d ї ns`kyi istorychnyi istorychnyi ns`kyi ersity Press, 2007), 2007), Press, ersity tnm and utonomy ї 3 ” (“Ukrainian (“Ukrainian ”

ї ns`kyi istorychnyi istorychnyi ns`kyi The Ukrainian The th

Century),” inCentury),” – “Ie

hen the hen f the of - vre 1920 th : the the ї

v e

CEU eTD Collection 2001) Podilsky, ( University”) State Podilsky the Kamianets communityand 8 History) Overview of 7 centers. Podillia most important oblasts 6 47.5% the were (Ukrainians majority population whole the of 13.4% constituted and Podillia in group there. presence Jewish prohibiting Poland of 18 l considerably of centers cultural and political Podi important most the of one being all, of First reasons. which help where will understand toJews. theDirectory inreality withregard stood indirectly therefo community,Podilsky it Directory, the n Ka Directory the headquartersof when 1920 and 1919 in Podilsky newspaper daily the at look minorityJewish independentRepublic. an within Ukrainian cou they

Scholarly Works of Kamianets Podilsky State Pedagogical History University, Pedagogical State Podilsky Works Kamianets of Scholarly O.M. Zavalniuk, “Ievreis`ka Zavalniuk, O.M. Honigsman Y.S. was ofone Podillia ational movement ational th

century, when Jews were settling in Kamianets in defiance of the decree of Augustus II Augustus of decree the of defiance in Kamianets in settling were Jews century,when lli (regions) of Ukraine. Kamianets Podilsky, located on the River Smotrych, has always been one of the of one been has always Smotrych, River theon located Podilsky, Kamianets ofUkraine. (regions) , a The of purpose the With were recorded as the adherents of Judaism. of adherents the as recorded were 6 wih osiue a ag scin f h Pl o Stlmn, t otd a hosted it Settlement, of Pale the of section large a constituted which , d co ld –

by

79.3%), while in Kamianets Podilsky itself out of 49 of out itself Podilsky Kamianets in while 79.3%), printe , , 338. the arge an arge -

xs wt te Ukrainian the with exist and can be regarded as regarded be can

authors and authors , ed. F.Y. Gorovskii, vol. 1 (Kyiv: NMK VO, 1993), 112. 1993), VO, (Kyiv: 1 vol. NMK Gorovskii, F.Y. ed. , guberniyas

d

A.Y. Haiman, “Evrei Ukrainy” (“Jews of Ukraine”), in ofUkraine”), (“Jews Ukrainy” “Evrei A.Y.Haiman, .

Since Since rs of press

d influential Jewish community, the roots of which went back to the to back went which of roots the community, Jewish influential d h romada i Kam`ianets` romada

during 1919 1919 during

(provinces) of the Russian Empire (now Empire Russian ofthe (provinces) contributing re, my main my re,

headed by headed editorial staff of this newspaper towards the Jewish question, Jewish the towards newspaper this of staff editorial aint Podilsky Kamianets Ukra

the “voice” of the Directory as well as of the Kamianets the of as well as Directory the of “voice” the ї na Ukra

Symon “kan”, hc was which (“Ukraine”), to task is task government`s concern with the wellbeing of the the of wellbeing the with concern government`s int sre a the as served mianets understanding understanding - ї Podil`s`kyi derzhavnyi universytet” (“Jewish (“Jewish universytet” derzhavnyi Podil`s`kyi 7 na 3

In 1913 Jews were the second largest ethnic largest second the were Jews 1913 In

Petliura, was published published was to look at the attitudes expressed attitudes the at look to ,

in 8

Naukovi pra Naukovi s f pca itrs fr nme of number a for interest special of is In other words, a words, Inother one o one this complex problem complex this

–

tsi KPDPU, istorychni nauky istorychni tsi KPDPU, Khmel f the leaders of the Ukrainian the of leaders the f by , 249 inhabitants 23 inhabitants 249 istor ocherk Kratkii ), v ), the

ulse i Kamianets in published ` temporary capital and and capital temporary ol. 5 (7) (Kam (7) 5 ol. ny t the tim the t

official official ts`ka and Vinnyts`ka Vinnyts`ka and ts`ka e Army Ukra ianets ianets , I ,

ii (A Short (AShort ii directly or or directly intend ,

430, i.e. 430, ї S na taff of taff

was

to

CEU eTD Collection (Prometei Publishers 2 2000) Podillia of Studies Regional and History on Conference Tenth in Revolution”), theUkrainian 9 governmental Ukrainian in culture,and life t issues Palestinian to or to Importantly,was limited not column this as signing person, particular one by cases most in prepared apparently Jewry” the of Life the “From life, Jewish about column special Staff Army Directory`s Ukra that 1919 of pogroms violent most the of one to proximity immediate its to due important also Jews. the to attitudes its and Directory the of values published newspaper Mazepa Isaak by used first was which term, the period”, “Kamianets the as to referred and known be to came Podilsky 1917 of Ukrainian of history the in headqu the revolutionary as served it that is specifically and cultural life ofthe published

erritory of the former Russian E Russian former the of erritory P.S. P.S.

in Pro , Hryhorchukand ї

na 373; Isaak Mazepa, Mazepa, Isaak 373; Thirdly, out of dozens of periodicals circulating at this time in Kamianets Podilsky Kamianets in time this at circulating periodicals of dozens of out Thirdly, s The -

1920.

deserves skuriv (now Khmelnytsky). in Kamianets Podilsky, Kamianets in

cn fco cnrbtn t te motne f hs ra n ti city this and area this of importance the to contributing factor econd organ largely headed largely organ The p The

national

, 1950 , V.P. Volovyk, “Kam`ianets`ka doba Ukra doba “Kam`ianets`ka Volovyk, V.P. atclr teto nt ny eas o i big ulse b the by published being it of because only not attention particular eriod when t when eriod

Ukra Petliura`s by city. ,

), - ( but rather cover rather but personal

Pres 5. Materialy X Materialy ї -

na v ohni i buri revolutsi buri i ohni v na Jewish relations in the period of of period the in relations Jewish 9 oe f the of one ,

kvatyra institutions he Directory and the state organs were based in Kamianets in based were organs state the and Directory he

mpire and abroad, the situation in Palestine, local Jewish local Palestine, in situation the abroad, and mpire

autonomy and Jewish attempts of representingofthemselves attempts Jewish autonomyand

its Jewish community Jewish its by Symon Petliura, one of the most controversial figures controversial most the of one Petliura, Symon by - o ry S Army ї

Shtabu

Podil`s`ko ed Zionist , iitr i te ietr` government Directory`s the in ministers

one aspect of Jewish life, either either one life, aspect ofJewish a variety of variety a

af a sre s a as serve can taff 4 Diievo

ї ї istoryko

( res f h Drcoy te temporary the Directory, the of arters Ukraine in blaze and storm of the revolution the of storm and blaze in Ukraine s ), ed. al Vynokuret ed. I.S. ), `

ї ї influence and the place of Jewish Jewish of place the and influence Armi

ns`ko - Furthermore, Kamianets Podilsky is is Podilsky Kamianets Furthermore, kraieznavcho t opics actively participated in participated actively ї ї ) revolutsi , but also because it featured a featured it because also but , the

of Ukrainian national struggle struggle national Ukrainian

(“

mouthpiece ї concern ї Z ievreis`koho zhytti ievreis`koho Z konferentsi ” (“The Kamianets period of period Kamianets (“The ” .

(Kamianets (Kamianets : pogroms on the the on pogroms : to . Zolotar S. ї

( local Materials of the the of Materials f h major the of Podilsky, Podilsky, the . life only life only o this So s ), vol. ), enko ocial a ”) – . , ,

CEU eTD Collection 1917 of Revolution Ukrainian concerningthe Materials Khrystiuk`s Director the of formation (1917 period Council Central the during active also was who Petliura, Symon of figure the to devoted is block R National the differentgroup of publishers than rather the a by Kamianets in time same the at published newspapers other to compared be it can How historiographical the within and debate, state Ukrainian born pursuing of heart very the Ukraine in place their was how and perceived Jews sub of number a on focus to need will I questions, major these from different be column “Jewish” this of author the by told thestory will How Jews? and Ukrainians both stormyfor ch complex the better understand Ukra new detail proclamations, from apart However, life. political the in socialism light ї . na

Thus, the central question can be formulated formulated be can question central the Thus, The history of the historyofThe

and and the ways to incorporate incorporate to ways the on the Ukrainian the on aik i aeil d istori do materialy i Zamitky the evolution of 1917 of evolution researchers have notexamine researchers

column “From the Life of the Jewry” provide? How ca How provide? Jewry” the of Life the “From column the Hw a i b pae wti te agr Ukrainian larger the within placed be it can How ?

- 98, but 1918), reproducing se for struggle Ukrainian Directory is widely repre widelyis Directory that accepted by traditional hi traditional by accepted that . A y. - Jewish relations of the period of the Ukrainian Revolution Revolution Ukrainian the of period the of relations Jewish etnie td o te ietr is Directory the of study extensive n hs t Thus, - 1920. Probably the largest section of this historiographical this of section largest the Probably 1920. the rights of ethnic minorities into into minorities ethnic of rights the h cm t te oe of fore the to came who C and revolutions the of aracter h Drcoys n Petliura`s and Directory`s the

e pcrm f th of spectrum he debate on this period and on and period this on debate ї Directory`s ArmyDirectory`s S

d Ukra 5 this

ї sented in sented particular nsko lf viewed as follows: what new perspective and and perspective new what follows: as - eemnto aogie Ukrainians alongside determination - ї storiography

1920) revoliutsi tpc cvrd s ned rich. indeed is covered topics e

the when they found themselves in in themselves found they when “Jewish” column “Jewish” the . Though this book provides a provides book this Though . taff Ukrainianhistoriogr ainl tuge ih the with struggle national - questions. How were the the were How questions. ї ?

ivil ivil fiil ouet and documents official

1917 ? To be able to answer to able be To ? Symon Symon the system of a new a of system the n it make historians historians make it n W rsne in presented - 90 Nts and (Notes 1920 r f 1917 of ar - eih relations Jewish Petliura`s role? Petliura`s

of Ukra aphy on aphyon - ї Pavlo 1920, 1920, na can

in -

CEU eTD Collection Ukraine) in Holocaust the in 1920 JewsofUkraine 10 and come to years the of historiography fol trial the and assassination this how explains and Petliura, Symon Directory, Ukrainian the of leader the assassinated 1926 in who Jew the Schwartzbard, Samuel of case the to dedicated postscriptum bibliographic additional works the dealing in phenomenon rare a is which tone, judgmental a to resorting without sides Ukrainian the of developments Revolution. the with concurrence in shown is question 1917 of events of course the Revo 1917 the Directory People`s ofthe Ukrainian Ukra by given is minorities, Revolution Ukrainian most the recently, proper historians char period 1930s the of beginning the at and 1920s the in conducted studies historical many of 19 (in revolution the after a witne completedstudy by was this that mind in keep should one consideration, under period the of account detailed very

Olena Suchkova,“Istoriia ievre OlenaSuchkova,“Istoriia lutionary Times, 1917 Times, lutionary - ї 90 s er Abramson`s Henry is 1920 ns`ko

An ih hs eid of period this with

ї motn pbiain dealing publication important acterized by a proliferation of works written by prominent state figures, not not figures, state prominent by written works of proliferation a by acterized Importantly, Abramson Importantly, Narodno

(mostly memoirs) (mostly complete picture complete -

30s in Ukrainian Historiography”), in Historiography”), in Ukrainian 30s ї , vol. 1 (Zaporozh`e: Premier, 2002), 13. 2002), Premier, (Zaporozh`e: 1 vol. , , including a separate chapter on the policies towards national national towards policies the on chapter separate a including , Respubliky (Kam`ianets`ka doba) (Kam`ianets`ka Respubliky Vitalii Lozovyi in his in Lozovyi Vitalii 21 - ї 1920 vUkra - 22). On the whole, this work can be placed within the context the within placed be can work this whole, the On 22).

- 90 i wih h eouin f h attds o h Jewish the to attitudes the of evolution the which in 1920, ss and direct participant of the events in the immediate years immediate events the the in of and directparticipant ss Ukrainian

ї (1999) ny vny 1920 Pae fr h Gvrmn: es n Uriin in Ukrainians and Jews Government: the for Prayer A . of the Kamianets phase of the Directory`s period Directory`s the of phase Kamianets the of 10 gives

Among the works completed by Ukrainian historians Ukrainian by completed works the Among

Republic (Kam`ianets`Period)) .

It -

- Jewish 30 explanations of the motives of the participating the of motives the of explanations pcfcly ih Ukrainian with specifically is a coherent and step and coherent a is contributed - 6 i Vnutrishnia ta zovnishnia polityka Dyrektori polityka zovnishnia ta Vnutrishnia

roky u vitchyznianii istoriografi uvitchyznianii roky lowing it influenced the influenced it lowing

relations. Problemy Kholokosta v Ukraine v Kholokosta Problemy

i cnrs t te el facts, real the to contrast in ,

( Domestic and Foreign Pol Foreign and Domestic basn lo rvds a provides also Abramson - by - step reconstruction of reconstruction step -

eih eain in relations Jewish (2005). ї ” (“ ” Ukra History

inian

( Problems of of Problems

National of the ofthe - icies of icies Jewish

of the of –

the the to n ї

CEU eTD Collection 35. 1956), Bureau, (1917 Years Revolution the of during Relations Jewish 14 Studies Social 13 Europe Eastern in Community Jewish 12 ofUkraine. the territory in pogroms ofthe anorganizer 11 b interaction of history whole of Kamianets Podilsky life educational prove to community Jewish Podilsky Kamianets the of case the on rely Hunczak and Pigido both inh Ukrainian the of result the not but 19 the to back going antisemitism imposed and maneuvering political Russian of result spontaneous them. to attributed sentiments i innocence Directory`s the and Petliura`s (1956) Ukrainian Concerning 1917 Relations, Jewish the and Petliura attemp to first the among was Hunczak Taras Jews”. the against atrocities unspeakable committed that militias Ukrainian the of anti explicit an as treated been long has government. reinforcing

Arnold Margolin, “The Ukraine and the Policy of t of the and Policy Ukraine “The ArnoldMargolin, T Weinstock, A.Ben and Chapin David wast was he that Schwartzbard ofSamuel defense usedin main argument The aras Hunczak, “A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura and Ukrainian and ofSymon Petliura “AReappraisal aras Hunczak, bt pbiain poiig ouetr ad ata eiec t demonstrate to evidence factual and documentary providing publications both , that Under n importan An th

century as well as an extremely unstable situation in Ukraine, especially in 1919, in especially Ukraine, in situation unstable extremely an as well as century

h Drcoy toe o cre to strove Directory the 31,3 (Jul., 1969): 163 1969): (Jul., 31,3 11 the

th

e influence

and Directory in his article “A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura and Ukrainian and Petliura Symon of Reappraisal “A article his in Directory mg o te ietr a te a the as Directory the of image

mlsoe n h suy of study the in milestone t to build to

, - which for several mo - eih eain du Relations Jewish 1921”.

of of

g

etween Jews and Ukrainians is Ukrainians and Jews etween - Schwartzbard ood 183, accessed January 12, 2013, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4466501. 2013, 12, January accessed 183, , vol. 2 (iUniverse, 2000), 2 vol. (iUniverse, 2000), , 13

The Road from Letichev: The History and Culture of a Forgotten Forgotten of Culture a and History The Letichev: from Road The - Thus, hs a This neighborly relations between the Directory and the Jews Jews the and Directory the between relations neighborly erent Jew erent - Semite Semite t fvrbe odtos for conditions favorable ate tce os ad n ad with hand in hand goes rticle uca a Hunczak he Entente,” (1921), in (1921), heEntente,” `s trial te as o te orm ad a and pogroms the of cause the n nths served capitalDirectory`s asnths the - 7

1921) ig h Yas f eouin (1917 Revolution of Years the ring

– - t cutraac ti ngtv view negative this counterbalance to t

Ukrainian hatred or Petliura`s commands. commands. Petliura`s or hatred that is as “the Ukrainian Nationalist leader UkrainianNationalist “the as is that , i , ed. F. Pigido F. ed. , n Jewish histo n Jewish rgues that these pogroms were the the were pogroms these that rgues 501. - tsmtc ainlsi Ukrainian nationalistic ntisemitic Jewish Relations, 1917 Relations, Jewish

- eih eain truhu the throughout relations Jewish Ukrainian

(Munich: Ukrainian Information Information (Munich: Ukrainian Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material riography Petliura Symon aking revenge on Petliura as Petliura on revenge aking

eih utrl and cultural Jewish - Jewish Relations in Relations Jewish Pigido`s - 1921,” 1921,” . Moreover, 12 ntisemitic ntisemitic 14 Jewish Material

In 1969 In - 1921

- of ) -

CEU eTD Collection ther werelocated consideration under the newspaper to related documents no Archive.Unfortunately, City Podilsky theKamianets in stored previously theholds documents now which Ukraine, Khmelnytsky, Archive in State Khmelnytsky 16 269. 1990), Press, Studies ofUkrainian Institute Canadian Ukrainian 15 of audience wide the for published press, Ukrainian so Jewish support extensive Ukra Newspaper”). as newspapers such of books rare the from available violence. Jewish Ukrainian of aspects m relations Jewish had toface thedominance ofthe socia author the Importantly, empha the practice. in and autonomism forces of political theory the Jewish putting within with difficulties “dilemmas” internal the of because also but not disrupted 1917 1917 Ukraine of J them, of One of number a contains papers conference Perspective Historical

As part of myAs of part of Case the Autonomism: National ofJewish Dilemmas “The JonathanFrankel, - ї na was autonomy Jewish constructing of cause the that argues author The 1920. sizes the Zionists` opposition and resistance to the cause of autonomism, when they when autonomism, of cause the to resistance and opposition Zionists` the sizes While While As for the limitations the for As . - Jewish Relations in Perspective Historical Relations Jewish u hrfr, y work my Therefore, rces in Yiddish or Yiddish in rces 16 project only due to the influence of external forces, such as the Bolsheviks` takeover, takeover, Bolsheviks` the as such forces, external of influence the to due only the onathan Frankel`s “The Dilemmas of Jewish National Autonomism: the Casethe Autonomism: National Jewish of Dilemmas “The Frankel`s onathan

n atclr I oue o te oun Fo the “From column the on focused I particular, In - 1920” deals with the de the with deals 1920”

For this purpose, I worked with worked I purpose, this For of aoiy f h peiu studies previous the of majority a

inly focus inly and

available secondary literature.

- eih neato a ti pro, hc cno b rdcd o anti to reduced be cannot which period, this at interaction Jewish

edited by Howard Aster and Peter Potichnyj. This Potichnyj.Peter and Aster byHoward edited

in search of the documents on ofthe documents in search ah Shl Nash e. e.

Hebrew. The task that I that task The Hebrew.

library of Kamianets Podilsky Kamianets of library ed of my research project research my of consisted

on the issue of pogroms, my aim will be to include other other include to be will aim my pogroms, of issue the on i a k h list

“u Wy) and Way”) (“Our

-

cisions and choices made by made choices and cisions R National the of period the on articles oriented political forcesoriented n the in , ed. Howard Aster and Peter J. PotichnyjJ. (Edmonton: Peter and Aster Howard ed. , 8

the editori the nlss f esae material newspaper of analysis

the issues of of issues the

eiae t ti pro of period this to dedicated , it must be must it , have taken on taken have the al staffal of Ukrainian oinca Hazeta Robitnycha , Ukraine, as well as with issues issues with as well as Ukraine, Ukra . Ukra noted 15

-

Ukraine 1917 Ukraine is to concentrate on the the on concentrate to is speaking population of population speaking ie f h Jwy of Jewry” the of Life ї ї na na Jewish politicians in politicians Jewish

that I am not using not am I that ,

I of 1919 and 1920 and 1919 of 1990 collection of collection 1990 made a visitthea made to

- 1920,” in 1920,” (“Workers` Ukrainian evolution.

with the the with - - CEU eTD Collection i solutionsitsareand reflected question the Jewish people`sto government`sand attitudesthe how and time, controversial and tumultuous this at reality, in functioned relations Ukrainian newspaper daily the in policies and events aforementioned the of representation the analyzing to devoted during climax their reached which Jewi the concerning position Directory`s the question Jewish the Symontowardshead Petliura its and Directorythe of policies revolutionary the of course 1917 in the developments in occurred which position, their in transformations the moment, that at parties Jewish popular most Jewish the to the of solutions possible the to regard with parties Jewish the of attitudes and position the with for As project. research this for framework theoretical the understanding butthey ofthe problem the scope lie beyond work. ofthisparticular inter and national not am I Republic with dealing People`s Ukrainian the of Directory the on focus my in Moreover, b and period, the of press Jewish especially clearly this beyond wel going mean would sources Jewish involving Thus, Republic. People`s Ukrainian the n this periodical.n this te ak f ute research further of task the e Ukrainian national question in1917 Ukrainian national question The main part of this thesis this of part main The economic or social aspects of the Directory`s rule Directory`s the of aspects social or economic Q uestion. The chapter will espe will chapter The uestion. Ukra

- tnc oiis n rltos Te te apcs ma aspects other The relations. and policies ethnic - eie soe Frhroe cnieain f h Jws sources, Jewish the of consideration Furthermore, scope. defined ї na - 1920

with the purpose of understanding how the paradigms of Jewish of paradigms the how understanding of purpose the with Te hr chapte third The . –

h cmaaie ok wih a nt en d been not has which work, comparative the consists h tm o te Directory. the of time the - 1920, which also embraced the dilemmas pertaining embraced dilemmas alsothe 1920, which their juxtaposition juxtaposition their

of four chapters. The first chapter will outline will chapter first The chapters. four of 9 h national sh

cially concentrate on the stance taken by the by taken stance the on concentrate cially wl dlnae h ofca psto and position official the delineate will r Bund and the the and Bund - esnl autonomy personal the sec the with the Ukrainian ones would ones Ukrainian the with , concentrating instead on the the on instead concentrating , h fut chapter fourth The ond chapter ond Zionists, as well as as well as Zionists, y contribute to to contribute y n pogroms, and , it will deal will it , , including,

n yet. one

will be be will - l

CEU eTD Collection 3. 1997), SagePublications, (London:Hall 18 Review 17 whi knowledge the approach sees primarily which approach, semiotic t produce,.. we them of we how by meaning things give “we meanings: these constructing in employed widely is and a in accepted generally and common langu the 1.1. Printed press discourse ideas ofa the between identity, Jewish and identity Ukrainian between history, Jewish and history existing the a and (Ukrainians) images/stereotypes) held commonly and opinions so the creating in discourse media printed of history newspaper daily the analyze to order CHAPTER 1.

Stuart Hall, “Introduction,” in in “Introduction,” Stuart Hall, 1917 of Governments Ukrainian Independent the in Representation “Jewish Abramson, Henry represent

50, 3 (Autumn, 1991): 542, accessed May 20, 2013 accessed May20, 542, (Autumn, 3 1991): 50, To start with, in the case of the printed media and its discourse, the part played by played part the discourse, its and media printed the of case the in with, start To will I chapter this In

ntagonism and symbiosis andntagonism

is g ue sol b epaie. L emphasized. be should used age Ukrainian

, “concerned with the with “concerned

them markedly

Theoretical – minority (Jews), as well as putting these mental models in the context of context the in models mental these putting as well as (Jews), minority

- h priua dsore rdcs oncs ih oe, regulates power, with connects produces discourse particular a ch the words we use about them, the stories we tell about them, the images them,theimages about we thestoriestell about them, words use we the

Jewis he ways we classify and conceptualize them“. conceptualize and classify we ways he “dichotomous” h relations. This approach involves examination of the role of the of role the of examination involves approach This relations. h Representation: Cult Representation:

introduce

Framework effects and consequences and effects .

Ukra particular society. At the same time, language can be be can language time, same the At society. particular

the main aspects of the approach I will employ in in employ will I approach the of aspects main the 17 ,

ї na language as a system of signs, signs, of system a as language iin o te orlto bten Ukrainian between correlation the of visions - ural Representations and Signifying Practices Signifying and Representations ural ald etl models mental called 10

from the point of view of its of view of point the from

nug rpeet te enns od as hold meanings the represents anguage

, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2499851.

f the of

of representation … [with] how [with] … representation of relations

( meaning

ewe a majority a between 18

ncnrs to contrast In

relevance to the to relevance

h discursive the oh personal both - 1920,” 1920,”

, ed. Stuart ed. , Slavic Slavic

the CEU eTD Collection ( Solomos John and Goldberg David 22 (Lon Yulia and Egorova 21 20 19 passive vs (active syntax layouts), page (headlines, structures nonverbal include may this Other negative or derogation outgroup self positive or favoritism ingroup of tendency same time creating of“us”“the and other”. identities majorit the on dwelling ‘other’”. the of perceptions public`s general the and of case the In “other”. minority to regard a with particular quite in representations, their play shaping through media identities creating in mass role decisive Parfitt, Tudor by suggested As media. mass as classified be natur of research this newspaper this how questions key two are Question” “Jewish theto attitude the “fix” to andattempts simultaneously represents newspaper the meanings of kind What Directory. J of representation instru the and Jews to attitudes cultural the to regard with society Ukrainian of characteristic meanings the of expression can adjusted, be potentially and“ changed, fixed, subjectivities”. and identities constructs or up makes conduct,

Teun A. van Dijk, A. Dijk, Teun van Ibid., Ibid., Tudor Parfitt, Parfitt, Tudor e of the primary source used sourceprimary the of e

10. 6. To be able to answer these questions, it is first of all necessary to comprehend the the comprehend to necessary all of first is it questions, these answer to able be To In One of the important signs of “othering” in the mass media discourse is “the overall overall “the is discourse media mass the in “othering” of signs important the of One

this “Introduction,” in “Introduction,”

. manner,

“Discourse and Racism,” in Racism,” and “Discourse - majority w a a ioiy ru b te uhrttv bde o Petliura`s of bodies authoritative the by group minority a as ews don, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2005), RoutledgeCurzon, NewYork: don,

Ukra y h daily the - mino relations ї Jews, Muslims, and Mass Media: Mediating the the ‘Other’ Mediating MassMedia: and Muslims, Jews, na,

Oxford: Blackwell, 2002) Blackwell, Oxford: iy sus osss n engaging in consists issues rity

the focus is on “the relationship between the mass media mass the between relationship “the on is focus the in this research. this in esae udr consideration, under newspaper et f hpn/ehpn or shaping/reshaping of ment on a representational level representational a on - rsnain o te other”. the on presentation, The Blackwell Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies Ethnic and to Racial Companion Blackwell The 11

power intervenespower indiscourse Ukra - , 147. , r

epresentation, on the one hand, and and hand, one the on epresentation,

21

ї 5.

na

h rl of role The

is a daily periodical daily a is 19

and the image of the ethnic ethnic the of image the and Therefore, in reproducing and at the the at and reproducing in

22 ei coverage media fxn” h cultural the “fixing” Ukra

h mas f doing of means The ї , ed. Tudor Parfitt ,ed. Tudor na s ince meanings ince , ”.

and thus can can thus and s oh the both is 20

when , ed. ed. , CEU eTD Collection 28 27 Slayd D. 26 25 Dijk fu “develop[s] which 24 power, controlling has 23 that group a implies elite the controlled by representati Thus, models”. generalmore update to situation, actual the of ‘picture’ particular a such through and event… or situation the of model particular a construct to is article newspaper a reading so the by played is models in part significant a constitute which and groups other of have groupsparticular which models, “them”“other”). (the aspects their or topics negative and “us” for emphasized be may topics positive items: news different in covered structures thematic themes, topics, with case the in employed can pattern similar somewhat A group. particular a of image the for beneficial actions down” “toning or obscuring, either for useful tactics ac of agency the forms passive and active of use the in shift the of help the With contain. to seem not does itself text the that connotations about revealing be may page a on item news particular a i most the about guesses effective covered. topics of choice the and etc), hyperbole, (metaphor, devices rhetorical positive), or negative lexical sentences),

Dijk, “Structures of News in the Press,” 81. Press,” the in ofNews “Structures Dijk, 148. Racism,” and “Discourse Dijk, A. Teun 147. Racism,” and “Discourse Dijk, A. Dijk, Teun van Ibid. the

(Berlin: De Gruyter,1985), De (Berlin:

representation of these groups. A special role in the reproduction of these mental mental these of reproduction the in role special A groups. these of representation en (Newbury Park: Sage, 1995) Sage, Park: en(Newbury l tee lmns f icus cnrbt t t to contribute discourse of elements these All There is no clearly and unambiguously set definition of the of definition set unambiguously and clearly no is There 23 van Dijk, van

hs wie halns n la my b ue a epdet inl t make to signals expedient as used be may… lead and “headlines while Thus,

the elites. the tion can be shifted, thus “(de thus shifted, be can tion

“Elite Discourse and the Reproduction of Racism,” in Racism,” of Reproduction the and “Elite Discourse ofNe “Structures n ae enocd but reinforced, are ons - eatc en (choice means semantic

77. - called elit called

ws in the Press,” inws the Press,” in ,9. mportant information of the text” the of information mportant

es. 27

a as b cagd n fxd wih is which fixed, and changed be also can

spitdot by out pointed As

12 - f od dpnig f hi connotation their of depending words of )

emphasizing responsibility for action” for responsibility emphasizing Discourse and Communication and Discourse 26 , the doer of action or foregrounding or action of doer the , e salsmn o cran mental certain of establishment he Hate Speech Hate Teun Teun 24 , the space occupied by occupied space the , “elites”, van Dijk, “the aim of aim “the Dijk, van , ed. R. K. Slayden and and Slayden ed. R.K. , , ed. Teun A. ed.Teun van ,

but in general in but ndamental 25 often often – , the ,

for for be 28 –

CEU eTD Collection Grushevsky, ( diss.) PhD of (Manuscript (1917 32 31 30 29 se to tended had press printed the Ukraine, of territory time that of society Revolution National Ukrainian for source Ukrainian of testimony large no television, (no sources media mass alternative of variety much not was there when period the in especially beliefs most of basis National Revolution. Jewish the to regard with elites Ukrainian the of discourse rep schemata representational in authorities elite the of voice the of expression “official” the fact in is it press, printed Ukra Inwith case the groups. marginalized the of that than wider much are “discursiveresources” large”. at public the of minds the to “Through access control entirely: indirectly… them control often elites the press, printed execution”. their of modes overall the control[s] and decisions, influential most the make[s] policies,

Dijk, “Discourse and Racism,” 152. Racism,” and “Discourse Dijk, Ibid., 4. “Elite Dijk, Discourse,” Hryhoriy - ї 1920)” ( 1920)” na 5. Importantly, Raising the question of question the Raising bsds en cnrle b te lt group elite the by controlled being besides ,

Rudyi,

R NSA( 29 itrcl research, historical evolution. “

Ukrainian periodicals as an object of source of an as object periodicals Ukrainian the period of the Directory. Therefore, examination of the of examination Therefore, Directory. the of period the Moreover, in addition to having access to the instruments of influencing the influencing of instruments the to access having to addition in Moreover, h gnrl ednis f ersnig ioiy sus n h pro of period the in issues minority representing of tendencies general the

National Science Science 1 National 2004), Academy), “Periodyka Ukra “Periodyka 32 van Dijk claims that the news press is “the media genre that is at the at is that genre media “the is press news the that claims Dijk van

, because before the Bolsheviks` the before because ,

Kyiv:

bu minorities”. about - scale radio network), could be regarded as the most important important most the as regarded be could network), radio scale The Institute of Ukrainian archeography and source and archeography Ukrainian Instituteof The

ї ny iak ob`iekt dzherelozn ob`iekt iak ny oue in roduced was

Hryhoriy Hryhoriy the

objectivity of objectivity one of the most democratic institutions of institutions democratic most the of one uy age that argues Rudyi 31 Ukra

13 Therefore, periodicals periodicals Therefore, 5.

ї - na study of Ukrainian culture (1917 culture Ukrainian study of the avchoho doslidzhennia ukra doslidzhennia avchoho

ie a adtoa insight additional an gives Ukrainian printe Ukrainian u t te ee at f t en the being it of fact mere the to due power was finally established in established finally was power rve as a spokesman of interests and interests of spokesman a as rve h press the Q eto a te ie f the of time the at uestion 30

ulc icus they discourse public featuring n te wrs their words, other In - d press as a primary a as press d study named by named study of mental models mental h pro of period the

ї of the Ukrainian the of ns`ko - 1920)”

the es items, news ї

kul`tury kul`tury Ukrainian no the into ), ),

and the the the the

CEU eTD Collection Journal) Historical (1917 in Ukraine Revolution Democratic ofthe National natsional`no 34 33 for method a as valuable more even analysis discursive the makes therefore, This, Republic. of period the of activity publishing the of picture full the seeing facto complicating This authorities. Bolshevik the by partially only preserved or Revolution the in lost were publications, many of message the decipher to help could which authors, and teams editorial the about information containing documents be cannot Revolution National a particularperiodical than theauthor`sreal name conditions the aboutmore us facttell in pseudonyms can pu would from different category, particular a under known either remain purpose the with used was pseudonym a time that at Though g certain a way the behind connotations underlying the understanding to contributes and periodical particular a of reliability the signific a plays authorship of question the Rudyi, by out pointed As publications. the to contributing authors the by pseudonyms of use wide the is consideration democratic the withregard to considerably increased r the with but Russian, publis newspapers the of most 1917 before Furthermore, views. and agendas, programs, their voice to forces various allowing flourished Publications society. Ukrainian of layers social and political different of attitudes

Rudyi, “Ukrainian periodicals,” 15 periodicals,” “Ukrainian Rudyi, Ibid.,

18. nte iprat set hrceitc f h proias f h pro under period the of periodicals the of characteristic aspect important Another h polm of problem The

hmhr ne, r o ty nnw, ht s opeey anonymous completely is that unknown, stay to or under, him/her t - demokratychno 4

(199

9 evolutionary changes the number number the changes evolutionary ): ): 33 ї

29 the revoliutsi wih lo allows also which , - 40 betvt o te eidcl o te eid of period the of periodicals the of objectivity .

printed press.

- 16; see also P.I. P.I. also see 16; examined ї vUkra hed on the territory of Ukraine had been printed in in printed been had Ukraine of territory the on hed ї ni (1917

separately from the fact that many of t of many that fact the from separately roup of phenomena is covered by the the by covered is phenomena of roup

14 Huba, “Presa iak dzherelo vyvchennia istori vyvchennia iak dzherelo “Presa Huba,

- -

1920)”), 1920)”), 1920)” (“Press as a Source for Researchingfor H Source as a (“Press 1920)” hs period this

would Ukra .

of Ukrainian of

in which the authorsto contributedthe which in ї ns`kyi istorychnyi zhurnal istorychnyi ns`kyi o e viewed be to peet a itra from historian a prevents r

f nbig h ato to author the enabling of where where the ant role in establishing in role ant - language publications language kana People`s Ukrainian i/e ra name real his/her s specifically as the nw these now , he archival he ї

(

Ukrainian Ukrainian Ukrainian press. istory istory 34

CEU eTD Collection memory”, 36 35 the social, the in Ukra the of tools oppression national and willing religious, and exploiters economic as Jews of and notice, moment`s anti ‘biological’, not if fundamental, as Ukrainians “of question. this context. the this as within “other” viewed be to is who of question the is there However, “other”. the to opposition exten large a to forming, of process the in still was consciousness national Ukrainian Thus, Revolution. Russian the by spurred events the before state Ukrainian independent shap for 1919 1.2. Approaches toUkrainian and publishing its authorities as well a at” aimed between connections are the clarify to is they thesis this of objectives that the of one audiences therefore the of and media mass produce that institutions some interpretation, exact more and understanding in topics Jewish with dealing items news Such contain. connotatio and implications the understanding

Zenon E. Kohut, “The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the image of Jews, and the sha the Jews, and of the image Uprising, Khmelnytsky “The Kohut, ZenonE. 5. “Introduction,” Parfitt, creation and intensification of these stereotypes, one of the most important among them among important most the of one stereotypes, these of intensification and creation - 1920, is sensitive not only for forming representations of a Jew as the “other”, but also “other”,but the as Jew a of representations formingonlynot sensitive for is 1920, other periodicalsat published the same inroughly period thesame It is important to point out that the period that this research concentrates on, that is that on, concentrates research this that period the that out point to important is It Finally, There is a long tradition of viewing the Ukrainian the viewing of tradition long a is There

ing and crystallizing crystallizing and ing Gezeirot Ta”h: Jews. Cossacks, Poles and Peasants in 1648 Ukraine 1648 in Peasants and Poles Jews.Cossacks, Ta”h: Gezeirot

an

the “study of media discourse require discourse media of “study the prah s seily eeat n h poes f xmnn atce and articles examining of process the in relevant especially is approach

Thus,

a distinct distinct a - Jewish relations Ukra s its audiences.its ї na kana ntoa iett, s hr hd en no been had there as identity, national Ukrainian

Ukra will be scrutinized in search for the answer the for search in scrutinized be will 15 inian people”. inian

Ukra ї s f h nw ies hs newspapers these items news the of ns

na . Moreover, with the purpose of better better of purpose the with Moreover, . ї

s both a comprehensive analysis of the the of analysis comprehensive a both s na - Semites ready to slaughter Jews at a at Jews slaughter to ready Semites

il e xmnd n aall with parallel in examined be will - Jew 36

ish relations as antagonistic as relations ish Many factors contributed to contributed factors Many ping of Ukrainian historical historical ofUkrainian ping

17, (2003): 2 17, region

141 .

- 142. Ukra

s in t ї

na 35 to : ,

CEU eTD Collection 39 38 1 2009), Press, University 37 being it for reason first the improbable, highly as regarded traditionally is identity, Jewish us back tothe ques bringscolonial into integrationimperialand into integration choicebetween the of existence cause”. Ukrainian fledging the for sympathy their fueled marginality very whose the for better the Jews” culture, the imperial more “the that idea the with culture imperial, is those as viewed traditionally are Empire Russian Jews. and Ukrainians between relations colonial Petrovsky resulted of inprevailing it view the of understandings Jewish the and Ukrainian the between gap the with identified Jew a by assassination Petliura`s 1917 of Revolution National the op U slaughter. their and nation and social in both (liberation movement liberation Ukrainian the when periods historical the ironically, that, is

prising Ibid. Ibid. Petrovsky Yohanan p ression , , 1. , 2. 38 n opposite An As , there were also were there , -

meil utpsto, n hc h pt epai o te so the on emphasis puts he which in juxtaposition, imperial - f 1648 of hens ok n eih dniy ihn h cnet f Ukrainian of context the within identity Jewish on work Shtern`s indicated by Petrovsky by indicated ,

the wave tha wave the - Shtern, tion of identity. of tion - Communist (and stereotypically, Jewish) party only served to deepen the deepen to served only party Jewish) stereotypically, (and Communist 54 The most important among these periods are periods these among important most The

. prah o h Ukrainian the to approach

we Uriin oscs oe gis te oih powe Polish the against rose Cossacks Ukrainian when ,

Jews “ Jews t al terms) was on the rise coincided with the mass attacks on Jews Jews on attacks mass the with coincided rise the on was terms) al The Anti The swept away Jews away swept

sen as thatofantagonism. - Imperial Choice: The Making of the Ukrainian Jew Ukrainian the Theof Choice: Making Imperial - Shtern - sitive toward the repressed nationhood of Ukrainians and Ukrainians of nationhood repressed the toward sitive

90 wt is tr o te eeet orm. Symon pogroms. severest the of storm its with 1920, n 1926 in 37 , Ukrainian ,

Petrovs

seen as exploiters` as seen 16 n ltr h Uriin aie f 1932 of famine Ukrainian the later and

ky identifying themselves with themselves identifying - J - ewish - Jewish identity, as opposed to Russian to opposed asidentity, Jewish Shtern argues that though Jews of the of Jews though that argues Shtern

nerlto cn e on in found be can interrelation ‘agents’ and and ‘agents’

ir common history, common ir the

Bohdan Khmelnytsky Bohdan - ald symbiotic called

(New Haven: Yale Yale (NewHaven: right hand, and hand, right

- Russian, that Russian, usa and Russian 39 which and r

- The 33, - CEU eTD Collection 45 44 “Introducti ‘anti 43 42 41 city).a town a (or considered be settlement to a for 40 werereflected periodical. official inthis my of area cultural the on focuses “authentic other each to opposed drastically being Jews people” and Ukrainians two of idea the conventional between relations “symbiotic the of as well as this expression”. using point cooperating fact share”. and differences their symbiosis f Jews and Ukrainians both prevented often other treat to aforementioned the is impossible appeal theurban them somuch as to one. agriculture, in engage extensively not could thus and land own S underdeveloped. and inferior be to considered by represented Ukrainians, of body major the unlike Ukrainians, russified or Russians mostly were who dwellers, urban other the with themselves associate settled mostly were Empire Russian the in Jews while that

Kohut, “The Khmelnytsky Uprising,” 155. Uprising,” Khmelnytsky “The Kohut, Petrovsky Pe Ibid., Petrovsky ofinhabitants number particular a notimply does thus and ‘peasant’ to opposition ‘urban’ presupposes Here

- trovsky eerh il lo nld te oiia shr ad h wy te oiia proceedings political the ways the and sphere political the include also will research imperial’, as well as of the application of the concept of colony to Ukraine, please see Petro see please Ukraine, colonyto of concept ofthe application ofthe well as as imperial’,

10. the h ohr esn o cnieig Ukrainian considering for reason other The the whole history of Ukrainian of history whole the on”, in on”,

- - - Shtern, Shtern, Shtern, Shtern, – kana atpty oad Jews” toward antipathy Ukrainian kana lnug ised f usa a “n bet f anti of object “an as Russian of instead language Ukrainian

43 h itrcin n h clua shr, wee kanas n Jw transcend Jews and Ukrainians “where sphere, cultural the in interaction the

Ukra The Anti The The Anti The Anti The Anti The ї na

- Imperial C Imperial , with its extensive entries on Jewish topics, is also an example of example an also is topics, Jewish on entries extensive its with , o h eitne of existence the to - - - Imperial Choice Imperial Choice Imperial Choice 42

In Petrovsky In symbiosis hoice

“reductive competition of victimization” of competition “reductive , 1

, 9. , and ‘anticolonialist’ terms of usage ofthe discussion for 22; , 7. , - - 18.

Jewish relations through the prism of blaming each each blaming of prism the through relations Jewish

on the level of individual Jews individual of level the on

- Shtern`s view, these instances of sharing an sharing of instances these view, Shtern`s an 17

.

45 “anti ince in ince

oee, n i wr Petrovsky work his in However, - imperial - o sen te instance the seeing rom eih yboi iett a al as identity symbiotic Jewish the the majority of cases Jews could not could Jews cases of majority in urban areas urban in Jws iett, vn p to up even identity, Jewish ” the the peasant culture could not not could culture peasant the , while the focus of focus the while , esnr ad thus and peasantry 44 40 .

41 , n pt o the of spite in

they tended to tended they This tendency This of s vsky - colonialist - cultural

- Shtern, Shtern, and of and Shtern m d in d ost

CEU eTD Collection approachca t of answers of case the to pertains directly This cultivated. attitudes and views the v the and group understanding particular a within dominant of purpose the with interpreted be can media elit the of discourse the including representatio and discourse on works his and Dijk i ntroduction w up, it summing Thus, n also be used foralsoa beused thecasen of I , he questions posed. Though Though posed. questions he il employ will

media discourse discourse media t te i o answer of aim the ith es and racism, give an insight into insight an give racism, and es van Dijk mostly focuses on racism, his theoretical his racism, on focuses mostly Dijk van ntisemitism andanti ntisemitism 18 iews and attitudes that are being instilled and instilled being are that attitudes and iews nlss of analysis

Ukra ї o ehi ad eiiu minorities, religious and ethnic of n na , which is to be scrutinized for the for scrutinized be to is which ,

minor ing the questions posed in the the in posed questions the ing - Jewish attitudes.Jewish t communities ity

how an item of mass of item an how

. Teun van van Teun . CEU eTD Collection in 46 p and organizations, events. the at Empire ques main the understanding variet their while subtle, more share…?” fatewe whose live, weneighborhood t of view in indifferent and cold Ukrainian the in active leaders Jewish the of one o boundaries the within population i ortobe own onits aterritories state tobecome R National Ukrainian orientation political Jewish the Question bythe Jewish theUkrainian forces. nationalist and univocal not was autonomy/independence that argue will I statehood. Ukrainian the of idea the towards population Jewish the of attitudes of variety the at and side Jewish Question towa territories Ukrainian ethnically inhabiting Jews the of 1917 in revolution Ukrainian CHAPTER 2.

Salomon Goldelman, “Jews and Ukrainians: An Extract from ‘Letters of Jewish Social ofJewish from‘Letters An Extract Ukrainians: “Jewsand SalomonGoldelman, Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material

The Jewish political parties had to face the main dilemma, wh dilemma, main the face to had parties political Jewish The the in Question Jewish the to attitudes of peculiarities the understand to able be To rdtoal, n h Rsin mie “th Rsin oenet political government, Russian “[t]he Empire, Russian the in Traditionally, .

In this chapter I will be looking at the configuration of the political forces on the on forces political the of configuration the at looking be will I chapter this In time of opportunities, of time

Jewish Political Parties ublic opinion persistently neglected to recognize openly the Ukrainian the openly recognize to neglected persistently opinion ublic

evolution and work side by side with the Ukrainians for the Ukrainian the for Ukrainians the with side by side work and evolution - - Jewish Relation Jewish

1920, it is first and foremost necessary to necessary foremost and first is it 1920, tion that was rising before the Jews of the former Russian Russian former the of Jews the before rising was that tion

in the revolutionarythe in ws ie, u i i simplified is it but wider, was y f the former Russian Empire Russian former the f with the advent and fast unfolding of the revolutionary the of unfolding fast and advent the with e eoc tuge f h nto i woe closest whose in nation the of struggle heroic he h Jws psto wt rgr t te Ukrainian the to regard with position Jewish the s , ed. Pigido, ed.Pigido, 19

and T added 46 n favor of preserving the unity of the Jewish theJewish of favor unity preserving of the n

Revolution, In fact, divisions between the parties were parties the between fact,divisions In years

24. to the complicating factors in solving solving in factors complicating the to heir Dilemmasheir

1917

phrased it phrased - d te so the rds 1920 .

As Solomon Goldelman, Solomon As here for the purpose of of purpose the for here : wh ich was to determine to was ich : “should we remain remain we “should : consider the attitude the consider

ether to support thesupport to ether - - Democrat ald Ukrainian called ’ ” (1921), (1921), ”

CEU eTD Collection 50 Question 49 48 Hunczak 47 autonomy”. for demands Ukrainian supported consequently, national the for soc the of supporter a being 1917, in out burst events revolutionary League they parties, forces arena. political the on players key the were Thus, their harming without Ukrainians the with hand in hand go ansupposed tosupporteven reforme the within autonomy Ukrainian the of projects the with side to expected they Were forces? political Ukrainian the with cooperate to expected necessary”. but desirable only not seemed national the between“cooperation them for Ukrainiansand the with side to ready were elite political Jewish the of representatives many that argues idea the opposed parties over an be would it that out pointed be should it the parties, political Jewish major the all of of position the was this that states Borys Jurij Though idea the principle in “opposed they t of disintegration because side Jewish the by supported question”.

Borys, “Political Parties in the Ukraine,” 154. Ukraine,”in the Parties “Political Borys, Ibid., Borys, Jurij Israel Kleiner, Kleiner, Israel

the problematic choice was

153. were the Bund and and Bund the were ), which had more than 170 local branches on the territory of Ukraine by the time the time bythe territoryUkraine the of on brancheslocal 170 than more had which ), huhtesetu o h eih politic Jewish the of spectrum the Though

( (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 1999), 1999), Press, Studies ofUkrainian Institute (Edmonton: Canadian Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977 Press, University Harvard Mass.: Cambridge, 47

“Political Parties in the Ukraine Parties “Political hs eil f h ncsiy o eov te kana qeto ws partly was question Ukrainian the resolve to necessity the of denial This l stood all From Nationalism to Unive to Nationalism From [cultural he Empire and the creation of a number of independent national states”. national independent of number a of creation the and Empire he

n poiin o h Bund) the to opposition in . , i.e. limited to cultural sphere of life of sphere cultural to limited i.e. ,

Israel Kleiner, for example, in his work on Vladimir Jabotinsky Vladimir on work his in example, for Kleiner, Israel the Zionists the independent Ukraine? Howindependent far Ukraine? could

still tobe still rsalism: Vladimir (Ze`ev) Zhabotinsky and the Ukrainian the Ukrainian and Zhabotinsky (Ze`ev) Vladimir rsalism: , ”

(though the Zionist bloc encompassed a encompassed bloc Zionist the (though i n The Ukraine, 1917 Ukraine, The made 49 20

u t But hs two These

.

- ) l ate a rc,topry groupings party two rich, was parties al

generalization to say to generalization , 135 , . wa dge wr te eih parties Jewish the were degree what o h Bn ( Bund The - 136.

- 1921: A Study in Revolution in Study A 1921: ot influential most -

liberation f liberation

d Russian Russian d own interests at the same time? same the at interests own ] 44. 50 autonomy of the Jews and, Jews the of autonomy

eea Jws Workers` Jewish General the Jewish political forces Jewish the n eea, h Bundists the general, In ialist principles, “fought “fought principles, ialist orces of both peoples peoples both of orces E mpire or were they they were or mpire that all the Je the all that Jewish Jewish number of number , ed , political .

Taras Taras wish 48

CEU eTD Collection 2007) Podilsky, (Kamianets 9 vol. Zavalniuk, O.M. prats` naukovykh Zbirnyk Podilli. theat demokratychno 53 52 51 so the being parties Party) Workers` Jewish Socialist United (The Fareynikte the Party), People`s (The becamea Dire the of period Kamianets the during phase new H teach to necessity the to as position their defended contrary, the on Zionists, The elements. Judaic using of favor language to attitude their with the Ukrainian political forces. of issue the with empire Russian former the within autonomy concerned less much were they why is that Palestine, struggle” primary the to place second take to always was empire] Russian within rights national Jewish [for rights such for agitation “Zionist Goldman, Guido by form any toward attitude their in opposed justice” social and freedoms individual of establishment the and emancipation humanitarian “general achieving on concentrating meanwhile the in theboundarieswithin the of gov Provisional Mensheviks the of line political the supported

V.A. Nesterenko, V.A.Nesterenko, Goldman, G. Guido Ibid., period ofnational Ukrainian period

153. In addition, o addition, In and in Palestine home Jewish establishinga in wasgoal primarywhose Zionists, The Within the Within ebrew as well as the basics of Judaism to all Jewish children. Jewish all to Judaism of basics the as well as ebrew

point of point

hc en ta hi ltom a t spotteUriinatnm but autonomy Ukrainian the support to was platform their that meant which , ї

revolutsi

ids and Yiddish “Pol`s`ka ta ievreis`ka natsional`na osvita na Podilli v period Ukra v period naPodilli osvita natsional`na ievreis`ka ta “Pol`s`ka contention Zionism under Soviet Rule, 1917 Rule, Soviet under Zionism camp of other, smaller, Jewish political parties, such as such parties, political Jewish smaller, other, of camp - called Diaspora nationalist Diaspora called pposition between the socialists and the Zionists found its expressionin its found Zionists the and betweensocialists the pposition

ї 1917

- politics. The socialists, first and foremost the foremost and first socialists, The politics. 1920 rokiv” (“Polish and Jewish National Education in the region of Podillia regionofPodillia the in Education National rokiv”Jewish and (“Polish 1920

undivided ( -

Education, Science, and Culture. A Collection of Scholarly Articles Scholarly of Collection A and Culture. Education, Science, democratic revolution of 1917 of revolution democratic between the socialists and the Zionists.between and the thesocialists developing

Russian stateRussian

the Jewish educational system without without system educational Jewish the , of 194, 198. 194, 21 – - Ukrainian self Ukrainian

1928

and therefore and s

and

(

New York: Herzl Press, 1960), 1960), Press, New Herzl York: . , therefore, ,

tr, hn h qeto o language of question the when ctory, - 1920”), in 1920”), rmn ad dniid ih the with identified and ernment 51 - – were , determination. As emph As determination.

with the issue of cooperation of issue the with

Osvita, nauka i kul`tura na i kul`tura nauka Osvita, “the most likely champions champions likely most “the 53

oe eevd i not if reserved, more This conflict entered conflict This

ї ns`ko Bund 52

the

ї of resettling in resettling of

10.

national`no ists, were in were ists, h possible the Folkspartey

including ), ed. ed. ), asized both , - a

CEU eTD Collection 57 1990): 2 (Winter 15, 56 55 parties. religious and nationalists, Diaspora 54 Democrat. Social a was himself Petliura the Revolutionaries) Social the and that emphasize autonomyJewish project. them, to offered had autonomy”. national for yearning the strengthened had area zone war the in concentrated been had the that population of Jewish much of dislocation “the Importantly, question. Jewish the to solutions possible o programs the of review some the to regard i Nevertheless, preciselymost by Henry Abramson: described 1920. principles”. Zionist supp with ideology socialist fuse “to attempt Party, Workers` Democratic Social Jewish the or Zion”), of (“Workers o Jws ntoa autonomy” national Jewish f

Goldman, Abramson, Henry Kleiner, Abramson, eta Cucl n ltr the later and Council Central orted Ukrainian national aspirations and struggle during the Directory period of 1919 of period Directory the during struggle and aspirations national Ukrainian orted

the buildingthe of the Jewish home from diverted be would energy more the state, Ukrainian fledging the in involvement “national the Socialists argued that Jews s Jews that arguedSocialists the is Zionists the and parties Jewish the of camp socialist the between split major The This, From Nationalism to Universalism to Nationalism From Zionism under Soviet Rule Soviet under Zionism A Prayer for the Government the for Prayer A

oee, i nt en h ed f h cuil opposition crucial the of end the mean not did however, - Jewish Jewish n spite of the initial neutral position or even opposition of the Zionists with with Zionists the of opposition even or position neutral initial the of spite n autonomy”…Zionistshesitated, thepersonal deeper the while the feeling that

a mong the Ukrainian political parties the socialists socialists the parties political Ukrainian the mong “Historiography on the Je the on “Historiography 34.

the Jewish the uooy rjc, ol Wr ad h Rsin eouin forced Revolution Russian the and I War World project, autonomy

f

54 , 13. ,

tended to play the decisive role. This is especially true of of true especially is This role. decisive the play to tended political the Jewish parties and ma and parties Jewish the 57 a , land in Palestine in land Directo

, 24 ,

Having to deal w deal to Having hould take complete a complete take hould

, 5. , ws and the Ukrainian Revolution,” Revolution,” wsUkrainian the and peculiar niche was occupied by the the by occupied was niche peculiar - 30. 30.

forces turned out to be ready to participate to ready be to out turned forces Abramson groups Jewish parties into: parties AbramsongroupsJewish y n is oenetl structures governmental its and ry According to Jurij Borys, “the majority of the the of majority “the Borys, Jurij to According 22

. 56

ith what the reality of the revolution the of reality the what ith dvantage of Ukrainian offers of offersUkrainian of dvantage de them reconsider some of the of some reconsider them de 55

Journal of Ukrainian Studies of Ukrainian Journal T (the Social Democrats Social (the ee ate largely parties hese which presented which I i iprat to important is It .

Zionists, socialists, socialists, Zionists, Importantl . oli Zion Poalei

in the the in an an y, -

CEU eTD Collection 1990), Studies Press, Perspective Historical 60 2013, 12, of1917,” AssemblyElections Constituent 59 58 that 1919 9, August chairman cameas workers` aplotbetween about thethree parties”. Jewish posi the to Zilberfarb M. of appointment the that Kiev in organization Zionist the of behalf on claim to continued Syrkin along “All self Ukrainian the to opposition Zionists` the to added also which later (and Council institutions state non (and Zionists the significant. less much whole the on was Congress Jewish the for elections the in participating Jews of number the but results, voting framework” socia liberal generally a within rights collective and equality civil Jewish so the for voted mostly Jews the that show Ukrainian) and meeting its of days two after Bolsheviks the by dissolved was Assembly Constituent elected the (though 1917 ideals offered by thesoc wh forces national Ukrainian among popular not society” were moods rightist or conservative of strata lower the to belonged population ethnic Ukrainian

Simon Rabinovitch, Rabinovitch, Simon 129. in the Ukraine”, Parties “Political Borys, Jurij Mattiyahu Minc, MattiyahuMinc, list parties. Furthermore, the All the Furthermore, parties. list On the other hand, the results of the All the of results the hand, other the On h tnec t ecue h Zoit i ovos n h ofca declaration official the in obvious is Zionists the exclude to tendency The http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501670903016316

of the Council of Ministers, Borys Martos, Martos, Borys Ministers, of Council the of “Kiev Zionists and the Ukrainian National Movement,” in Movement,” National the Ukrainian Zionistsand “Kiev u t te at ht kana ntoa bde, o example, for bodies, national Ukrainian that fact the to due

256. , ed. Howa ed. , “Russian Jewry goes to the Polls: an Analysis of Analysis an Polls: the Jewry goes to “Russian the

claims that “all the Jewish political parties have expressed themselves themselves expressed have parties political Jewish the “all that claims -

socialist Jewish parties Jewish socialist Directory) openly favored socialists favored openly Directory)

ialists were ialists more potent. though these were the results of all of results the were these though rd Aster and Peter J. Potichnyj J. AsterPeter and rd

East European Jewish Affairs European East - Russian Jewish Congress had even more pro more even had Congress Jewish Russian tion of deputy secretary for Jewish national affairs national Jewish for secretary deputy of tion As a result, there was addition was there result, a As

23 , including religious ones religious including ,

.

- Russian Constituent Assembly elections of elections Assembly Constituent Russian

(Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian ofUkrainian Institute Canadian (Edmonton: and Minister for Jewish Jewish for Minister and - called national coalitions national called Jewish Voting in the All in the Voting Jewish -

Russian voting, not specifically not voting, Russian 39, 2 (2009): 208, accessed January 208,accessed (2009): 2 39, at the expense of the Zionists, the of expense the at 60 Ukrainian

- determination struggle: determination ) al ten al - and the Ukrainian the and 58 Jewish Relations in in Relations Jewish which , sion between sion Affairs from Affairs - Russian Russian

the “favouring

- Central s why is Zionist 59 ile the ile of not , the CEU eTD Collection Relations 65 Reappraisal 64 63 Relations 62 Ukrainian 61 1917 November in promulgated Universal Third the by Republic People`s Ukrainian the of territory the national no general,did in empire, former Russian the of population Jewish the of unity the preserving with concern parties` political Jewish extra its constituting Jews the and Empire Russian the and territorial of All movement” national Ukraini the toward attitude their to as Jews among unity no was “there and unambiguous state” Russian the breakingwith without Russia, of all separatingfrom “[w]ithout Affairs). Jewish the of Ministry the of head the (as Directory the in and Affairs) Jewish of minister Zion “evolution”. of result the was independence Ukrainian the Cherkavsky, of approval parties` Office, socialist Jewish Press the that the remarks of Chief The group. socialists the to belong mentioned the surprising), seems also Ukraine” the of independence complete the for

“A Declaration of a Zionist Leader, Mr. M. Si Mr. Leader, Zionist ofa “ADeclaration Univer in 1919), 6, (September theby Government” “ADeclaration All the“To Jewis “Four Universals of the Ukrainian Central Rada” in Taras Hunczak, Hunczak, in Taras Rada” Central Ukrainian ofthe Universals “Four - Russian Russian

party, represented the Jewish people both during the Central Council period (as a vice a (as period Council Central the during both people Jewish the represented party, Even sals were sals , , -

- personal ed. Pigido, ed. Pigido, ed. Pigido, ed. Pigido, Jewish Relations Jewish

( Ukrainian Historical Association, 2008), 2008), Association, UkrainianHistorical democratic elections to resolve the resolve to elections democratic Jewish reaction to the First UniversaltheFirstreaction to Jewish legal acts legal . h Citizens and Workers in the Ukraine” (August 9, 1919), 1919), 9, (August in the Ukraine” Workers and Citizens h

extra On the contra the On autonomy 56. 74. 65

62

- at that time that at territorial minorities, Ukrainians representi Ukrainians minorities, territorial ,

issued by the Central Counci Central theby issued Avraam ed. Pigido, ed.Pigido, granted to Jews (together with (together Jews to granted Poalei

ry, the Jewish political forces seemed to seemed forces political Jewish the ry,

Revutskyi 63. . T .

he majority of the Jewish political forces hoped for the for hoped forces political Jewish the of majority he Zion gal” (July 7, 1919), in 1919), gal”(July7, t prevent them from greetinfrom them prevent t

, for example, who was who example, for , and the the and 24 64. 61

l

. , including in this list only the Bund (whichBund onlythe list this in including , problematic

63 , which proclaimedwhich , Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material F olkspartey. olkspartey. - territorial counterpart. territorial Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material Symon Petliura and the Jews: A A Jews: the and Petliura Symon

Russians and Poles) inhabiting Poles) and Russians issues in ng a territorial minority in minority territorial a ng As expected, the parties parties the expected, As Material Concerning Concerning Material a member of the the of member a concerning g the perspective of the perspectivethe gofthe Ukrainianautonomy be be getting closer to to closer getting Nevertheless, Nevertheless, - Jewish the position position the 64 ,

was notwas - Jewish Poalei an an - CEU eTD Collection in 71 70 69 68 Reappraisal Hunczak in Taras Rada” Central the Ukrainian of “FourinUniversals People`s 67 66 toward the Jews`attitude about question the case,answeringBeilis the renownedattorneyin support of therevolt Ukrainian ofthe w peasants and active the need: national and revolutionary real one only is there Ukraine, the in socialists his in states Goldelman, option”. positive a as Ukraine independent an all the of representatives the so Bolsheviks the joining later governments, Ukrainian and independence” Ukrainian to opposition their in adamant decision it. against voted Bund the Empire, Russian the of communities Jewish the of unity relative least at Folkspar 2 Republic People`s Ukrainian independent an proclaiming Universal Fourth the with escalated project. autonomy the implementing of course the in politicians Ukrainian the with cooperation 5

Salomon Goldelman, “Jews and Ukrainians: An Extract from ‘Letters of Jewish Social ofJewish from‘Letters An Extract Ukrainians: “Jewsand SalomonGoldelman, “ Hunczak, 273. Zionists,” “KievMinc, Universal Fourth essence ofthe The 168. SymonPetliura”, of “AReappraisal Hunczak, Frankel, “The Dilemmas of Jewish National Autonomism National ofJewish Dilemmas “The Frankel, Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material , 1918 , The However, the In his interview to interview his In

Republic becomes independent, subject to no one, a Free, Sovereign State of the Ukrainian People” People” Ukrainian ofthe State Sovereign Free, a one, no to subject independent, becomes Republic

tey, Fareynikte tey, o rcam n needn Uriin Republic. Ukrainian independent an proclaim to

a much was , 75. , Moshe . A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura,” 171. SymonPetliura,” of AReappraisal 69 Fareynikte

the

Rafes, as the member of the Bund, Bund, the of member the as Rafes, Ukrainian side opting for independence. Therefore, independence. for opting side Ukrainian

more “negative and confused”. and “negative more “progressive alienation”“progressive and ,

Zionists) Letters of Letters The Jewish Chronicle Jewish The the - - Jewish Relatio Jewish Russian parties]… and, therefore, were more willing… to see see to willing… more were therefore, and, parties]… Russian

Poalei Zion Poalei can be expressed be can , except for the Bund, abstained from voting. voting. from abstained Bund, the for except , a Jewish Social Jewish ns ,

ed.Pigido, “had no special links to the Mensheviks [as to [as Mensheviks the to links special no “had 25 66

in one sentence: “From this day forth, the Ukrainian the Ukrainian forth, day “Fromthis sentence: inone

between the Jews ofbetween Ukraine Jews and Ukrainians the 70

- ,” ,” dated May 16, 1919, Arnold Margolin, a Margolin, Arnold 1919, 16, May dated ald usa cm, atclry th particularly camp, Russian called h lae o te P the of leader The 273 - orkers” 68 Democrat

22. totally opposed the Central Cou Central the opposed totally

- l teJws parties Jewish the All 274

Symon Petliura and the A Jews: and Petliura Symon .

. 71

made a point of not entering not of point a made

Thus, (1921) h Bund the : “ : ae Zo, Solomon Zion, oalei Jewish response to response Jewish For us, the Jewish the us, For - Democrat’” (1921), (1921), Democrat’”

67 ( Poalei Zion Poalei Striving for Striving

on January on “remained “remained ncil`s e ,

CEU eTD Collection 74 1980), Association, Ukrainian 73 Relations Jewish 72 Russian the on being Jews to opposed (as Ukrainians and Jews between Jab Vladimir Ukrainians. with Jews of identification common of level the regarding question masses threatenedthe Jewish very people`s theJewish existence”. self Jewish and “denational because harmful Zionism as perceived being assimilation with assimilationists with hand in hand going co he which representativesof the with movement, national Ukrainianpresent to he that be may light this Thein picture general the of presentation Margolin`s Empire. for reason Russian former the of population Jewish the of body the of disintegration was it Zionists for sources, other the from judging because independence, Ukrainian of idea the Ukrainian independence”. As forces. political Jewish the by reserve of kind a with received was independence Ukrainian the of idea the fact in since real, the for desirable the passing be to seems Margolin here However, Jews the of majority the were been having who All the Jews in up brought assimilated the camps… two into split were Jews the Ukraine newly a

LevBykovsky, Kleiner, Kleiner, in 1919), (May 16, Margolinin 1919” Arnold with Dr. “AnInterview otinsky, who is often mentioned as the example the as mentioned often is who otinsky,

diff Furthermore, it is interesting that he mentions Zionists among those who welcomed who those among Zionists mentions he that interesting is it Furthermore, The necessity necessity The - icult to accept Ukrainian ‘ Ukrainian accept to icult - proclaimed Ukrainian state, specified that “[on] the question of question the specifiedthat “[on] state, Ukrainian proclaimed From Nationalism to Universalism to Nationalism From Jewish relations Jewish Lubomyr , Solomon I. Goldelman: A Portrait of a Politician and Educator (1885 Educator and Politician Portrait a A of Goldelman: I. Solomon ed. Pigido, ed. 8.

- for the Jews Jews the for Wyner Wyner Russian political spirit took a [hostile] stand… on the other side there side other the on stand… [hostile] a took spirit political Russian , ed. Lubomyr R. Wynar LubomyrR.Wynar ed. ,

53. 53. 73

up sums –

the nationalists, Zionists nationalists, the separatist to make such a difficult choice was directly linked to the the to linked directly was choice difficult a such make to , 63. , “t ,

e aoiy f es n kan dd o support not did Ukraine in Jews of majority he (New York, Toronto, Muenchen: Ukrainian Historical Historical Muenchen: Ukrainian Toronto, York, (New ’

26 independence because it would have meant the meant have would it because independence

of a Zionist who insisted on insisted who Zionist a of and the Jewish Socialist Parties”. Socialist Jewish the and - Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material eemnto a opsd to opposed as determination 74

independence of the independenceof - 1974): A Chapter in 1974):Chapter A –

“imperial” cooperation cooperation - worked, as as worked, ization of ization

wished wished -

72 –

CEU eTD Collection 78 77 in 76 Jabotinsky 75 cooperation.Jewish Ukrainia of potential the as well as territories, Ukrainian the in masses Jewish wide the of divided grew forces political Jewish the al and priorities the of Empire. Russian the of population Jewish the of future the to pertaining dilemmas major the with arrived Revolution Russian the Settlement, of Pale determination, muchonan notso even everyday domestic basis. or self nation`s the of theory the in Ukrainians the with identifying mostly was he so Odessa, rightfully Stanislawski Michael conditions historical of terms in affinity especially peoples, Jewish and Jews” Ukrainiansand between bond naturaland common. in more have to believed were nation, undivided supporting from and culture Russian the from themselves distance withwhatThis idea agreement Jabotinskyargued isin for, intellectuals”. Jewish the within residues Russian traditional “the as viewed is “brethren” Ukrainian their to give should territories Ukrainian ethnically the of Jews the that support cause”. their and nationalists Ukrainian to close “[felt] side),

Stanislawski, Stanislawski, Ibid., Ibid., Social ofJewish from‘Letters An Extract Ukrainians: “Jewsand SalomonGoldelman, Michael Stanislawski, Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material 24. In conclusion, In

(

Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001 Press, California of Berkeley: University Russia Zionism and the Fin de Siècle de Fin the and Zionism ’

and to ally with the Ukrainians, with whom the Jews, as the stateless stateless the as Jews, the whom with Ukrainians, the with ally to and

Zionism and the Fin de Siècle: Cosmopolitanism and National and Cosmopolitanism de Siècle: the Fin and Zionism

lies besides bringing eman bringing besides

under conditions of the swift changes of power and the Civil War Civil the and power changesof swift the of conditions under - Jewish Relations Jewish

observed , , 158 , Jabotinsk , and fractioned, which further affected the position position the affected further which fractioned, and - 159. , ed. Pigido, ed.Pigido, cipation and abolition of the restrictions of the the of restrictions the of abolition and cipation 27

77 ), Thus, Goldelman emphasizes “this internal “this emphasizes Goldelman Thus,

– 158

y himself grew up in a largely Ru largely a in up grew himself y a kind of affinity between the Ukrainianaffinitythe of kind between a - 22. 159.

calling Having to face a difficult choice difficult a face to Having 75

Hesitation with re with Hesitation

for of theJews Ukraineto 78

h ie o ‘ of idea the ism from Nordau to to Nordau ism from - . Democrat’” (1921), (1921), Democrat’”

eetees as Nevertheless, gard to the to gard n and one ssified ssified n 76 - - ,

CEU eTD Collection Revolution in Study A 1921: 81 military. Cossacks` Ukrainian ofUkraine, titleofthe Hetman the taking regime, conservative 80 years twofor 79 German as well as capital large the of rights the of restoration the of proof Austro and German of result Directory`s and governmental the Ukrainian the of territory the to way give to expected was representative time of course the in which Skoropads a build Di the conditions unfavorable extremely Ukrainian of peculiarities the to and pertaining tothe attempts ofsolving theJewish (1919 period Directory the of features main the delineate Ukrainian to regard with especially controversial, He the or period Council Central term chronological in revolution Ukrainian the of period longest Jewish Question CHAPTER

Martha Bohachevsky Martha April 29 On lasted Aprilthe 1918, Directory to from1917 March which existed Council, Central with the Incomparison n Initially,t i the in out pointed As independ ` y` Hetmanat kyi`s – , 1918, Pavlo Skoropads Pavlo 1918, , eot gis te emns oe ws ucsfl which successful, was power Hetman`s the against revolt

roughly from November 1918 to November 1920. to 1918 November fromroughly people`s

institutions and bodies of power of bodies and institutions 3. 3. he Directory he The Directory ofthe Ukrainian People`s Republic andthe ent - Chomiak, Chomiak,

Ukrainian

dissatisfaction ,ed

.

e Taras Hunczak Taras 80 “The Directory of the Ukrainian National Republic National Ukrainian ofthe Directory “The , which came to power as a result of the uprising against Pavlo against uprising the of result a as power cameto which , People`s Republic People`s

ntroduction, the Directory period (1919 period Directory the ntroduction, , -

ugra top laig h trioy f Ukraine of territory the leaving troops Hungarian a evsoe a “ poiinl eouinr organ” revolutionary provisional “a as envisioned was state and solve the Jewish Q state Jewish and solve the ` kyi overthrew the power of the Central Council and established a established and Council ofthe Central power the kyi overthrew tmanate -

Jewish relations of the period. I will argue that under under that argue will I period. the of relations Jewish with

( Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977 Press, University Mass.: Harvard Cambridge, rectory still put significant effort in the attempt to attempt the in effort significant put still rectory

f al Skoropads Pavlo of Skoropads 28

Q elected through democratic procedures once once procedures democratic through elected was reconquered from the rival the from reconquered was uestion inthe Ukrainian Republicuestion People`s - Jewish relations. In this chapter I will will I chapter this In relations. Jewish hetman hetman

` kyi`s regime, who who regime, kyi`s being the highest position with the position highest beingthe uestion at the same time. - 1920), concentrating on those those on concentrating 1920), ` kyi) (f oprd o the to compared (if s n Austro and 79 - 1920), which was the was which 1920), , ws lo h most the also was , ” ,

i n eie big the being besides The Ukraine, 1917 Ukraine, The a bogt the brought had

- forces. The forces. Hungarian Hungarian ,

) , , 84. a the was

81 - , CEU eTD Collection this group. join w whilePetliura, Osets`kyi, Oleksander Konovalets`, Ievhen Avdiienko, Mykhailo Makarenko, Andrii MykytaShapoval, VolodymyrVynnychenko, 84 Na 1 2007), Podilsky, ( (1919 period theduring Directory (1919 83 82 to connected those especially Directory the of people the to referred who contemporaries, la a not is Directory Ukrainian imp is It revolution. Ukrainian the of period whole this symbolize to and Directory the with identified be to came who Directory, the of Forces Armed the of Commander Supreme the appointed first Petliura, Ukrainian People`s Republic Ministers of Council the Directory, Ukrai in concentrated largely fu t and bodies state Directory`s the for tribulations and trials new brought May but Rivne, in shelter found Zhmerynka was Directory powerof existence [only]”. intheits Ukraine during thefirst months two mid occupation Education, Science, and Culture. A Collection of Scholarly Articles Scholarly of Collection A Culture. and Science, Education,

The initiative and main organizational zeal to put an end to Skoropads to put an end to zeal mainorganizational initiative and The Ibid., I.V. I.V. Teliachyi, cinn i Kmaes oisy Tu, by Thus, Podilsky. Kamianets in nctioning rodna Respublika rodna - November 191 November - 1920)” (“Ukrainian governments and the development ofthe cultural the development governmentsand (“Ukrainian 1920)” in ertre wer territories nian

86. The Directory was initially was DirectoryThe t threat Bolshevik the of pressure the under 1919 February of beginning the At

T . , and later and later , hey had to move again. again. move to had hey

e Directory, he “Ukra 35 already ) -

136. 8 ї ns`ki uriady i rozbudova kul`turno uriadyns`ki irozbudova

and took Kyiv on December 14, 1918 14, December on Kyiv took and

to Proskuriv. At the end of March the state institutions March state the end of Proskuriv. Atthe to The UNR is the abbreviation used for the Ukrainian People`s Republic ( Republic People`s thefor Ukrainian used abbreviation UNR isthe The the driv udr h Drcoys oto and control Directory`s the under e

- oila region Podillia n u o Kyiv of out en however,

1920)”), in 1920)”), in the city Podilsky ofKamianets

rat o eto that mention to ortant ho had also been in opposition to Skoropads to in been opposition also had ho

headed by Volodymyr Vynnychenko Volodymyr by headed e ivnin r osrcin bt h vso o his of vision the but construction, or invention ter By June 25, 1919, all the ministries of the UNR the of ministries the all 1919, 25, June By ,

Osvita, nauka i kul`tura i kul`tura nauka Osvita, hc iiitd h act the initiated which and the Army gave a pledge of allegiance to the the to allegiance of pledge a gave Army the and .

29 n August In and and

mid - osvitn`o had - summer 1919 the Directory`s rule was was rule Directory`s the 1919 summer

o rvl rm yv o Vinnytsia to Kyiv from travel to ї 1919 ), ed. O.M. Zavalniuk, vol. 10 (Kamianets 10 vol. Zavalniuk, O.M. ed. ),

Petliura`s standing for the whole whole the for standing Petliura`s sfery na Podilli za Dyrektori za naPodilli sfery na Podilli. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats` Zbirnyk naukovykh Podilli. na , “came closest to exercising full exercising to closest “came , ` kyi`s Hetmanate belonged to to belonged kyi`sHetmanate o aant h Hetmanat the against ion lot l o te Right the of all almost . -

educational sphere in Podillia in Podillia sphere educational

n uut 4 11, the 1919, 14, August on ` kyi`s rule, was to later waslater to kyi`srule, 84 82 , but it was Symon was it but ,

seemed to have seemed tohave ї

Ukra UNR 83 - ї

ns`ka ns`ka Bank were e

he in , CEU eTD Collection 88 1920). November year(till existence ofits following the through times to several Kamianets it returned 1919, November mid Juneto 87 86 1 vol. prats` naukovykh (1919 period Podillia its during theDirectory understandi for source as a ofUkraine Administration and Government (1919 naPodilli perebuvannia Ukra Upravlinnia 85 question title the with articles of numbera in reflection its found which path, chosen the question forces political the of some reorganize and reform fully to inability Directory`s The blurred. remained they government, the and the Directory of functions the between boundaries the delineate to attempt an was there Podilsky Ministers, powerschief of ofstate”. Kamianets the Petliura though even left, Vynnychenko a was he [since considere Vynnychenko that movement social and national a of spokesman a appeared have could Petliura… quiet the that [Vynnychenko]… to inconceivable seemed be rivalry for stage Bohachevsky Directory as Army Directory`s the

Bohachevsky i in the As indicated Bohachevsky Vitalii Lozovyi, Vitalii 0 (Kamianets Podilsky, 2007), 2007), (Kamianets 0 Podilsky, h pclaiy f h Drcoy was Directory the of peculiarity The became

-

November 1919. However, 1919. November fe Vnyhno et h Drcoy altogether Directory the left Vynnychenko after was very close very was - - - Chomiak 86. Republic,” National the Ukrainian Directory“Theof Chomiak Chomiak points out, for some short period of time the Directory became the became Directory the time of period short some for out, points Chomiak

ї

( period of the Directory. the of period ny iak dzherelo do vyvchennia stavlennia selianstva do vlady Dyrektori do selianstva vyvchennia stavlennia do dzherelo iak ny Education, Science, and Culture. A Collection of Scholarly Articles Scholarly of Collection A Culture. and Education, Science, “Dokumenty Tsentral`noho Derzhavnoho Arkhivu Vyshchykh Orhaniv Vlady ta Vlady Orhaniv Vyshchykh Arkhivu Derzhavnoho Tsentral`noho “Dokumenty

its head and ultimate leader. ultimate and head its

ntroduction, the so ntroduction, popula we Vldmr yncek ad yo Ptir, n hc “[i]t which in Petliura, Symon and Vynnychenko Volodymyr tween

,

“The Directory of the Ukrainian National R National Ukrainian Directory “Theof the the the - 88 1920)” (“Documents of the Central State Archive of Supreme Bodies of Bodies Supreme Archiveof State Central the (“Documents of 1920)” ly tied ly ad eonzd kana writer]”. Ukrainian recognized and r p socio

etliurivtsi

152. -

economic situation on the territ the on situation economic

the Directory continued to continued Directory the although the Directory had to leave the city of Kamianets Podilsky in Podilsky ofKamianets theleave city to had the Directory although arri upon Though itself. Directory the to – -

called “Kamianets period, or phase” of the Directory lasted from lasted ofthephase” Directory or period, “Kamianets called

“ Dictatorship or democracy or Dictatorship

- – 1920)” 87

“Petliura Furthermore, in November 1919 November in Furthermore, ), i ),

30 Petliura`s leadership was was leadership Petliura`s n

Osvita, nauka i kul`tura na Podilli. Zbirnyk na i kul`tura nauka Osvita, also - men”. that that 85

the epublic,” 101. epublic,” elua w Petliura ng the attitudes of peasantry towards peasantrytowards of attitudes the ng

include other people other include n eray 1919 February in government ?” ories under its control made control its under ories

86 –

using

n te wrs after words, other In s hsn o ed the head to chosen as

doubtless ), ed. O.M. Zavalniuk, O.M. ed. ),

he ї ‘ te oni of Council the , val at Kamianets at val

Dictatorsh UNR u period UNR uperiod

was d his preserve preserve his d A Martha As .

throughout , in , “given the “given ip’ for ip’ reality її

CEU eTD Collection 90 89 Q the regulations, the of activities the Ukrainiangovernment”. national in participated directly and 1919, and 1918 in republic Ukrainian of cooperation” full of policy a for “opted that not the (or parties Jewish Wh represented numerously the reconsidered and been Bolshevism of already threats had new of it light in to reconsidered) response Jewish the and issued been forces political Ukrainian the and Jewish the between gap a creating thus and Council power to came Directory The parties. political Jewish and Ukrainian out ofcontrol ofthe cent only effectively laws its enforce to exerciseinability Directory ofthe often so functionaries state its evacuate to had and time long a for capital the as Podilsky Kamianets nor Kyiv neither keep not could Directory the pla were inone based institutions rule thestate Directory`s since phase the of as thepath that the Directory to. adhered path the

uestion Bykovsky, Bykovsky, 1917 ofUkraine theCase Autonomism: National ofJewish Dilemmas “The Frankel,

the a

declarative character declarative This period stable relatively a considered be can Directory the of period Kamianets the Though In spite of the declarative character of many of the Directory`s decrees and and decrees Directory`s the of many of character declarative the of spite In Zion Poalei `s Fourth Universal establishing independence of the Ukra the of independence establishing Universal Fourth `s

chosen by the Galician Ukraini Galician the by chosen a well was Solomon I. Goldelman: A Portrait of a Politician and Educator and Politician Portrait a A of I. Goldelman: Solomon general

- was alsowas

disposed edr, upre ad vn “promot even and supported leaders,

direction of its policies towards the J the towards policies its of direction ral authorities . This explains why many of the Directory`s policies had in fact in had policies Directory`s the of many why explains This . ,

specific

as well as why the situation with the with situation the why as well as

n ee favo even and 90

steady in terms .

and Bolsheviks the by and leaders an

control control socialist Zionist party Zionist socialist 89 u 31 of

ring with the Directory. the with

the I i iprat o eto ta Symon that mention to important is It . over a particular clearly definedarea clearlya over particular peculiarities of the relations between the of between therelations the peculiarities was already a manifestation of the of manifestation a already was ed the cause of an independent independent an of cause the ed ews and solution of the Jewish the of solution and ews , 7. , anti

Goldelman, Solomon Poalei Zion Poalei inian People`s Republic People`s inian ites - Jewish violence Jewish - 1920”, 274. 1920”, Ot f h most the of Out . when ce, the fact that ce, fact that the

‘

was the one the was Democracy had already had h Central the

went and and one ’

CEU eTD Collection 95 (1917 in Ukraine Autonomy 94 Rel Jewish 93 1918 Republic National 1918 see please 92 91 territorial renewed specific any to resorting without configuration state, Ukrainian the within group national the of 1919 9, January Ukrainian national projectofJewish national their preserve authorities created conditions special the of awareness time” any at Europe in anywhere had they than rights by emphasized exemplifi is which Ministers, of Council the and Directory the of meetings the at raised constantly were Republic People`s periodicals”. Jewish which of editor an previously was Petliura

Verstyuk, Goldelman, Solomon in 1919), (May 16, Margolinin 1919” Arnold with Dr. “AnInterview journals ofthe For Kleiner, - 1920. Materialy i dokumenty u 2 tomakh 2 u i dokumenty Materialy 1920. eih ioiy n hs cutis, e il e ovne o te exceptional the of convinced be will we countries…, singularity the of autonom those in minority Jewish Latvia, place taking were events parallel and phenomena Similar revolution. the during Russia of territory

“ First of all, the Law of Law the all, of First the on phenomenon isolated an not was Ukraine in autonomy national Jewish The xrse sc pro such expressed

V. Verstyuk et al., ed., ed., al., et Verstyuk V. ations From Nationalism to Universalism to Nationalism From for the for Documents and materials and Documents

n h sne ht hy ee o ol gvn qa rgt, u wr alwd to allowed were but rights, equal given only not were they that sense the in

soi, atal Blrs Bt i w cmae ainl civmns f the of achievements national compare we if But, Belarus. partially Estonia,

, f h Jws population Jewish the of

- ed. Pigido, Pigido, ed. personal autonomy i autonomy personal , Arnold Jews only, no only, Jews

after after meetings of the Directory and the Council of Ministers, republished from the archives, the archives, from republished Ministers, of Council the and ofthe meetings Directory wi - Zhydivs`ka natsional`na avtonomiia na Ukra na avtonomiia natsional`na Zhydivs`ka 1920. Documents and Materials in 2 volumes 2 in Materials and Documents 1920. hn h faeok f oe te ntoa re national other some of framework the thin 91

Skoropads - - cultural specificity cultural atr prann t te oiin f h Jw i te Ukrainian the in Jews the of position the to pertaining Matters 1920)) Margolin, 54.

Dyrektoriia, Rada Narodnykh Ministriv Ukra Narodnykh Rada Dyrektoriia, - Jewish attitudes that it could scarcely be distinguished from from distinguished be scarcely could it that attitudes Jewish

(Munich: Dniprowa Chwyla, 1967), 11 1967), Chwyla, Dniprowa (Munich: ous status of the minorityJewish Ukraine in t for for t , vol. 1, 447. 1, vol. , National ` d y h junl and journals the by ed kyi

t Polish Polish mplied granting autonomous cultural rights to Jews as a as Jews to rights cultural autonomous granting mplied e es f kan wr granted were Ukraine of Jews he - Ukrainskaia zhizn Ukrainskaia personal autonomypersonal as unique:

officially officially , 44. ,

( Directory, Counci Directory, . - esnl A Personal motnl, h national the Importantly,

. or Russian Russian or Even later Solomon Goldelman single Goldelman Solomon later Even 32

abolished it on July 9, 1918. 9, July on it abolished for the Jews Jews the for utonomy of the Jews was renewed on on renewed was Jews the of utonomy minorities, because both reestablished both because minorities, ` . l of National Ministers of the Ukrainian Ukrainian the Ministersof National l of 93 (“Ukrainian Life”) (“Ukrainian

ї This points This

ni (1917 ni ) minutes (Kyiv: Olena Teliha Publishers, 2006). Publishers, Teliha (Kyiv: Olena Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material - 12. y h ntoa Uk national the by ouin: n Lithuania, in volutions: - 1920) (Jewish National National (Jewish 1920)

ї ns`ko

- f hs meetings these of personal autonomy was was autonomy personal

to the contemporarie the to . 94 ї Narodno mr fedm and freedom “more

( started in 1912 in started 95

The principle The ї Respubliky Respubliky d out the out d rainian . 92 -

re As s` ), -

CEU eTD Collection 341). Semitic(p. on philology book one ofonly boast Librarycould 99 98 97 Period)) (Kam`ianets` (Ka 96 disrup was process the but philology, and history Jewish of field the developing 1919 of year academic during project, this staff of lack the resources material to due (though University this in established was Literature and girls institution academic this in were Jews the represented well how notice will one 1918, in Kamianets in schools. Jewish as population Jewish the of rightsincluded the guaranteeing of purpose the with taken measures council al in powers wide made the from exempt were 19 11, July on published t Furthermore, Russia Bolshevik and Poland

Zavalniuk in his article “Jewish Community…” emphasizes the fact that by the end of 1919 the University the University of1919 end the bythe fact that emphasizes Community…” “Jewish his inarticle Zavalniuk Communi “Jewish Zavalniuk, Pigido, Lozovyi, Vitalii m`ianets`ka doba) m`ianets`ka eonzn te Jws lnug” s n o te fiil agae ad establishing and languages official the of one as language” “Jewish the recognizing

enrolled at the University) the at enrolled conal t te so the to accountable

Moreover, if one looks through the records of the newly opened national unive national opened newly the of records the through looks one if Moreover, Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material of incorporati

( in 1920 in aint Pdlk satd ucinn i te ide f uy 99 Other 1919. July of middle the in functioning started Podilsky Kamianets history e Law he

97 Vnutrishnia ta zovnishnia polityka Dyrektori polityka zovnishnia ta Vnutrishnia

99 , ( ( te set o te eih life. Jewish the of aspects the l Domestic and Foreign Policies of the Directory of the Ukrainian People`s Republic Republic People`s Ukrainian the of the Directory of Policies Foreign and Domestic , the project was never realized to the full extent). extent). full the to realized never was project the , and language of the Jews were Jews the of language and Kamianets Podilsky Kamianets on out of around 1,400 students, students, 1,400 around of out

of the Minister of Jewish Affairs in the Council of Ministers as well as Ministers of Council the in Affairs Jewish of Minister the of on oto o te kana bodi Ukrainian the of control 9 codn o hs ea rglto,alteJws in Jewish the all regulation, legal this to According 19.

ty,”340 h etbihet f h Jws cmua amnsrto was administration communal Jewish the of establishment the - ald eih omnl councils communal Jewish called

- ad h Whites) the (and 90 n tee ee ln t ivt seilss for specialists invite to plans were there and 1920 98 - , not to mention the fact that the Ch the that fact the mention to not , 341. - Jewish Relations Jewish : Aksioma, Aksioma, :

33 2005), 147. 2005),

, 16. , ee otl t te kana Republic. Ukrainian the to hostile were

there ta 96 ї

ught at Kamianets Podilsky University Podilsky Kamianets at ught Ukra

s f oe ad diitain and administration and power of es codnl, t Accordingly,

were almost 200 Jewish boys and boys Jewish 200 almost were ї ns`ko ї

Narodno ( kehillot e eih communal Jewish he air of Jewish History Jewish of air ї However, as part of part as However, Respubliky Respubliky ) wo ee given were who , ted by the by ted stitutions

further

rsity and and

CEU eTD Collection 101 2008), Podilsky, ( (1918 University Ukrainian Ukra 100 military… the over even control effective establish to unable “was Directory the Whites, the and Bolsheviks the with struggle military the with regulation and control state the of balance to Trying in happened which Proskuriv, in one the pogroms, murderous and most the of one with coincided relatively also which Ukraine, in situation whole the prevent before even pogroms p Ho Jewish the on assault major a but disrespect law 1919 of pogroms the of timeline the from judging Unfortunately, autonomy. personal then and forward toward expressed institution disrespect also but punishment, for subject the disres only not Furthermore, Republic. People`s Ukrainian to itself limit Law d was population Kamianetsproject Podilsky, the toanend. came and war Education, Science, and Culture. A Collection of Scholarly Articles Scholarly of Collection A Culture. and Science, Education,

O.M. Kukh, O.M. Verstyuk, ee, hs a ws h eiec of evidence the was law this wever, ї ns`komu universyteti (1918 universyteti ns`komu a nt mlmne effectively implemented not was on One The Direct The

the Criminal Responsibility for InsultingNatio CriminalResponsibility the for instability s

Documents and Materials and Documents of any of the the of any of of the important sections of the Directory`s policies Directory`s the of sections important the of

“Vykladannia iuda “Vykladannia 34 Ukrainians only, but encompassed but only, Ukrainians - 35.

rce a sopn te orm. o tr wt, t with, start To pogroms. the stopping at irected published on the same dates as dates same the on published ory`s departure from Kyiv was a was Kyiv from departure ory`s attempts to organize the governmental structures for structures governmental the organize to attempts

of power power of

- 1921)”), in 1921)”), tnc rus f h Uriin R Ukrainian the of groups ethnic - 1921)” (“Teaching Jewish and Oriental Studies at Kamianets Podilsky State Podilsky Kamianets at Studies Oriental and (“Teaching Jewish 1921)” ї ky ta oriientalistyky uKam`ianets` kyoriientalistyky ta their major wave out broke their major

n h re the in , vol.1, 448. vol.1, , Osvita, nauka i kul`tura na Podilli. Zbirnyk nauk Zbirnyk Podilli. i kul`tura na nauka Osvita, gion. sne orm wr nt ut n xrsin of expression an just not were pogroms since ,

h bnvln itnin of intention benevolent the 100 34

ih h fnl ria o te oseis to Bolsheviks the of arrival final the With

the other

plto o te kana territories. Ukrainian the of opulation symbolic start of its losing con losing its of start symbolic

law about the renewal of the national the of renewal the about law nal Honor andnal which Dignity, Honor did narodnosti narodnosti ), ed. O.M. Zavalniuk, vol. 11 (Kamianets 11 vol. Zavalniuk, O.M. ed. ), .

- pect toward individuals was to be to was individuals toward pect Podil`s`komu Derzhavnomu Derzhavnomu Podil`s`komu epublic. with regard to the Jewish the to regard with (“ethnic groups”) of the the of groups”) (“ethnic e Dire he 101

s

mid

effective exercising effective

h government the h sae r civil or state the ovykh prats` ovykh hs a ws put was law This - ctor Febru y sud the issued r 1919. ary trol over trol

violent ,

this this not to to - CEU eTD Collection 1920) istori 105 104 273 Podillia of Studies Regional and History on Conference i ofJews”), Defense 103 102 that hope expressed efforts government`s and pogroms the to end an put to then by done had Directory the of government the that work the emphasizing Ukraine, of Jews 1919, 12, June On pogroms. the combat to appeals of number Affairs(from matters. important concerning population the military court. Ukraine. ofterritory the on investigat to was commission the of task major The accountability. and matters financial resources, human of 1919 27, May anti of cases the investigating 1919 17, February 15 February on Proskuriv in pogroms the investigating recover. victims to held were trials pogroms, the outbreaks”.Semitic some [when]

Bohachevsky Verstyuk, Verstyuk, A. .

ї , vol. 4 (Vienna,1922) 4 vol. , Ukra Kryskov, Kryskov, Appeals on the government`s behalf were also popular as a means a as popular also were behalf government`s the on Appeals c started, pogroms the Once ї ns`ko Documents and Materials and Documents Materials and Documents - “Uryad UNR na zakhysti ievre zakhysti na “UryadUNR , the otamans Chomiak “The Directory of the Ukrainian Nation the Ukrainian Directory“Theof Chomiak

ї with a detailed account of how this commission was to be organized in terms terms in organized be to was commission this how of account detailed a with

revoliutsi 103 n e both the anti the both e Folkspartey Materialy IX Materialy

, 102 hs the Thus,

a aotd n pi 9 1919. 9, April on adopted was kana pol “il o lse t te aeu vie f h Black the of voice hateful the to listen not “will people Ukrainian

ih ead to regard with were anti were , , 164. ї 1917 105

- - )

1920 (Notes and Materials concerning th concerning Materials (Notes and 1920

o

The cases with the culprits identified were to be transferred totransferred be to were identified culprits the with cases The uig bu te salsmn o a pca cmiso for commission special a of establishment the about ruling ї - in the in

- eih ilne a t b cetd codn t te a of law the to according created be to was violence Jewish Podil`s`ko Jewish pogroms and the agitation against the Jewish people Jewish the against agitation the and pogroms Jewish - , vol. 1, 527 1, vol. , 513. 1, vol. , punish those responsible, those punish Semitic, while others wer others while Semitic, ommissions were created for investigating the causes of causes the investigating for created were ommissions

governments throughgovernments1919

ї v” (“The Government of the Ukrainian People`s People`s Ukrainian the of Government v” (“The h Jws nat Jewish the ї encouraging istoryko Pinkhas Krasnyi, who was the Minister of Jewish of Minister the was who Krasnyi, Pinkhas -

529; see also Pavlo Khrystiuk, also see Pavlo 529; 35 ), ed. I.S. Vynokur et al. (Kamia al. Vynokuret ed.I.S. ),

- kraieznavcho

the Jews Jews the 104 al Republic,” 87 Republic,” al ional

nte seil omsin for commission special Another - e incapable of coping with anti with coping of incapable e funds were allocated to help the help to allocated were funds ї 6 11 ad n e`hy on Fel`shtyn in and 1919 16, - konferentsi

esnl autonomy personal he e Ukrainian Revolution of of 1917 eRevolution Ukrainian - to

1920, issued a considerable a issued 1920, published the appeal to the to appeal the published

appreciate the Ukrainian the appreciate - Zamitky i materialy do do materialy i Zamitky 88. ї

( Materials of the Ninth Ninth Materials the of

nets Podilsky, 1995), 1995), Podilsky, nets of addressing the addressing of Republic in in Republic H also He . - - CEU eTD Collection 108 107 106 the and 1919 in propaganda andlater Thus, agitation. of tools and press anti against orders and rulings theissue to continued institutions governmental to turned leaders Ukrainian the of eyes journalist? republic, Ukrainian goals, set the achieving for abroad. interests these defending independent the about Ukraine of population the informing of goal the B with 1918 the 31, December ofon Information establishment the about Decree the issued Directory the u that mentioned be should need ruling this that note the with hatred, informati and press publish the control to need anti the combating about ruling another “the enemy” as well of characteristic also is theme This people state”. own their people Ukrainian expose to pogroms, Jewish the to Ukrainians inciting and peoples Ukrainian and Jewish the to hostile flock, Hundreds`

Ibid., 399. Ibid., Ibid., Verstyuk, s,

While Therefore, it is not surprising that once t oncesurprising that not is Therefore, it 539. the

as well a well as

ir highly metaphorical language, which was to create to was which language, metaphorical highly ir

Documents and Materials and Documents

(the pogrom

n aint Pdlk, n ue 5 11, h Cucl f iitr issued Ministers of Council the 1919, 15, June on Podilsky, Kamianets in 106 s some commonness between the between commonness some s fighting of cause the in on

etr hn elua isl, h hd h experi the had who himself, Petliura than better

Krasnyi - state interests of the Ukrainian People`s Republic as well as as well as Republic People`s Ukrainian the of interests state - makers) pon entering Kyiv and taking control of the Ukrainian territories, territories, Ukrainian the of control taking and Kyiv entering pon ed material and pointing to pointing and material ed

hs o sraig n dfnig h ie o an of idea the defending and spreading of those

lo mhszd h ie o bohrod ewe te two the between brotherhood of idea the emphasized also , vol. 1, 538. 1, vol. , 108 in 1920. in .

Who could have understood have could Who Pet liura`s proclamat liura`s - Jewish pogrom Jewish In

s

36 one such ordersuch one to the whole world as wild and not mature for for mature not and wild as world whole the to o e rmlae “immediately”. promulgated be to

he pogrom wave turned out to be on the rise,the on be to out waveturned pogrom he pogrom historic fates historic - makers and those prop those and makers - the exceptional significance of the the of significance exceptional the ions and governmental appeals, as appeals, governmental and ions inciting agitation, emphasizing the emphasizing agitation, inciting

of the Highest Command of theof Command Highestthe of

powerful images of “us” vs “us” of images powerful the im the

of Ukrainians and Jews and Ukrainians of ne f okn a a as working of ence portance of the pre the of portance ra o Pes and Press of ureau - Jewish agitation Jewish

agating Jew agating independent independent 107

ee it Here ss - . CEU eTD Collection 111 110 109 government`s the of achievements way.possible also but end, an to pogroms the bringing with concerned only not were Directory the of leaders the anti encouraging or Jews the to hostile as Republic People`s Ukrainian and Press of that st and “to Affairs Propaganda Jewish Affairs, Foreign of ministers the entrust to was resolution the So forces. national Ukrainian the condemn and attack to particular) in press, was pogroms of the emphasizing population, Jewish the of pogroms the with situation the Council, Ministerial Ukrainian People`s Republic. ant for need the population Jewish the and Army the between relations normal regard with controlled realiz people”. defenderofhis army,of theUkrainian international knight “a and community, todefame Ukrain the of antiof the th of Army

Ibid., 460 Ibid., 653. Ibid., i - Jewish propaganda and refuting the blames put on the governmental institutions of the of institutions governmental the on put blames the refuting and propaganda Jewish ed the crucial importance of the necessity of the necessityof the crucialimportanceof the ed

oevr i Moreover,

369 ht s vn more even is What 109 ih ouaiig h Drcoys tne s ht poig h pgos n any in pogroms the opposing that as stance Directory`s the popularizing with - - -

Jewish agitation among Ukrainians are identified: to deal a fatal blow to the unity unity blowtothe a fatal are identified:deal agitation to among UkrainiansJewish

370. 463. e Ukrainian People`s Republic dated Republic People`s Ukrainian e h mnts f h mnseil etns lo ugs ta the that suggest also meetings ministerial the of minutes The the Bureau of Press and Inform and Press of Bureau the Importantly, t ian

used outside outside used forces, to leave a stain on the Ukrainian statehood in the eyes of the the of eyes the in statehood Ukrainian the on stain a leave to forces, r te orsodn action” corresponding the art oe f h documents the of one n

taking place in Tarniv on December 29, 1920, the ministers discuss ministers the 1920, 29, December on Tarniv in place taking to spreading the pogrom mood pogrom spreadingthe to he 110

the borders of the Ukrainian People`s Republic (in European (in Republic People`s Ukrainian the of borders the resolution noteworthy

attempts to prevent the pogroms. the prevent to attempts

was unanimously. accepted

s ht hr i eiec o sm practical some of evidence is there that is

37 contai ation ation

July 7, 1920, three reasons or explanations explanations or reasons three 1920, 7, July 111 ig h mnts f h meeting the of minutes the ning to

s Army ht s o obt h iae f the of image the combat to is that contribute contribute .

On August 18, 18, August On being

was emphasized was to this task task this to

particularly inspected and particularlyinspected

- the necessity to build build to necessity the As Lozovyi stresses, stresses, Lozovyi As Jewish violence. So, violence. Jewish

fact that the case case the that fact by eliminating by government , a s well as well s

f the of ed

CEU eTD Collection 115 Relations Jewish 114 Relations Jewish 113 112 succes usuryand speculation. with or Bolsheviks the with Jews of identification popular the and threat Bolsheviks` the to Jew that argues Bolsheviks` revolutionaries”. Ukrainian anti about shouting… cause sacredthey our brandwhich languages,in established…all newspapers Bolsheviks] in “[the the and Petliura discredit to used future the in be would that blame main the which in Petliura by proclamation 1921 a quotes Margolin tried they that emphasized also but pogroms, of they that stating particular, in Petliura and Directory government”. Ukrainian statement Margolin`s justify violence Jewish arrested soldiers by the start to trying worker, local a Volochys`k, in while flee, to attempt their o neighborhood the in UNR the of troops the among prevented was pogrom a starting of attempt an 1919, 8, July anti the to reacted “efficiently” institutions governmental the

“AnInterview Lozovyi, Lozovyi, Lozovyi, in (1921), the Entente,” of the and Policy Ukraine “The ArnoldMargolin, – sful for a number of reasons, including external and internal and external including reasons, of number a for sful hs vsbe in o te kana ntoait` fot i combatin in efforts nationalists` Ukrainian the of signs visible These n ocuin a conclusion, In

the liberation movement of our nation nation our of movement liberation the Domestic and Foreign Policies Foreign and Domestic Policies Foreign and Domestic aiuain f t of manipulation , ed. Pigido, Pigido, ed. , ,

with Dr. Arnold Margolin in 1919” (May 16, 1919), in 1919), (May 16, Margolinin 1919” Arnold with Dr. ed. Pigido, ed. - hatred in Ukraine had n had Ukraine in hatred

115 f Gorodok and Smotrych, with the pogrom instigators being killed at killed being instigators pogrom the with Smotrych, and Gorodok f . - 112

eih p Jewish 113 s 41. 55.

argued

He did not only speak in defense of the Ukrainian leaders of the of leaders Ukrainian the of defense in speak only not did He 114

e ulc pno b propaganda by opinion public he

hs te kana ntoait wr aae f the of aware were nationalists Ukrainian the Thus,

ogroms, which, they say, are being organized by the the by organized being are say, they which, ogroms, y Verstiuk, by , 145. , 141 o state o -

142.

38

that “[t]here is no anti no is “[t]here that hl cm o Uriin ainlss s set: is nationalists Ukrainian of camp whole - –

based source based

the the as the work of bandits and pogrom makers, makers, pogrom and bandits of work the as

were n were w yas f h Drcoy ee not were Directory the of years two o tp h atrocities. the stop to ot responsible for the instigation instigation the for responsible ot Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material – -

Jewish acts. For example, on example, For acts. Jewish instead it was intensified due due intensified was it instead Material Concerning Ukrainian Concerning Material .

Moreover, - Semitic tendency in the in tendency Semitic ones xenl factors External .

pgo, was pogrom, a ooy also Lozovyi Interestingly, te anti the g - - -

CEU eTD Collection 118 117 http://www.jsto 1920,” 116 and enhancement national of theJewish of amount significant a Ukrainian that fact nationalists. Ukrainian the with cooperating of politics the with population Jewish general the of disillusionment the prevented have not could Goldelman as such leaders Jewish the of behalf on wishing u was Jews the of treatment of Letters within t However, minority Jewish the at directed was process this of portion major The sovereignty. Ukrainian building of process the in minorities engage beginning. very the positi unambiguous its proclaimed Directory the people, Ukrainian orientation toward West orEast, andtheofsufficientelite. political lack experience ofthe choosin and ally an determining with difficulties dictatorship), revolutionary and Ukrainian young a democracy parliamentary between hesitation of (therefore ideology of terms in character determination peasant the were nature internal place. its find and survive to struggling was Republic geopolitical unfavorable included

Lozovyi, Lozovyi, Verstyuk, Rudolf A. Mark, A.RudolfMark, Harvard Ukrainian Studies Ukrainian Harvard While the Central Council was somewhat hesitant about the state aspirations of the the of aspirations state the about hesitant somewhat was Council Central the While eie te orm, hc ae sal peetd s h laig set f the of aspect leading the as presented usually are which pogroms, the besides - Domestic and Foreign Policies Foreign and Domestic Jewish relations in 1919 in relations Jewish he idealized portrayal of of portrayal idealized he Documents and Materials and Documents a r.org/stable/41036358. eih Social Jewish “Social Questions and National Revolution: The Ukrainian National Republic in 1919 Republic National Ukrainian The Revolution: National and Questions “Social

hrfr, n o te ot important most the of one Therefore,

The terror of an of terror The work put towards improvement of the Ukrainian the of improvement towards put work - nfortunately frustrated frustrated nfortunately

Democrat 14, 1/2 (Jun., 1990): 1990): 1/2(Jun., 14,

, vol. 1, 31. 1, vol. , conditions within which a newly a which within conditions - 1920, there was also was there 1920, the , 141. ,

ti - Ukrainian population by Solomon Goldelman Solomon by population Ukrainian s paat ihes nbe n hi attd and attitude their in noble fighters” “peasant as personal autonomy -

Jewish atrocities, unfortunately, overshadowed the overshadowed unfortunately, atrocities, Jewish

39 116, 116, a

c by the by cessed February 11, 2013, 11, February cessed 116 a

campaign against Jew against campaign pogroms, and any possible good possible any and pogroms, . mn iprat atr o factors important Among 118 task tncly kana borders. Ukrainian ethnically

s

- on of independence from from independence of on f h Drcoy a to was Directory the of born Ukrainian People`s People`s Ukrainian born - Jewish cooperation Jewish

nation - hatred and hatred lc of lack , g between g

in his in f - 117 an

CEU eTD Collection Shlia Hetmanat the during founded Podilsky Kamianets of University National the of life academic the on was focus special Its Podilsky. Kamianets in life academic and p cultural the this on more at concentrating fighting forces political the from itself distancing thus, newspaper, Jewish Ukra with comparison in example, For revolution. the by spurred revival cultural and national one when fl that dailies Podilsky Kamianets clear other to periodical this compares especially becomes This subjects. Jewish the with dealing items news and articles in abounded that pages four of consisted 1919, in Republic People`s Ukrainian 4.1. Ukrainian of1917 National Revolution Ukrainian of picture larger the for Jews the of portrayal the o implications general the about conclusions drawing at attempt will I topics, Jewish the of coverage wide its on and Directory the of period Podilsky`s Kamianets of press Ukrainian periodical. Jewish the of treatment the reviewing Jewish Question CHAPTER 4. Ukra ї k na h - Ukra newspaper daily the of case the with deal will I chapter this In

related entries at all. at relatedentries , a sm ies n eeomns n Palestine in developments on items some had ї ah Shlia Nash na

ae o te atclr lc of place particular the on Based ї , a Kamianets Podilsky daily, , aKamianetsPodilsky daily, na , which was prepared and censored by the Press Office of the of Office Press the by censored and prepared was which ,

Ukra

k e h

ї eid n bosmn i 1919 in blossoming and period (“Our Way”), which was published in 1919 in published was which Way”), (“Our na

Nash Shlia Nash as the Directory`s M - - k 1920. eae sbet b te uhr cnrbtn t this to contributing authors the by subjects related h

positioned itself as a daily democratic unaffiliated unaffiliated democratic daily a as positioneditself 1919 40

Ukra - 1920 ї outhpiece regardwith to the na

n 90 n on and 1920 in - ihn h lre cnet f the of context larger the within 90 ne te Dire the under 1920 - Jewish relations during the the during relations Jewish ourished at this period of period this at ourished - 1920, had hardly any hardly had 1920,

Ukra eerto o the of celebration

ї Army of the the of Army na ctory.

ro and eriod n detail, in Nash f CEU eTD Collection http://www.jstor.org/stable/4466502. Je Rebuttal,” 120 119 to contribute tothe daily, run byan anti contributingto authors Jewish pogrom the condemn constantly publication i participate would person a such that improbable highly seems it editing, was Kovenko that newspaper the of content the from judging Moreover, citation. even or source reliable a to reference any by claim this support not does author the non and Jewish the both of insistence the at pogroms] the investigating commissions the of head the of position the [from pogrom removed notorious monger… “a was Kovenko that claims pogroms, the in role Petliura`s Symon Hunczak` of “rebuttal” a published who situation. Szajkowski, Jewish Zosa the Interestingly, on commentaries short and items detached somewhat few a only L the “From in representation Jewish the of decrease drastic the with coincided newspaper the of content the on grip losing Staff Army Petliura`s and location publishing editor the of functions the Information performed who Kovenko, Mykhailo the team: editorial the in change by a also was There substituted Bureau. Staff Army the with center, publishing the in change a apparentlybec operations, Army the on focus its losing and 4) of instead “capital”, the to Palestine British basically confirmed theBalfour Declaration for Mandate the giving by which conference, Remo San the of results

Nash Shliakh Nash Zosa Szajkowski, “‘ ZosaSzajkowski, oee, n 90 we Kmaes oisy ot h sau o te Directory`s the of status the lost Podilsky Kamianets when 1920, in However, Ukra wish Social Studies Social wish ife of the Jewry” was almost entirely absent in absent entirely almost was Jewry” the of ife , issues 93 ї na

A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura and Ukrainian and Petliura ofSymon Reappraisal A lo newn a rnfrain bcmn sotr n ie (2 size in shorter becoming transformation, a underwent also

- 94, May14 94,

31, 3 (Jul., 1969): 198, accessed May 20, 2013, 2013, accessed May20, 198, (Jul.,1969): 3 31, - in

-

Ukra he truhu 11, et for left 1919, throughout chief - 15, 1920, p 1920, 15, ї na , edited by Kovenko, would have hardly be hardly have would Kovenko, by edited , - Se p mite. mite. . 4. . s and speak in favor of the Jewish population. Jewish the of favor in speak and s 41

119 , but it hadnoregul, butit - Jewish socialist pa socialist Jewish a orm hl atce i his in articles while pogrom a n - Jewish Relations Jewish Ukra oai. hs hf o the of shift This Romania. ї na Ukra

issues of 1920 with 1920 of issues ause there had been been therehad ause ar column. Jewish rties”. , 1917 , ї na. rapasl of reappraisal s - 120 1921’: A 1921’: h column The

en However,

willing pages -

CEU eTD Collection 121 of issue August first on published the in instance, For attention. special deserves also column the of title The well. as sections other in covered sometimes were topics Jewish but newspaper, the “From 1919 level local the of items news and Telegrams) and “Radio (section abroad from and regions and cities Ukrainian o rest The poetry. b pieces, literary as well as problems, current on articles more featured page r Army inthis destinies ofperiod. Jews the mapping in place special its and Podilsky Kamianets of significance the to points again titled being item news a of instance an even is there Podilsky Kamianets to arrival team`s editorial the With topics. Jewish on entries H unlike However, Directory. the in group political core the constituted Democrats Social since discourses eliteor dominant the less or reflectedmore them of both that fact the to duenewspapers two territories the simil more even in is There forces. nationalist Ukrainian changes the by controlled constant to due institutions governmental the with together of manner Ina 1920. to 1917 from Party Workers` Democratic Social Newspaper (“Workers` azeta

Robitnycha H Robitnycha Ukra eports As for the general layout of the newspaper, the front page was usually allotted to allotted usually was page front the newspaper, the of layout general the for As between drawn be can parallel interesting Another ї a te rne ogn f h party. the of organ printed the was na , the editorial staff of staff editorial the , , news from the frontline, and articles dealing with burning issues. The second second The issues. burning with dealing articles and frontline, the from news , azeta L Ukra f the issue was normally dedicated to various pieces various to dedicated normally was issue the f , issue 483, August 27, 1919, 2. p. 1919, August 27, issue , 483, on located rule a as was Jewry” the of ife

, 99 te oun “Fr column the 1919, 9, ї , with the last, fourth page fourth last, the with , na, na, ”), the daily published by the C the by published daily the ”), which was which

Robitnycha Robitnycha

edited and publish and edited 42 oinca H Robitnycha H “From the “From

azeta m h L the om

also containing some advertisements. advertisements. some containing also

had to move from one city to another to city one from move to had nrl omte o h Ukrainian the of Committee entral

ed by the Army Staff, Army the by ed L ife of the Jewry” is followed by by followed is Jewry” the of ife ife of the Jewry” the of ife azeta Ukra

the third or fourth page of the the of page fourth or third the

ї na lo etrd nme of number a featured also somewhat somewhat

and of news from other other from news of arity between these between arity Robitnycha H Robitnycha 121 similar t similar oth prose and prose oth , which once which , Robitnycha Robitnycha Ukra o thato azeta ї the na In

CEU eTD Collection 1.). p. 1919, 17, October holidays] [theJewish celebrate who ( the newspaper workand team not do editorial the members of Jewish majorityof holidays, Jewish the to “Due statements: theon following based made 122 sinceJews, the observant less or more but name, last by Jews just holidays. not probably most were Jewish these Moreover, the on note the from clear becomes it but newspaper, the of pages the Je of representation of level high the of because also but covered topics Jewish of representation of level high the to due only not important is newspaper this Thus, Jews. to attitude benevolent not if favorable the a that fact The Petliura. thereforeand Army its Directory andthe of position official expressingthe forplatform the basically was newspaper this that considers one if attention special deserves This issue. prepa the in participate not could staff publishing the of members the of some because 4, of instead pages 2 size, regular its half was which version, shorter a in out come since a Interestingly, rest of the from separate even different, substantially as perceived still were Jews that indicate also may it hand, other the On attention. and interest means which coverage, particular deserved singled is Jewry that development two these sets “From Ukra

The conclusion about the significant representation of the Jewsa ofthe representation significant conclusion the about The ї na some of the issues had a note that due to the Jewish holidays, the newspaper had to to had newspaper the holidays, Jewish the to due that note a had issues the of some the population, from the localsthe population, from seen perceived ofJews as “other”. as native, the oe rils f h Jews the of articles Some h oa L Local the , issue 44, October 4, 1919, p. 4,p. 1) 1919, October issue , 44, categories, y holidays Jewish as keep. regarded important to considerable ife”, ife”,

supposedly or “From the L the “From or

“Jewry” and “locals” and “Jewry” ws among the press staff. It may not necessarily be visible on on visible be necessarily not may It staff. press the among ws

, Jewish, been have to seems staff editorial the of percentage

the newspaper is issued in a shortened format” ( inshortened a is issued newspaper the

, “Because majority of the members of the editorial team are Jews Jews team are editorial members ofthe majority ofthe “Because , out as a category of population, whose life and activities and life whose population, of category a as out large portion of portion large - eae cnet vn perd n h fot pages. front the on appeared even content related s for s ife of the the of ife

4 th

and 5 and 43 ,

apart. On the one hand, it may be a positive positive a be may it hand, one the On apart. th

October are October L

ocals” the p the mong the editors and authors of authors and editors mongthe ress

(“

issued in a shortened format” issuedinshortened a Z mistsevoho zhyttia mistsevoho Z s taff was Jewish was taff

Ukra ї na , issue 54, issue , 54, 122 ration of the the of ration

speaks for speaks ”) Ukra , which ,

ї na –

of of is CEU eTD Collection 127 126 125 124 123 declares, Zolotarenko one”. Jewish the with particularly intelligentsia, Ukrainian in movement national Ukrainian bee have mistakes “[m]any of issue first very the of page front the on published political andsocial well life as as in contemporary in interest profound his manifesting pieces written his topics, general the with n did Zolotarenko that note to important is It Palestine” in home national a of establishment the for “struggle of position Zioni opposed vehemently even or criticized he items written of supporter obvious an at hint to seem Zolotarenko “well team, editorial life, Jewish of areas diverse in knowledgeable extraordinarily be to seems he since Jew a probably most is person this he that articlesis though, newspaper, the the to from contributed clear becomes What is. Zolotarenko who about newspaper the of “Academic of issue first very Zolotarenko. Zo S. namely author, particular a by run was issues, 4.2.

Ukra Ukra Goldman, Ukra Ukra lotarenko “From the L ї ї ї ї The column, however, as pointed out by the editorial staff in one of the newspaper the of one in staff editorial the by out pointed as however, column, The n i atce Te Way “The article his In na na na na , 1, August 9, 1919, p. 1. p. 1. August 1, 1919, , 9, 1 p. 1919, September16, 29, , Augu 7, , p. 1919, September16, 29, ,

Zionism under Soviet Rule Soviet under Zionism the L

as the author of author the as ife”) had no authors indicated. There is no information provided on t on provided information no is There indicated. authors no had ife”)

Poalei Zion Poalei st 16, 1919, 3. p. 1919, st 16, i fe of the Jewry” of fe Ukra

- is suspicion and lack of trust on the Ukrainians` behalf with regard to to regard with behalf Ukrainians` the on trust of lack and suspicion is nomd n eih affairs”. Jewish in informed ї na n made during the two years of r of years two the during made n wie w oth two while , 125 the column “From the Life of the Jewry” the of Life the “From column the

, largely for the reason that the Zionists gave priority gave Zionists the that reason the for largely ,

, 10. , 2. o Mu to the cause of building mutual understanding with the non the with understanding mutual building of cause the -

2.

the dilemmasof theUkrainian R

ul Understanding” tual r iia scin (Fo te L the (“From sections similar er 44 ot only write on Jewish subjects, but also dealt also but subjects, Jewish on write only ot

124 the the

oevr te rils rte by written articles the Moreover, Poalei Zion, since in a number of of number a in since Zion, Poalei Ukra 127

evolution by the leaders of the the of leaders the by evolution (“

ї hik d porozuminnia do Shliakh the defended but proper sm 126 h frt ao mistake major first The na

Zltrno tts that states Zolotarenko , over the local autonomy. local the over 123 evolution. evolution.

of appearance First can be noted be can

or, as put by the the by put as or, ocal ocal

L he pages he f” and ife”

to the to in the in as , ”) - ,

CEU eTD Collection 130 129 128 by suggested solution The state. Ukrainian independent an against nothing having socialists anti anything been not has there that stating rightsa gift”. ratherunexpected as the received ‘minorities’ other so Affairs, Jewish of Ministry the by exclusively developed exce Jewish presents he Moreover, state. a building in Ukrainians of partners suitable Poles” or Russians either t attitude socialists` Jewish why reason the is this Zolotarenko, to According compromise. a such building in interest Jews` the as well as Jews and Ukrainians between compromise the common groundwith the Ukrainian people” find to have majority, with understanding mutual the for strive to have therefore and own their of state no have contrast, in Jews, “The approval: and support (Ukrainians`) majority`s they because trusted been have should nation stateless a as self for struggle Ukrainian the to contribute to willing be hardly could and states own their have they since Poles, and Russians towards justifiable th be may attitude though emphasizes, he However, attitudes. Ukrainian all through running line red the as minorities, national all at state Ukrainian the in directed suspicion, this sees pot the realizing from leaders Ukrainian prevented preconceptions wrong and mistakes these anti the with Jews equating their and Jews owards national owards

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. nil f Ukrainian of ential ptional and emphasizes that emphasizes and ptional

Thus, s led me already As h ato o “rm h Lf o te Jewry” the of Life the “From of author the participation in the process of Ukrainian state Ukrainian of process the in participation - personal autonomy was such a serious “phenomenon not characteristic of characteristic not “phenomenon serious a such was autonomy personal

- ntioned, eih oprto drn te eouinr trol Zolotarenko turmoil. revolutionary the during cooperation Jewish 129 - . In other words, other In . Ukrainian movement movement Ukrainian

ooaek opposes Zolotarenko “that very law about the national the about law very “that 130

- Ukrainian in Jewish vision of socialism, Jewish socialism, of vision Jewish in Ukrainian 45 he

128

singles out Jews as the obvious and most and obvious the as Jews out singles . –

Bolshevism. According to Zolotarenko, to According Bolshevism.

qain f es n Bolshevism, and Jews of equation - building. The other mistake is mistake other The building.

would be interested in the the in interested be would mhszs h ne for need the emphasizes - personal autonomy was was autonomy personal - determination, Jews determination,

activism as activism s id of kind is CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 discussed, been already has it as Finally, Solomon. name, first Goldelman`s of letter first Zolotarenko root same the having both names the in connection obvious an is there Secondly, many in conversant and knowledgeable so authorimagine the to hardthat be would it while time, that recordsof not could I realized I when pseudonym, a was “Zolotarenko” andboth theDirectory Central pe Council 1917 Revolution Ukrainian the in leaders Jewish prominent most the of one Goldelman, Solomon by used pseudonym the be to out turned in presented he articles the in Jews to attitude forcesfrom Ukrainian theof cause the state all”. for and m of concern no is “It policy forces democratic Jewish the by mistake same the making of instances many been gu the admits with the policies of thecenter disagreemen absolute in are which authorities, administrative local the of representatives p would Zolotarenko, apparatus” administrative and behind is author the

Ibid. Ibid. Ukra

ї In the research proce research the In of mistakes the out pointing Upon na , 1, August 9, 1919, p. 2. August 1, 1919, , 9,

133 never revealed his first name, indicating only “S.”, which coincides with the with coincides which “S.”, only indicating name, first his revealed never

consequently ilt on the Jewish side as well: “During the two years of revolution there have have there revolution of years two the “During well: as side Jewish the on ilt in

hs te uhr cnwegs eti aofes f h Jws political Jewish the of aloofness certain acknowledges author the Thus, evn te so the leaving

aspects of political life could have avoided publishing somewhere else. else. somewhere publishing avoided have could life political of aspects

eet h Jws pplto fo big troie b te failing the by “terrorized being from population Jewish the revent 131 i the “in ss the enigma of Zolotarenko`s of enigma the ss ine” [ ine”

–

or even onpurpose”.or doharm

f h Uriin epes eulc Ti, codn to according This, Republic. People`s Ukrainian the of gl” “ooo i Uriin n Rsin. Furthermore, Russian). and Ukrainian in (“zoloto” “gold” - called tsarist legacy of discriminatory treatment of Jews Jews of treatment discriminatory of legacy tsarist called Moya khata z kraiu z khata Moya …

novmn o t of involvement riods

- h Uriin ainl edrhp Zolotarenko leadership, national Ukrainian the building. 46 Ukra .

First of all, it became practically certain that practically of became certain all, it First that - 1920 ї na

]. This policy should be changed once once changed be should policy This ].

, holding ministerial positions during positions ministerial holding , was –

e eih nelgnsa n our in intelligentsia Jewish he “Zolotarenko” and “Goldelman”, and “Zolotarenko”

132 resolved, because “Zolotarenko”because resolved,

evident interest and interest evident

locate

this name in any other other any in name this

concerned –

their t

CEU eTD Collection 138 137 136 135 of Department fromHistory theprofessors 134 “class” its in Russia tsarist to similar being for Bolsheviks the criticized Goldelman political of 5 and general 4 issues in like problems, some on writing when even Zolotarenko pseudonym Furthermore socialist, Jewish 1917 of Revolution Ukrainian identity. trueauthor`s the with accord in be to seems it but Goldelman`sUkrainian useof the guessing, for space leaves This Jews? to attitude Uk which with declaration, a as intended it Was treatment? respectful and attention such get not would author Jewish a by signed articles step” on be will this Jews, with understanding mutual full in intelligentsia Jewish the of involvement ones…” Russian “Again Ukrainians: to referring Ukrainian a for pass to wishing if as articles his in party Jewish the Ukrainian a such the Go of one Zion, Poalei the supported indubitably Zolotarenko

Initially, the idea of identifying Zo ofidentifying the Initially, idea Khrystiuk, Ibid. Ukra Ukra ldelman, sotheir rhetorics perfectly match 137

ї ї The editorial team team editorial The in articles his publish to chose Goldelman why then is question The na na Tu, e n at lis o e paig o Uriin. ol i ma ta the that mean it Would Ukrainians. for speaking be to claims fact in he Thus, ? , 1, August 9, 1919, p. 2. August 1, 1919, , 9, p. 1. August 1, 1919, , 9, Notes and Ma and Notes , h ato o “rm h Lf o te Jewry” the of Life the “From of author the 135 - sounding pseudonym. Importantly, he also avoids open identification with identification open avoids also he Importantly, pseudonym. sounding lo ihu epiil saig ht t was it that stating explicitly without also , “the step towards this [mutual understanding] [mutual this towards step “the ,

terials Interestingly, of of , 169. , Ukra

- lotarenko with Goldelman withGoldelman lotarenko 1920

we we - like pseudonym. ї Ukra na the the

ee o al t dsigih J distinguish to able not were cites Zolotarenko, stating that it is a pseudonym of a of pseudonym a is it that stating Zolotarenko, cites

refers to him as Zolotarenko only, without revea without only, Zolotarenko as him to refers Kamianets Podilsky State University. State Podilsky Kamianets Khrystiuk in his in Khrystiuk ї na our , – 47 134

“Dictatorship or democracy or “Dictatorship

administrative apparatus” administrative .

rainians could identify themselves in their their in themselves identify could rainians

emerged Notes and Materialsconcerningthe Notesand our

ulse hs rils sn the using articles his published

after my conversation withsomeof myconversation after behalf the first effective real real effective first the behalf

Solom

we ewish Bolsheviks from from Bolsheviks ewish edr o wih was which of leaders

–

see in the increased the in see saying, “we” when when “we” saying, 136 n Goldelman. on ?” , “On the way to way the “On ,

Ukra In these pieces these In n economic and ї na

under ling ling 138

CEU eTD Collection 139 people, of masses the and resolutions” “adopting leaders these between breach the to periodical, d Cherkasenko Community”), (“Labour another in published author, anonymous an by articles his of one on attack an to replying When (Goldelman). Zolotarenko to response his under in pieces literary and articles his he published which using names, pen of number a quite had who Cherkasenko, that noting worth Road” Easy minister. government prominent a and a leader Jewish Goldelman, Solomon fact in was Zolotarenko that knew Understanding”, Ukrainian of complexities writer, Ukrainian 4.3. Other the Ukrainian bodies. administrative newspaper the of issue first the in Zolotarenko of name as serve conference. Zion Poalei Guberni Poale the to these articles. in Jew a was author the that revealed have could that anything Jewish, anything of hint no economic the destroying for m their by region the of potential them blames and authorities and power the of treatment

Ukra ї hs qetos r as drcl rltd o hte S whether to related directly also are questions These na y an example of one of the ways to mutual understanding suggested by him under the under byhim suggested understanding mutual to ways the of one of example an a Committee) was listed as one of the contact persons for the organization of the of organization the for persons contact the of one as listed was Committee) a , 17, August 30, 1919, p. 4. p. 1919, August 17, , 30, Ukra (“ Zo ise. o isac, n su 1, odla (s h Ha o the of Head the (as Goldelman 17, issue in instance, For issues. Zion i

Goldelman`s name, however, appears on the pages of pages the on appears however, name, Goldelman`s Manivtsi i prostyi shliakh prostyi i Manivtsi ї na na h i ise of 3 issue in who voices

139 -

Jewish cooperation in revolutionary time revolutionary in cooperation Jewish on on Th

e fact that Goldelman was also the also was Goldelman that fact e Jewish subjectsJewish

ilitary assaults and anarchic influence. Importantly, there is Importantly,there influence. anarchic and assaults ilitary

istanced ”) Ukra stand in opposition to Gold to opposition in stand an vs Ways “Roundabout his and Cherkasenko 48 Ukra ї

na

hi

mself from the party leaders, pointing out pointing leaders, party the from mself ї ele t Zltrnos piece Zolotarenko`s to replied na

n eswee sge hs el name real his signed elsewhere, and –

that of attracting Jewish cadres to cadres Jewish attracting of that pyrydon

Minister s, Ukra

“The “The elman`s article. It is It article. elman`s rdv Hromada Trudova ї na

Cherkasenko, Way of Labour may Labour of

when it comes comes it when

to Mutual to

n the on a

CEU eTD Collection 142 141 140 between understanding mutual of state the about reflections (Goldelman`s) Zolotarenko`s which party, the of part the on of sympathy of expressions few possibility a of basis the on just thought, the second any without cooperation assumes which citizenry, our of part expansive that to belong not do unconditio and unreserved against be to seems people ordinary among understanding, roundabout unlike “the ways”sug shed”. is Jews, brothers, their of blood the Republic People`s Ukrainian independent an for how see will Cossacks and m in and improve help to usury, against stand to are Jews the by taken be to measures The resolved. be will Jews onlyaccordingofhostility misunderstanding then,problem and toCherkasenko,the emancipation people. Jewish and d Ukrainian of masses broad the between foremost and first but Jews, and Ukrainians both of forces) (political democracies respective between respon anti attitude toJews. expressed Ukrainians. of concerns and needs real and shops’ ‘talking between emands for the Jews echo what is known as traditional as known is what echo Jews the for emands

Ibid. Ukra Ukra - Jewish suspicion and, knowing that, he seems to be convinced that he is right. is he that convinced be to seems he that, knowing and, suspicion Jewish

e o ooaek, he Zolotarenko, to se ї ї hs b Thus, Thus, this Ukrainian author does not deny the fact that hostility towards Jews exists Jews towards hostility that fact the deny not does author Ukrainian this Thus, na na ilitary defense of the region: the of defense ilitary , 3, August 12, 1919, 4. p. August 1919, 3, , 12, 3. p. 1919, August 14, , 26,

in Ukra

the currency rates, to help with the articles of trade the people are in need of, of, need in are people the trade of articles the with help to rates, currency the – ig nfiitd ih n pry h i, eetees a osiu crir of carrier conscious a nevertheless, is, he party, any with unaffiliated eing

Jews` serving in the army and Jews` changing their economic activities economic their changing Jews` and army the in serving Jews`

ї na

would stand for m for stand would . Importantly, Cherkasenko was not known as an anti an as known not was Cherkasenko Importantly, .

141

tess ht uul nesadn sol b bit o only not built be should understanding mutual that stresses

According to Cherkasenko, this is a simple road to mutual to road simple a is this Cherkasenko, to According a be s hsie o s ln ago”. long so not hostile so been has thus, “Ukrainians will “Ukrainians thus, any things things any 49

nal readiness to cooperate with the Jews: “I Jews: the with cooperate to readiness nal gested byZolotarenko(Goldelman). popular and popular quid pro quo pro quid

feel sincere support in action in support sincere feel Ukrainian, first of all in his in all of first Ukrainian, 140

Therefore

demands for Jewish for demands 142 -

Cherkasenko`s Cherkasenko`s Semite, but he but Semite, i atc on attack His , opinion he opinion ,

towards towards

In his In –

CEU eTD Collection 144 143 views Q onthe Jewish v to allowed were they attacked, or banned was authors the of (neither newspaper this of character democratic a of favor in speaks which expressed, view of points particular the to according principle published was (Goldelman) Zolotarenko to response Cherkasenko`s of danger the and lines probab (Goldelman), Zolotarenko to response Cherkasenko`s on note explanatory an left team editorial the that emphasize to important cooperate to refused have would minorities “tha because building, state their and Ukrainians to attitude their in supportive and responsive be to trying parties Jewish the in merit any see not did admin the in Jews accept to understaato mutual apparatus is delusionof a way suspicion without and reasonable is mistrusted and suspected are Jews that fact the him, For army. Denikin`s example, for forces, other by instigated being pogroms the to as doubt any express not does and leaders national Ukrainian of behavior to everyone’ is that times, many so Kyiv rights the guaranteeing fire” cause, Russian referring to Cherkase Moreover, nerve. sensitive the touched Goldelman entry his by that fact the for speaks Jews and Ukrainians

Ibid. Ukra 143

ї

Furthermore, Cherkasenko seems to be irritated by Zolotarenko`s disapproval of t of disapproval Zolotarenko`s by irritated be to seems Cherkasenko Furthermore, na n sgetn ta Uriin ainl oeets democratic movement`s national Ukrainian that suggesting and , 3, August 12, 1919, 4. p. August 1919, 3, , 12, uitr t lea pars altera et Audiatur .

uestion of

minorities may have been the reason why Ukrainians ha Ukrainians why reason the been havemay minorities - en to aeoia i sc ise. h eios ttd that stated editors The issues. such in categorical too being Jewish (even if only alleged) allying as the “wounds burninglike “wounds allyingas (eventhe onlyalleged) Jewish if nko questioned the potency of Jews` support of the Ukrainian Ukrainian the of support Jews` of potency the questioned nko since their attentions were attentions their since ).

wih n a in which , , which which , 50 y esn sgiiat oeis betw polemics significant sensing ly

a dsacd h eioil tf fo the from staff editorial the distanced way is to work for their own benefit”. own their for work to is dispersed in the attempt to be ‘good ‘good be to attempt the in dispersed t would have been a surprise if if surprise a been have would t nding. Additionally,nding. he ou on focus d to leave to d oice their their oice istrative e the een 144

It is It he he

CEU eTD Collection 148 ( 147 146 145 s the between existed which tensions the authorities, official Jewish the portrayalof Jewish Zion and Ukrainian between understanding socialist parties, Jewish thePoalei government`s of the ‘democracies’Ukrainian support and mutual and agreement emphasizes loya expressing Community, Jewish Proskur of meeting the of account an presents 15 issue Thus, national Affairs. Jewish of Ministry the Directory, the of support Jews` confirming benevolent all all’” against all of ‘war seeming pogroms. the of instigators true the were bourgeoisi imperialist “Polish the with Ukrainians contrasts (Goldelman) Zolotarenko pogroms, the about Writing pogroms: c points important the of One Ukraine. of territory the on affairs Jewish the of state current the of overview an presenting 4.4. New York: Schocken Books, 1988 Books, Schocken York: New

Ukra Ukra Zvi Ibid Ukra in particular. pogroms, anti grown have People bacchanalia Bolshevik the . Gitelman

ї ї na Ukra War Civil the of storm the been has there years two For issue same The huh n eea te esae my ed o rsn a ielzd eso o the of version idealized an present to tend may newspaper the general in Though na , 15, August 27, 1919, p. 4; 20, September 3, 1919, 4. p. 1919, September3, 4; 20, p. 1919, August 15, , 27, , 3, August 12, 1919, 4. p. August 1919, 3, , 12, ї

na ї

na on thet on position of , ies.

A Century of Am of Century A s Fo te ie f h Jwy faue a infcn nme o pieces of number significant a features Jewry” the of Life the “From `s

148 - Jewish acts. Jewish Anarchy is on the rise along the with pogroms.

” n te Rd omns Am” wo acrig o h author, the to according who, Army”, Communist “Red the and e” - Ukrainian agreement at this period, at least at the level of parties andpartieslevel ofthe at least atperiod, this atUkrainianagreement

wild and all this caused not only a g a only not caused this all and wild of Ukra bivalence: the Jews of Russia and Russia Jewsof the bivalence: ), 89 ),

– overed is an attempt at providing an explanation for the the for explanation an providing at attempt an is overed 147

he Jewish population Ukraine in . ї l tee xie te most the excited these all

na , Ukrainians were portrayed in portrayedin Ukrainianswere

etrs h clm “rm h Lf o te Jewry” the of Life the “From column the features t t te xsig government existing the to lty 146 51

hs ril i a eape f o “ how of example an is article This

the Soviet Union, 1881 to the 1881 Union, Soviet the

, for two years there has been has there years two for , eneral state anarchy, but also but anarchy, state eneral ae ntnt o te masses. the of instincts base - ocialist Jewish parties and the and parties Jewish ocialist personal autonomy, and the the and autonomy, personal Ukra

ї na 145 wie su 20 issue while ,

as the Jews` most Jews` the as

P resent in this [i]n

iv CEU eTD Collection 149 Ukra in his to peculiar is Goldelman by Zionists the of criticism this that noting, worth the challenged forces, threat. national Bolshevik Ukrainian the the with cooperating and of position the pogroms on firmly the stood who of Goldelman, light the in Jews for problematic already tensi additional create Palestine”. for is areimprove line thestate theother thepeople in; Pale in center national the of ideal the with line “one lines: main two along divided Hebrew using on insisting national the building from masses Jewish of for Zionists, employing ofPalestine blamingthem idea of withthe purpose distracting the (“ Mutua Jewish “On in Thus, articles. his in Zionists criticized openly sometimes camp,Zionists could butfeel the not disappointed. the like Directory, Central gave Council, s noticeablepreference tothe the since Moreover, Zionists. the and Democrats the Social between Ukrainian relations the on impact significant a without gone have not could Zionists Pro zhydivs`ki vzaiemovidnosyny zhydivs`ki Pro

Ukra Ukraine (1917Ukraine Zhydivs`ka natsional`na avtonomiia naUkra ї na ї na neetnl, huh h Pae Zo ws scait ins pry Goldelman party, Zionist socialist a was Zion Poalei the though Interestingly, h at htGlemns rils which articles, Goldelman`s that fact The

speaks for the publishing authorities` silent approval of the author`s point of view of point author`s the of approval silent authorities` publishing the for speaks , 13 , , August , 2 - 149 1920)

aln fr nt o te eih ocs h mitis ht h Zionists the that maintains he forces, Jewish the of unity for Calling

4

, 1919, p. 4 p. 1919, , breach existing between Jewish parties of opposing orientations. opposing of parties Jewish between existing breach n ihn h Jws cm, opiaig h stain wih is which situation, the complicating camp, Jewish the within on ) it ismuchmilder. it

instead of Yiddish of instead

”) Zolotarenko (Goldelman) Zolotarenko ”) - – personal autonomy ‘ autonomy personal

everything for people, for the working masses working the for people, for everything 52 . Goldelman portrays Jewish political forces as as forces political Jewish portrays Goldelman . tn big iwd s h wy o drastically to way the as viewed being stine

ї ni (1917 –

attack Palestine ocialist forces within the Jewish politicalocialist forces theJewish within

- Zionism proper, are published by published are proper, Zionism 1920) (Jewish Autonomy National 1920) –

first and foremost, everythingfirst andforemost, here and now’, as well as for as well as now’, and here

develops extensive criticism extensive develops Ukra l Relations” l ї na , as in as ,

It is is It ,

CEU eTD Collection 151 150 exclusively relies and democracy Jewish the all it around gathers Affairs Jewish of Ministry the on out, pointed been already has it as is, of Jewry” the of Life the “From column the in often too feature mi the Kamiane of that including communities Jewish the of existence the for basis the as serve that laws the Jew “all Altman: bydecried ministers the of achievements four least at by supported was Zilberfarb was issues autonomy criticism containing news of schools Yiddish of support Krasnyi`s at directed the at seats institutions. the governmental take to hoped they way this in popularity, their signaled which period, appo not elected, the to delegated been have should affairs Jewish the because masses, Jewish Ministry national the not national that think to mistake a be would “it that: ignore andto Ukrainianleaders Jewish both of attempts Jewish Kamianets of meeting mayas definitely serve contradic open mean it Can attitude. and

Ib Ukra id. inted body of power. Since the Zionists tended to get the majority of votes at this this at votes of majority the get to tended Zionists the Since power. of body inted

nistries of Zilberfarb, Revutskyi, and Krasny and Revutskyi, Zilberfarb, of nistries ї The speech given by the leader of Kamianets Podilsky`s Zionists, Altman, Altman, Zionists, Podilsky`s Kamianets of leader the by given speech The na – , 12, August 23, 1919, p. 4. p. 1919, August 12, , 23,

Zilberfarb,Krasny orRevutskyi, - personal autonomy has been realized in life. In fact we have a party autonomy, party a have we Infact life. in realized been has autonomy personal

autonomy”.

olwd y the by followed a signa Altman`s 150

ofpolitical between some forces. tensionsexisting these two

Commu

f t of

lmn lis ta nn o te iitr o te Jewish the of Ministers the of none that claims, Altman he governmental policies with regard to the Jewish Jewish the to regard with policies governmental he

most bitter most nity, eesv nt by note defensive in bten h Zoit ad h Drcoy It Directory? the and Zionists the between tions i – 53 tet t sc dsponmn i sie f the of spite in disappointment such to attests socialist parties: “taking into account that the that account into “taking parties: socialist

could be considered as true representativesof true considered asbe could

critique of the current Jewish mini Jewish current the of critique

seen as “a matter of principle” of matter “a as seen s pris s el s pointing as well as parties ish i”. 151

On the whole, the Zionists do not do Zionists the whole, the On

h eioil te editorial the ts were promulgated during during promulgated were ts Ukra ї na . Instead, the focus focus the Instead, . m ttn that stating am . T . his ster wa ster t the at at the the at piece

s

CEU eTD Collection 153 152 god a appeared there twilight, of “Out quarter: separate a in living s distinctly as helpless, and poor as portrayed are Jews the since opposite the quite see can one fact, In depiction. Jewish stereotypical a of sign no as well as Bolsheviks the with Jews the of identification indicate would that Jews the about writes days”. our of legends writer, the whole family,a new including and fire, the by destroyed is house whole the end the in but window, the into flying stones the from hide to tries family The starts. pogrom a baby, a to birth a giving is wife but child, second a have to decide they hopes optimistic these of light the In changes. revolutionary of result a as society the by acceptance general and status their of improvement the for hoped who family, Jewish young the about story sad a abou story short a todevoted is 1919 August28, of 16 issue of largepart aprevails, Ukrainian issues related to s or poems territories Ukrainian the on happening struggle political complicated the of Most Staff. Army the ne the of parts central occupying th of portion large a building, entirely the Min support Proskuriv of Socialists Jewish United the and Bund the of organizations the democracy, on

Ukra Ukra

ї ї Next to the news items and articles and items news the to Next h ato, Stepan author, The na na, u te tr aot h “ the about story the put , 16, August 28, 1919, p. 2. p. 1919, August 16, , 28,

15, August 27, 1919, p. 4. p. 1919, August 15, 27, ot tre, oeie sot rm pee. neetnl, huh h content the though Interestingly, pieces. drama short sometimes stories, hort t a Jew, titled “About a “About titled Jew, a t

153 istry current Affairs inits ofJewish state”.

the fiction the t s ot ntn ta tee s ohn i te a Vasylch way the in nothing is there that noting worth is It

Vasyl

- born child, peri born nwppr s loae for allocated is newspaper e

little wspaper, ` chenko - pieces dwell on dwell pieces

e Mrhk te or alr i a o o “bloody of row a in tailor” poor the Morchyk, Jew

Little

a rather surprising fact for a for fact surprising rather a - ra name (real reflections on the problems of Ukrainian state Ukrainian of problems the on reflections 54 shes. shes.

Jew Tailor” ( Tailor” Jew

patriotic topics or the issues related to related issues the or topics patriotic –

tpn Panasenko) Stepan

Pro zhydka kravchyk zhydka Pro raie rtn pee, often pieces, writing creative while the Jew the while 152 - forsaken Jewish quarter, Jewish forsaken eparated even spatially, spatially, even eparated

daily published by published daily –

these are either are these - , tailor`s young tailor`s

Ukrainian a a ). This is This ). enko - CEU eTD Collection it c thiscase 157 156 155 published been 154 have not could thus and space newspaper`s the of portion large a quite occupied pieces literary these that mind in keep should one but publication, democratic that fact the to piece such of publication the attribute to attempt may One failu the February in year, that earlier place took wave pogrom scale large a since (especially rule Directory`s the under perpetrated thi much how speculate only can One quarter. Jewish the to brotherhood and freedom bring to failed who those, Whites the or nationalists, Ukrainian Bolsheviks, the were or specify not does he Importantly, so the crowd, the of guilt the recognize fully to seems Vasylchenko Moreover, Jews. toward sympathy author`s diminutive yourhaveand like be been achildrenwill foreigners` servant slaves too!” “Hav of bitterness: and full disappointment verdict the pronouncing mother his hopes, Morchyk`s Avrum refuted happened joy”. of full and ease at be will everyone them: surrounding people the to equal family his and him make would that brotherhood and freedom bring to times new the from with eyes Jew, red dirty”. and destitute, sad, exploiter an not is Morchyk, Avrum protagonist, hopelessly darkness the in seemed which

Ukra Zhydok Ibid Ibid. .

ї sml ad yptei prryl f Jw aray biu i te affectionate the in obvious (already Jew a of portrayal sympathetic and simple A na re of the revolution to drastically improve position of the Jews with regard to safety. regardwithto of the Jews drastically position to revolutionimprove the ofre

can also be (and was widely) used at that time as a derogatory form, but coupled with form,but coupled derogatory as a that at time was (and used widely) be canalso , 16, August 28, 1919, p. 2. p. 1919, August 16, , 28, reates an affectionate impression. anaffectionate reates zhydok

s poe to opposed as

- called “savages”, who attacked the Jewish quarter and set it on fire. fire. on it set and quarter Jewish the attacked who “savages”, called daily pee f ito ws en t sy bu te orm ta were that pogroms the about say to meant was fiction of piece s

tailoring. His tragedy is in the frustrated belief in the ability of ability frustrated inthe belief the Histragedy isin tailoring.

- zhyd

March 1919), but it can certainly be seen as seen be certainly can it but 1919), March Fo nw n hr wl b fedm n h village, the in freedom be will there on now “From even hint at who that crowd consisted of consisted crowd that who at hint even e you ever been recognized as a human being?.. You being?.. human a as recognized been ever you e

157 , kravch 155 55

oee, h raiis f h cags that changes the of realities the However, , as a st a as , yk

s poe to opposed as ereotype holds it holds ereotype –

h pit s ht hs were these that is point the kravets` , but a hardworking hardworking a but , 156 154

sgiis the signifies ) Ukra –

whether they they whether h story`s The kravchyk criticism of criticism ї na was a was , in ,

CEU eTD Collection Jewry) and Petliura (Symon ievreistvo 161 Materials and Notes 160 159 http://h.ua/story/75035/). p. 2002, 5, 26, Word a (“Say slovo…” zamovte ievreia bidnoho Oleg,“Pro Budzei, Antonenko Borys memoirsof from the comes that information this heindicates though references, any specific notprovide does combat ofwith purpose himself, the ofPetliura anorder at writtenVasyl`chenko by was story claimsthis that Budzei, 158 leader the place taking pogroms economic ethnic conflict. conditions than anti general were there Instead, Ukraine. in a that is so information other the from imported was news of piece particular The the demand Jews”.the with to room one in sit not could theybecause students, Jewish the all of removal rector the to “turned Budapest in school technical the of students when the involved described case The pro population`s Hungary”. in “Antisemitism reading specifically sec the of item news the is appears term the which in Ukraine of territory 4.5. content. its of approved probably had Staff the that means it team, editorial bythe dismissed not was achievements the on critique a such Since consideration. proper without

Ukra newspaper Podilsky inKamianets published isan article, There For more about Petliura`s stance against pogroms, consult consult pogroms, against stance more Petliura`s about For Pohrebinska, Ukra use of the term for this specific case could be explained partly by the fact that this this that fact the by partly explained be could case specific this for term the of use ing pogroms in the Directory`s Army. However, However, Army. Directory`s the in pogroms ing ї It is peculiar how the newspaper mentioned po mentioned newspaper the how peculiar is It oevr i Moreover, na ntisemitism as based on racist theories or biological approach was not was approach biological or theories racist on based as ntisemitism 158 , 7, August 16, 1919, 2. p. August 1919, 7, , 16, ї

na of the Directory did not try to e to try not did Directory the of

and “Modern - Davydovych, whorecor allegedly Davydovych, et gis te eih pre Jewish the against test , 164; Kleiner, Kleiner, 164; ,

the pogroms n without employing the word ‘Antisemitism’ word the employing without

Methodological Approach,” Approach,” Methodological in the Ukrainian lands Ukrainian the in Ukra ї na From Nationalism to Universalism to Nationalism From

,

yo Ptir pougtd i condemnation his promulgated Petliura Symon 2

nd

ed. ed. (Kyiv: PP Serhiichuk M.I., 2006). Serhiichuk M.I., PP (Kyiv: 160 xplicitly deny the presence of a of presence the deny xplicitly ded what Vasyl`chenko himself told him (please see him told (please himself what Vasyl`chenko ded

. ec i te ntttos of institutions the in sence 56 161 - 216 eih etmns mr gone i socio in grounded more sentiments, Jewish Podolianyn

In these In - 219; Sa 219; Volodymyr tion “Radio and T and “Radio tion groms and anti and groms martsev, “Jews in Ukraine,” “Jewsin martsev, Podolianyn

is not an academic journal, so the author the author so journal, is not an academic statements f or a Poor Jew…”), in Jew…”),Poor in a or , 20 , Serhiichuk, Serhiichuk, - 21.

, in which the author, Oleg Oleg whichauthor, in , the . One of the rare instances instances rare the of One .

against pogrom against - urce. The other reason other The urce. Jewish violence i violence Jewish Symon Petliura i Petliura Symon elegrams” of issue 7 issue of elegrams”

ntisemitic attitudes ntisemitic ihr education, higher of the revolution the of Podolianyn

in fact potent fact in

28; Khrystiuk,28; s -

makers, f the of , , July n the n 159 -

CEU eTD Collection 165 164 163 162 Black the faceof gangs local the with together the soldiers “Denikin`s Whites: the threat, in Bolshevik supporters its as well as regime tsarist the of legacy the on pogroms socialist report Army usual the preceding even newspaper the of page front the on located is it because Petliura`s Jews and movement national Ukrainian both for force threatening a as identified are Bolsheviks prohibited”. closed, locked, is Jewish and un Kyiv “[in Jews: with row one in placed cases some in are victims as Ukrainians pogroms, his and Denikin about talking when Importantly, pogrom Denikin`s to “Disgrace follows: as runs headline the while makers”, inthe Bolsheviks`tool ha valuable a were pogroms the that emphasizes forces Ukrainian of Otaman Chief the Here result of onlywas it but pogroms, the in engaged troops Ukrainian that true was it proclamations, and statements Petliura`s to According pogroms. the of approval or participation purposeful popu the among

Ukra Ukra Ukra Ukra – ngt, rnig ieain o l pols n h territor the on makers. peoples all to liberation bringing knights, innocentatpogroms Jewi and directed from within, bribing criminal the elements that incite our Cossacks various to calamities , ye i lre caatr, specifi characters, larger in typed s, ї ї ї ї

The underlying slogan for a number of of number a for slogan underlying The us divide to want they effort, no spare they which of sake the for provocation, By In the Directory`s Directory`s the In na na, na na as “chernosotentsi and chervonosotentsi” (“Bl chervonosotentsi” and “chernosotentsi as

parties, includingZion. thePoalei the Bolsheviks`provocations: , 21, September 4, 1919, p. 1. 1919, September4, 21, , p. 3. 1919, 29, October 64, , p. 4. 1919, September2, 19, ,

appeal to his troops in issue 21 (Army Order 131) 131) Order (Army 21 issue in troops his to appeal 64, October 29, 1919, p. p. 1. 1919, 29, October 64, 162

lation, but the aim of his address was to deny Ukrainian national leaders` leaders` national Ukrainian deny to was address his of aim the but lation,

nds in discreditingnds in nationalists. Ukrainian Ukra

ї na

one also finds the rhetoric of putting the blame for the the for blame the putting of rhetoric the finds also one

sh population and wanting to use this to label ourlabel this to populationuse wantingand sh to

57 al accentuating cally 164

Ukra oh eii` amd ocs n the and forces armed Denikin`s Both ack Hundreds and Red Hundreds”). Red and Hundreds ack ї na der Denikin] everything Ukrainian everything Denikin] der

issues o Urie a pogrom as Ukraine, of y deserves particular attention particular deserves

the names of the the of names the s Dw wt pogrom with “Down is

- makers!”. Jewish Jewish - f the of the the 165 163 -

CEU eTD Collection inv be yetto 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 sentiments werewith by fought theofficials. dai the why reason the was However, “Moscovite itself and inability its military allofits tocontrol subjects. indica are reported “Volunteers` antiArmy`s t some detachments ofour Directory the with affiliated forces the separate units” pogrom “the that states which 1919, 22, September on Fastiv anti mass the of instances the dissocia to attempt An Directory. the by taken stance the with Jews of treatment their contrasts item news this Jews, of treatment their in Army inhuman”. hi and Denikin of attitude the whole, the On II… Nicholas of rule the under done be to used it way the in Kyiv in Jews the of pogrom the organized Hundreds…

Ukra Ukra Ukra Ukra Ukra Ukra Khrystiuk, , which involved the common ide common the involved which , ї ї ї ї ї ї na na na na Th There was an instance of the outburst of anti of outburst the of instance an was There na na , , , 12 , , 48, October 9, 1919, p. 3. p. 1919, 9, October 48, , p. 2. 1919, September6, 23, , is estigated. 166 34 36 17 this case did not seem to go unpunished because, unpunished go to seem not did case this -

Notes and Materials and Notes - Jewish democracy” Jewish use of passive voice in cases when the pogroms were supposedly carried out by out carried supposedly were pogroms the when cases in voice passive of use , S 2. p. 1919, September24, , , , Jewish atrocities Jewish

August 30, 1919, p. 4 p. 1919, August 30, August 23, [Denikin`s] [Denikin`s] Building on the idea of continuity between the tsarist Russia and the White the and Russia tsarist the between continuity of idea the on Building eptember 21 eptember 167 , without mentioning, without nati

tive of an attempt to attempt an of tive

1919, p. 3 p. 1919, , 1919, p. 1919, , Army roops” , 165; there isno there 165; ,

y a “ruh t ciia liability”. criminal to “brought was ly - (“Jewish pogroms, which the Red Army soldiers soldiers Army Red the which pogroms, (“Jewish Jewish violence is also made in the article on the pogrom in pogrom the on article the in made also is violence Jewish . .

171 carried out carried 168 1

. ) in the article on the front page of issue 34 of 34 issue of page front the on article the in )

) and the use of active voice when Denikin`s andactive voice useofDenikin`stheRedand when the

ntification of Jews with the Bolsheviks (featuring as (featuring Bolsheviks the with Jews of ntification ( obscure the problematic s problematic the obscure “outrages, which “outrages, onality or political affiliationonality of theperpetrators. or additional

a monstrous Jewish pogrom in Nizhyn” in pogrom Jewish monstrous a 58

information available for this case, details are are details case, this for available information

- te Ukrainian national authorities from authorities national Ukrainian te Jewish feeling even in the newspaper the in even feeling Jewish are

in some places some in as claimed by Khrystiuk, this Khrystiuk, by claimed as a perpetrated was ide of the Directory`s rule rule Directory`s the of ide s authorities to Jews is Jews to authorities s 172

hs anti Thus, perpetrated organize

Ukra by some some by - 170 Jewish ) ”

ї

169 na are by

. , CEU eTD Collection 173 s victim a and trust) evoking image (the ally an as Jew a of image the producing at oriented mostly were themselves articles the by created models mental the “us”, as Ukrainians and “other” th “From column the of theseparateness beenvironment revolution not underestimated. should Though ofUkrainian featured University National history, and literature eve was there and University National Shlia of example the but newspaper, the in represented well so were they that life cultural born Ukrainian state. national of life the in participation their and Jews the of approval and support government`s governmentcapital ofthepronounces Ukrainian People`s thethen in Republic for loudly periodi the in everythingJewish of presence and representation wide a such of fact mere Zolotarenko),the to response Cherkasenko`s recollect to enough is (it tone positive exclusively an in written from information take cannot E disagreements. on than points common on more concentrating communities Jewish and Jews to favorable were authorities official and government Petliura`s that is life Jewish of aspects various with dealing items published of quantity

Zavalniuk, Zavalniuk, k h One can try to argue that it was largely due to the Jews` active participation in the in participation active Jews` the to due largely was it that argue to try can One conclude To Therefore, the role of Petliura`s editorial staff in popularizing Jewish topics in the in topics Jewish popularizing in staff editorial Petliura`s of role the Therefore, points out to the weakness of th of weakness the to out points uffering unjustly (the image exciting sympathy). In the long run, such mental mental such run, long the In sympathy). exciting image (the unjustly uffering “Jewish community,” community,” “Jewish cal edited and published by the Army Staff of the leader of Ukrainian national national Ukrainian of leader the of Staff Army the by published and edited cal –

ed ad iln t al wt te es spotn ter initiatives, their supporting Jews, the with ally to willing and ready jdig rm h fc ta Am Staff`s Army that fact the from judging ,

173

e Life of the Jewry” pointed out to the borderline between Jews as as Jews between borderline the to out pointed Jewry” the of Life e the newspaper reflecting the milestones of the academic life of the of life academic the of milestones the reflecting newspaper the

Ukra m 33 c ls Jws cnet than content Jewish less uch - 34. ї na

for granted and the articles on Jews were not always not were Jews on articles the and granted for a atmt f salsig the establishing of attempt an n is argument. Though there were many Jews at the at Jews many were there Though argument. is 59

ol hv be expected. been have would Ukra e tog w certainly we though ven ї , the underlying idea idea underlying the , na

etrd large a featured hi o Jewish of chair a new a Nash Nash - CEU eTD Collection have successfully been instilled. per the by Jews the of perceptions general and limited quite was newspaper the the of readership the probably most However, Ukrainians. on effect positive a had have could models iod of its publication was too short, so these sympathetic to Jews views could not could views Jews to sympathetic these so short, too was publication its of iod

60

CEU eTD Collection 175 174 at would newspaper Ukrainian that content Jewish with items before spring, the Directory`s the and Petliura`s stat because potent, seem not does West the of sympathies consumption” foreign for “intended were pogroms views thereaders into t of such instill to the intention their and to population Jewish testify the to regard Army, with stance the sympathetic of publication official an of pages the on presence topi Jewish on items news and articles Ukrainian in put the RepublicPeople`s of government the that effort the of evidence illuminating presents 1920 innocence pr to completed been already have studies many Semitic” the Ukrainians Directory the CONCLUSIONS

Henry A Henry Weinstock, and Chapin ements troyi ve o te kana ntoa laes s “by as leaders national Ukrainian the of view stereotypic h Jews The was on taken I have that task The basns ttmn ta Ptir` dcaain ad rcaain against proclamations and declarations Petliura`s that statement Abramson`s 174 bramson, “Jewish Representation,” Representation,” “Jewish bramson, -

of of speaking audience. If Petliura`s and the Directory`s stance were anti were stance Directory`s the and Petliura`s If audience. speaking , but, based on the documents that have not been looked at in detail, detail, in at looked been not have that documents the on based but, , h ttmn, sti statement, the , against pogroms were pogroms against the Ukrainian national wih a ide extremely indeed was which , - related Ukra

the the

The Road From Letichev From Road The ї na to least be silent on Jewish issues. This, however, was not the case, the not was however, This, issues. Jewish on silent be least he newspaper. otn pbihd in published content

was published. published. was improving the attitudes towards the Jews. the towards attitudes the improving

ll made at the beginning of the twenty the of beginning the at made ll Ukra issued leaders ї na 549.

featured not only in August, but August, in only not not to whitewash whitewash to not s a wl a te ee at f hi continuous their of fact mere the as well as cs, Moreover, anti Moreover,

, vol. 1,4. vol. ,

wit 61

controversial h regard tostate

Ukra , even ,

ove ї na

175 though it was only intended only was it though

- hogot 99 n prily in partially and 1919 throughout pogrom appeals were not the only only the not were appeals pogrom h dbtblt o git i not if guilt, of debatability the Symon Petliura and Petliura Symon

ih h proe f winning of purpose the with n tai fr oh es and Jews both for tragic and - orchestrated a orchestrated - and many of them them of many -

Taken in Taken ag frcosy anti ferociously large - first century after so after century first ntisemitism

their entirety, entirety, their to reconsiderto the - Semitic, the Semitic, came out in out came

period of of period officials` officials` for for the .

-

CEU eTD Collection 178 177 176 Question Jewish the on took newspaper Staff`s Army official the obv the by and Podilsky Kamianets of community Jewish the with cooperation active Directory`s the by exemplified as Ukraine of Jews the to favorable persistently instancesgrowingUkrainian emphasized of Question. Jewish the of treatment and policies Directory`s attitude their but suspicion with met first at were UNR the of troops Ukra of direction the in rebuilt been understanding. mutual and cooperation have could Jews and Ukrainians between relations rel the under that demonstrated alienation”) “progressive the to Jewish progressive “a and 1919) October of end press. in life Jewish and policies pogroms. the on was focus of period the since scholars the by examined materials onl were light. different a in them see and statements) and proclamations (official Directory the and Petliura about or (European Western a of eyes the American) reader. for intended not was it though even favorable, since

Khrystiuk, Golde Hunczak, ї

na not only was it it was only not The relatively peaceful period of the Directory`s stay in Kamianets Podilsky (June Podilsky Kamianets in stay Directory`s the of period peaceful relatively The h psto o te ietr ad f elua isl see t seemed himself Petliura of and Directory the of position The lman,

y made for the purpose of impressing an outsider since outsider an impressing of purpose the for ymade uig aint pro o te ietr, ihihs ht h gvrmn and government the that highlights Directory, the of period Kamianets during “A Reappraisal of Symon Petliura,” SymonPetliura,” of “AReappraisal Notes and Materials and Notes Jewish National Autonomy National Jewish

It is not surprising that Abramson could suggest that anti that suggest could Abramson that surprising not is It

Thus, hfe t te oiie ie f the of side positive the to shifted

o neutral, not Ukra

this period this , 170. , Ukra

ї na

as a source helps to go beyond what is traditionally known gotraditionally beyondknown is a to what source helps as ї na , , 128

but lost sedfeet set o oh governm both of aspects different see to allows from the side the from - 177 133. jdig rm t content, its from judging , 180.

Goldelman, who contribu who Goldelman,

62

- Ukrainian

and fear and of the reader of the official Directory`s official the of reader the of - pcrm s cneune f the of consequence a as spectrum Jewish cooperation. Jewish Schwartzbard rapproch by the local Jewish po Jewish local the by 178 ious p ious

these were usually were these atively peaceful conditions peaceful atively hogot 1919 Throughout , emphasizing the need for for need the emphasizing , ted to the Army Staff`s Army the to ted

hilosemitic stance that stance hilosemitic it was was it ement `s trial, when all the all when trial, `s - pogrom statements pogrom b mr than more be o ”

176 lot openly almost

(as opposed (as

pulation, the main main the Ukra en ї tal na -

CEU eTD Collection http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035807. 1917 Revolution, 180 179 the probably most was elite, intellectual the of representative the being who Cherkasenko, goals their pursued always they Ukraine, free a for and liberty social for hopes same the held peasants the and intelligentsia the “although Lamis, Andrew by Ukraine of case the for emphasized Ukrain the in active elite political the of representatives the by condemned were pogroms the While population. so intell the and elite, the of hands in were categorical between antagonism implied them. the though of representation case Shtern`s dialogue) a of attempt an least Ukra des Polish or Russian for entries thatattention such with and detail such in covered weretopics onlyJewish Thus, newspaper minorities. such no were there and community Jewish Jewr the of life the from news to dedicated column anti the combating of purpose the with Ukrainian

- Andrew P. Lamis, “Some Observations on the Ukrainian National Movement and the Ukrainian Ukrainian the and Movement National Ukrainian the on Observations “Some Lamis, AndrewP. Parfitt, called elite line and position, which was not necessarily supported by the wide masses of of masses wide the by supported necessarily not was which position, and line elite called ervesconsideration. particular ї of na ic eiig n publishing and editing Since b Coming

Ukra “Introduction,” “Introduction,” Jewish argument about about argument - Jewish cooperation and the work done by the Directory and its state institutions state its and Directory the by done work the and cooperation Jewish

e i portrayed is Jew o tgte, u separately”. but together, not ї - na 1921 - Ukrainian representations are more about “symbiosis” and “dialogue” and “symbiosis” about aremore representations Ukrainian

c t te ei dsore nlss n usin and analysis discourse media the to ack the Jew seems Jew the h pae f h “te” s loae t Rsin ad oe, hl the while Poles, and Russians to allocated is “other” the of place the ,” ,”

Harvard Ukrainian Studies Ukrainian Harvard 5. a Rvlto, h mse otn pe fr dfeet ah As path. different a for opted often masses the Revolution, ian

the existence of a Ukrainian a of existence

s eaae n dsic fo the from distinct and separate as

than “antagonism” than

often

Ukra to igentsia in particular, the newspaper expressed the the expressed newspaper the particular, in igentsia - eih violence. Jewish aea miuu char ambiguous an have ї

na 2, 4 (Dec., 1978): 530, accessed May 20, 201 May20, accessed 530, 4 1978): (Dec., 2, 63 180

as an official periodical of the Army Staff Staff Army the of periodical official an as

uiu i ti rgr i te ae of case the is regard this in Curious 179 y , which in a way confirms Petrovsky confirms way a in which , - was created in created was Jewish identity. Jewish

It is noteworthy that a special special a that noteworthy is It Tdr aft` trs in terms, Parfitt`s Tudor g

ce,wihmas tha means which acter, Ukrainian, there is no no is there Ukrainian, Ukra Interestingly, in the in Interestingly, ї na

only for the the for only 3,

(or at (or - t CEU eTD Collection 182 181 was cooperation of lack the ex notorious A well. as camp Jewish the breach the emphasized Jewry Ukrainian of body onthelimiteddistributed territory Ukra sta the on information sufficient authority, f “Ukraine”. other each killing were armies White and Bolshevik, Directory`s, the in serving Ukrainians ethnic for war, civil Ukrainian a as t almost but towns, and cities in stability administrativ created This a time. of for period definite somewhat territory fixed a control to inability its was Directory the of peculiarity important phi most policies. the of one pursued that government the to proximity shocking most to contribute could pogroms also devastating such can how comprehending which people, the and Republic Ukrainian the of elite political stresses as the towards distrust massesspokesman when ofUkrainian forexpressed people his he thelarger

Yekelchyk, Yekelchyk, Lozovyi, “Documents,” “Documents,” Lozovyi, n wo ol rfet n h atos ae. hs poiin ht hraek himself Cherkasenko that opposition This taken. actions the on reflect could who one Jews. Belong Jews. ї na o nesad o ti cud apn i i ncsay o tes ne gi ta an that again once stress to necessary is it happen, could this how understand To A similar similar A

wih ol hv be cle fr o obt uh lc o information, of lack a such combat to for called been have could which ,

s motn fr nesadn te id f eain ta eitd b existed that relations of kind the understanding for important is

the 181 Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation Modern a of Birth Ukraine:

As esnr otn on isl i te ifrain vacuum”, “information the in itself found often peasantry ing to the intelligentsia the to ing gap in mutual unde mutual in gap articulated

152.

existing

, which is largely dwelt upon by Henry Abramson, who who Abramson, Henry by upon dwelt largely is which ,

the the by

Lozovyi inability of the Jewish parties to effectively respond to the the to respond effectively to parties Jewish the of inability not only between the Jews and the Ukrainians, but within but Ukrainians, the and Jews the between only not te – - building processes going on i on going processes building

the fact that diminished impactits aswell. the fact that diminished rstanding and agreement can also be found within the within found be also can agreement and rstanding , Cherkasenko opposed himself to himself opposed Cherkasenko , , because of the constant relocation and changes of changes and relocation constant the of because , ample of the tragic results of this breach leading to to leading breach this of results tragic the of ample otal anarchy in the countryside, best “characterized best countryside, the in anarchy otal , 79. r h vcoy f hi rsetv vso of vision respective their of victory the or 64

happen e problems, with only relative relative only with problems, e

t h aetm n n the in and time same the at n the territory of Ukraine. of territory the n

the political elite, elite, political the 182

.. without i.e. etween the the etween losemitic was

CEU eTD Collection 185 184 183 property. r Similar and lives their defend and war the to end an guarantee could which authority, strong the for Jews. at directed only not was robbing and looting events, of state expected had of because by illustrated Civil the of storm the in caught peoples, two of destinies well. as peasants Ukrainian but organizers. from far time proces the in block stumbling the became Hebrew and Yiddish between choice The education. national the of language the as issue such to regard with even but people, Jewish the of orientation political and social themselve things”. these of opposite the were who average the and life political in active Jews acculturated and secularized, Abramson, by out pointed as This, politics. government`s Ukrainian the from aloof stay to tried Universal Bund, the particularly parties, Jewish the suppor idea the pogroms, suggestion government`s Ukrainian

Lozovyi, “Documents,” 154. “Documents,” Lozovyi, 546. Representation,” “Jewish Abramson, Abramson,

of the Ukrainian Revolution. In other words other In Revolution. Ukrainian the of It is important to mention that not only Jews suffered from the Army and and Army the from suffered Jews only not that mention to important is It hi eie i understanding in elites their s there was no unity and no agreement not only as to the specific program and program specific the to as only not agreement no and unity no was there s

its A Prayer for the Government the for Prayer A petliurivtsi Lozovyi

troops a te aietto o “h gl bten h hgl westernized, highly the between gulf “the of manifestation the was easoning might have led the Jews totheeasoning Bolshevik have Jews might camp. ledthe

participating in requisitions of property and products, while peasants while products, and property of requisitions in participating ,

Ukrainian peasants also expressed also peasants Ukrainian

to be better tha better be to ted by Petliura as the Commander of the Military but rejected by rejected but Military the of Commander the as Petliura by ted

oe of Some , 83. ,

f creating of

ay sus etiig o h pogrom the to pertaining issues many n the Bolsheviks. the n 184 s of building the system of system the building of s

183 Ukra Thus, e Thus, 65

h atr h pougto o te Fourth the of promulgation the after who ї na , b ,

ven between the Jewish political forces political Jewish the between ven

self oth Ukrainian and Jewish people Jewish and Ukrainian oth rils on t ti smlrt o the of similarity this to point articles - ees uis o peetn the preventing for units defense

185 dissatisfaction with the Directory the with dissatisfaction

In other words, in the anarchic the in words, other In a. o ol Jw, u, as but, Jews, only Not War. This made peasants yearn peasants made This Jewish education at the at education Jewish

shtetl ad their and s

otamans dwellers a

basic were were ,

CEU eTD Collection yetblames, re be to symbiosis foster to attempts the with Ukrainian polarized further andfollowed that events the by sealed wasend century. twentieth the of end the by later, only fulfilled was which task the republic, attempt an with together end an to came level political W Civil the of conditions Cos Jew such Moreover, Ukrainians. p co this hand, one the Khmel`nyts`kyi anti unfortunately, Cossack among disseminated easily as independent pr of goal the with identity national Ukrainian fostering of purpose the for symbols and emblems historical and ride, but, on the other hand, other the on but, ride, sack in Jewish historiography.sack inJewish n ocuin t conclusion, In newspaper`s the Ironically, s of so ,

national state contributed to the anti the to contributed state national `s U `s e ivkd y elua vn n i anti his in even Petliura by invoked ten - - prising discovered and unearthed. eih mlctos bign bc te eois f Bohdan of memories the back bringing implications, Jewish mtn Uriin ainl osiuns ad hs defending thus and consciousness national Ukrainian omoting tiue t te kana cue aaeig ainl eois and memories national awakening cause, Ukrainian the to ntributed i i hw n h wil f h rvltoay vns n und and events revolutionary the of whirl the in how is his

r hs Ukrainian this ar and Jewish massacres of the seventeenth century seventeenth the of massacres Jewish and

added to harmful sentiments that continued to divide J divide to continued that sentiments harmful to added the - hatred

use of use ouain Fr xml, h ue f h iae of image the of use the example, For population.

and cooperation being buried by the history of mutual of history the by buried being cooperation and

is still a significant part of the image of a Ukrainian Ukrainian a of image the of part significanta still is

the - 66 Jewish Jewish ‘glorious pages’ of Ukrainian national history national Ukrainian of pages’ ‘glorious

- Jewish sentiments, already shared as well as shared already sentiments, Jewish rapprochement to build a Ukrainian independent independent Ukrainian a build to - orm proclamations, pogrom

n smiss on symbiosis and - Jewish relations, Jewish . Therefore, on on Therefore, . ews and ews r the er

This had, the the an CEU eTD Collection Bohachevsky ——— ——— “ Henry. Abramson, Secondary ed. al., et Verstyuk ed. Fiodor, Pigido, Isaak. Mazepa, Pavlo. Khrystiuk, Solomon. Goldelman, D Published Shliakh Nash Robitnycha H Ukra Periodicals BIBLIOGRAPHY ї na epbiy 1918 Respubliky (1917Revolution revolution 1922. 1917 of Revolution Ukrainian the concerning Materials and Autonomy(1917 inUkraineNational Cambridge, Harvard University Mass.: Press, 1977. 1917 Ukraine, The 1920 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2499851. Review Slavic Ukrainian Studies volumesMaterials in2 1918 Republic National Ukrainian the of Ministers National . 1917 of Governments Ukrainian Independent the in Representation “Jewish .

A Prayer for the Government: Jews and Ukrainians in Revolutionary Times, 1917 Times, Revolutionary in Ukrainians and Jews Government: the for Prayer A (Kamianets Podilsky

S . Cambridge: University Press, Harvard 1999. ocuments ources - azeta (Kamianets Podilsky hma, ata “h Drcoy f h Uriin ainl Re National Ukrainian the of Directory “The Martha. Chomiak, Ukra ), aik mat i Zamitky

(Kyiv, Vinnytsia,(Kyiv, Rivne,Kamianets Podilsky 3 vols

aeil ocrig Ukrainian Concerning Material Historiography on the Jews and the Ukrainian Revolution.” Revolution.” Ukrainian the and Jews the on Historiography ї

Zhydivs`ka natsional`na avtonomiia na Ukra na avtonomiia natsional`na Zhydivs`ka

a on i ui revolutsi buri i ohni v na

and M and yetri, aa aonk Mnsrv Ukra Ministriv Narodnykh Rada Dyrektoriia, - 0 3 Atm, 91: 542 1991): (Autumn, 3 50, - 90 Mtray dkmny 2 tomakh 2 u dokumenty i Materialy 1920. 1921)

. Promet 15, 2 (Winter 1990):15, 2(Winter 33 - 1921: A Study in Revolution in Study A 1921: , 1919 , ). emoirs . Munich:Information UkrainianBureau,. 1956. Kyiv: Teliha Olena Publishers,2006. erialy do istori do erialy ei 1950. Publishers, , 1919 - 1920

- 1920 )

- 67 1920)) )

ї - Ukra 46. ї . Munich: Dniprowa1967. Chwyla,. Munich:

- (

eih eain drn te er of Years the during Relations Jewish kan i bae n som f the of storm and blaze in Ukraine ї ns`ko , edited by Taras Hunczak Taras by edited , - 5. Accessed 550.

ї

revoliutsi , 1919 ї

- ni (1917 ni - (

1920) 1920. Documents and Documents 1920. of Council Directory, - 1920 ї

1917 ї ns`ko a 2, 2013. 20, May . Vol. 4. Vienna, Vienna, 4. Vol. . ) -

1920) (Jewish 1920)

- 90 (Notes 1920 ї ulc” In public.” Journal of Journal Narodno ,

82 - 1920.” -

103. - ї CEU eTD Collection Ukrainian and Petliura Symon of Reappraisal “A Taras. Hunczak, istori vyvchennia dzherelo iak “Presa P.I. Huba, P.S., Hryhorchuk, Y.S., Honigsman, In “Introduction.” Stuart. Hall, Goldman, Guido G. Zvi. Gitelman, Ukraine of Case the Autonomism: National Jewish of Dilemmas “The Jonathan. Frankel, ——— ——— In Racism.” and “Discourse van. A. Teun Dijk, Weinstock. Ben and A., David Chapin, Lev. Bykovsky, In Ukraine.” the in Parties “Political Jurij. Borys, the Ukrainian1990. Press, Studies Howa 1917 Teun A. van Dijk Slaydenand D. Slayden, Blackwell, 2002. Studies Ethnic a Forgotten Jewish CommunityinEastern Europe New Muenchen York, Toronto, Ukrainian in Chapter A 1974): University 1977. Press, Revolution 2013. 1921.” ( (1917 Ukraine in Revolution Democratic Ukra Podilsky, 2000. Podillia of Studies Regional and In Revolution”). istoryko Ukrainian the of period Kamianets NMK VO, 1993. istorii ocherk Practices “tutrs f es n h Pes” In Press.” the in News of “Structures . In Racism.” of Reproduction the and Discourse “Elite . Ukrainian Journal) Historical P ї - resent ni (1917 ni 90” In 1920.” d se ad ee J Potichnyj, J. Peter and Aster rd http://www.jstor.org/stable/4466501 eih oil Studies Social Jewish A Century of Ambivalence: the Jews of Russia and Russia of Jews the Ambivalence: of Century A - kraieznavcho , edited by Stuart Hall,, edited1 by Stuart ooo I Glemn A otat f Pltca ad dctr (1885 Educator and Politician a of Portrait A Goldelman: I. Solomon eie b Tara by edited , . New York: SchockenBooks, York:. New 1988. n VP Volovyk V.P. and n A.Y. and Zionism under SovietZionism Rule,1917

( - eie by edited , A Short Overview of History of Overview Short A 1920)” (“Press as a Source for Researching History of the National National the of History Researching for Source a as (“Press 1920)”

Ukrainian ,

69 - 93. Berlin:Gruyter,93. De 1985. ї

Nai konferentsi

1 Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Signifying and Representations Cultural Representation: - man. 27. Newbury Park: - ai Glbr ad on Solomos, John and Goldberg David Je Hunczak s ih eain i Hsoia Perspective Historical in Relations wish

“Kam`i .

: Ukrainian Historical Association, 1980. Historical : Ukrainian 4 1 3 Jl, 99: 163 1969): (Jul., 3 31, The Road from Letichev: The History and Culture of Culture and History Letichev:The from Road The ), edited by I.S. Vynokur et al et Vynokur I.S. by edited ),

Eri kan” “es f kan”. In Ukraine”). of (“Jews Ukrainy” “Evrei - (199 - eih relations Jewish 11. ї

( Materials of the Tenth Conference on History History on Conference Tenth the of Materials 68 9 London: Sage 1997. Publications, ):

nt`a oa Ukra doba anets`ka

263 ї 29 , icus ad Communication and Discourse

- . natsional`no The Bla The

1920)”). 1920)”). - ), edited by F.Y. Gorovskii, v Gorovskii, F.Y. by edited ), 128 - 40 7. dotn Cnda Isiue of Institute Canadian Edmonton: 279. - h Urie 1917 Ukraine, The 1928 Sage, 1995. Sage, .

-

5. abig, as: Harvard Mass.: Cambridge, 158. , . ckwell Companion to Racial and Racial to Companion ckwell

2 vol . New York: Herzl Press, 1960. . New Herzl York: dtd y uoy R Wynar. R. Lubomyr by Edited Ukra - Hate Speech Hate demokratychno - s 183. Accessed January 12, 12, January Accessed 183. aeil X Materialy . iUniverse, 2000. ї ski soyhy zhurnal istorychnyi ns`kyi

the Soviet Union, 1881 to 1881 Union, Soviet the ї - ns`ko Jewish Relations, 1917 Relations, Jewish .,

372

- ї 91 A td in Study A 1921: 145 revolutsi - , edited , 384. Kamianets 384. - o - ї 159 ї

revoliutsi eie by edited , eie by edited , Podil`s`ko ol.1. Kyiv: ol.1.

Oxford: . ї by R. K. K. R. by (“The ” Kratkii ї

v - - ї

CEU eTD Collection Ukra period v Podilli na osvita natsional`na ievreis`ka ta “Pol`s`ka V.A. Nesterenko, In Movement.” National Ukrainian the and Zionists “Kiev Mattiyahu. Minc, T Revolution: National and Questions “Social A. Rudolf Mark, ——— Orhaniv Vyshchykh Arkhivu Derzhavnoho Tsentral`noho “Dokumenty Vitalii. Lozovyi, the and Movement National Ukrainian the on Observations “Some P. Andrew Lamis, iuda “Vykladannia O.M. Kukh, na“UryadKryskov, zakhysti UNR A. ievre E. Zenon Kohut, Israel. Kleiner, ——— Administration of Ukraine as a source for understanding the attitudes of peasantry of attitudes the understanding for source a as Ukraine of Administration Centr the of (“Documents Dyrektori vlady Ukra Upravlinnia ta Vlady 525 1917 Revolution, Ukrainian 32 Articles Scholarly of Collection A Culture. and prats` naukovykh Zbirnyk Podilli. na kul`tura i nauka Osvita, O Ukra Derzhavnomu Podilsky, 1995. In Podillia of Studies Jews”). Regional of Defense kraieznavcho in Republic in 1648Ukr M Historical Ukrainian Ukrainian Question 2008. ainl dcto i te ein f oila t h pro o Uriin national Ukrainian of period the at Podillia of region the in Education National national`no Potichnyj, 247 Jewi Accessed http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036358. February 11,2013. 1919 in Republic 2005. Period)) (Kam`ianets` Republic People`s Ukrainian doba) (Kam`ianets`ka Kamianets Podilsky, 2007. Articles Scholarly of Collection naukovyk Zbirnyk Podilli. na kul`tura (1919 period Podillia its during Directory the towards . . yo Ptir ad h Jw: Reappraisal A Jews: the and Petliura Symon riental Studies at Kamianets Podilsky State Ukrainian University (1918 University Ukrainian PodilskyKamianetsState at Studies riental ntihi t zvihi pltk Dyrektori polityka zovnishnia ta Vnutrishnia - 36 - 531. Accessed20, 2013.http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035807. May h eain i Hsoia Perspective Historical in Relations sh

. Kamianets Podilsky, 2008. From Nationalism to Universalism: Vladimir (Ze`ev) Zhabotinsky and the and Zhabotinsky (Ze`ev) Vladimir Universalism: to Nationalism From - “The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Image of Jews, and the Shaping of of Shaping the and Jews, of Image the Uprising, Khmelnytsky “The aine demokratychno ї - 261. Edmonton: Canadian Institute Canadian ofUkrainian261. Edmonton: 1990. Press, Studies konferentsi

17, 2 ї -

1920.” 1920.” . Edmonton: Canadian Institute Canadian. Edmonton: of Ukrainian Press, Studies 1999. N u period u UNR ї skm U ns`komu

(2003)

emory.” ( Domestic and Foreign Policies of the Directory of the the of Directory the of Policies Foreign and Domestic Harvard Ukrainian Studies Ukrainian Harvard ї al State Archive of Supreme Bodies of Government and Government of Bodies Supreme of Archive State al

ї ї ny iak dzherelo do vyvchennia stavlennia selianstva do selianstva stavlennia vyvchennia do dzherelo iak ny

( - ї : 141 , dtd y .. you e al et Histo Vynokur I.S. on by edited Conference ), Ninth the of Materials 1921.” y a rinaitk u Kam`ianets` u oriientalistyky ta ky revolutsi Gezeirot Ta”h: Jews. Cossacks, Poles and Peasants and Poles Cossacks, Jews. Ta”h: Gezeirot iestt (1918 niversyteti , dtd y .. aanu, o. 10, vol. Zavalniuk, O.M. by edited ),

- 163. ї v” (“The Government of the Ukrainian People`s Ukrainian the (“ThePeople`s Governmentv” of avr Uriin Studies Ukrainian Harvard 69 h prats` h ї її

1917 eeuana a oil (1919 Podilli na perebuvannia aeil IX Materialy eie b Hwr Atr n Ptr J. Peter and Aster Howard by edited , -

1920 rokiv” (“Polish and Jewish Jewish and (“Polish rokiv” 1920 ), edited by O.M. Zavalniuk, vol. 11, vol. Zavalniuk, O.M. by edited ), ( ї Education, Science, and Culture. A Culture. and Science, Education, Uriin itrcl Association, Historical Ukrainian .

Ukra - 91” “ecig eih and Jewish (“Teaching 1921)” . Kamianets Podilsky: Aksioma, Podilsky: Kamianets .

14, 1/2 (Jun., 1990): 113 1990): (Jun., 1/2 14, ї - ns`ko 90”. In 1920)”). - o ї

e kana National Ukrainian he ї ., Podil`s`ko

Narodno ( 271 Education, Science, Education,

, (e. 1978): (Dec., 4 2,

- 7. Kamianets 275. sia nua i nauka Osvita, - Podil`s`komu ї

- ї 1921)”). In 1921)”). Ukrainian Respubliky

150 istoryko - y and ry ї 1920)” ns`ko - - 131. 159. - - - ї

CEU eTD Collection Teliachyi, “‘ Zosa. Szajkowski, ievre “Istoriia Olena. Suchkova, Michael. Stanislawski, “Ukra V.F. Soldatenko, Volodymyr. Serhiichuk, Samartsev Hryhoriy. Rudyi, in Voting Jewish of Analysis an Polls: the to goes Jewry “Russian Simon. Rabinovitch, t to Approach Methodological “Modern Irina. Pohrebinska, Petrovsky In “Introduction.” Tudor. Parfitt, Journal) 20 the of (National Science 2004. Academy), archeogra Ukrainian of Institute (1917 culture 205 Ukrainian of study ukra (2009): 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501670903016316 39, All Traditions 19 (Late Relations New Haven:University Yale 2009. Press, Tudor RoutledgeCurzon, 2005. by edited 2007. Articles Scholarly naukov Zbirnyk 1917 of revolution democratic Dyrektori Accessed May 2 1917 14. Zaporozh`e: 2002. Premier, Ukraine v Kholokosta Problemy (“ Jabo to from Nordau Journal) Experience”). Periodization periodyzatsi Kyiv: 2006. Serhiichuk M.I., PP itr o te es f kan i 1920 in Ukraine of Jews the of History - , - Shtern, Yohanan. Yohanan. Shtern, . . “Ukra V. I. Russian Constituent Assembly Elections of 1917.” of AssemblyElections Constituent Russian Igor ї - ns`ko

91: Rebuttal”. A 1921’: .

3 (1997): 3 3 (1994): 19 4 ї “Ievre

, ї

UNR (1919 UNR th

edited ї u`uy (1917 kul`tury

(Uriin Revolution (“Ukrainian ” Proya Ukra “Periodyka Century”). Rapasl f yo Ptir ad Ukrainian and Petliura Symon of Reappraisal A ї ї http://www.jstor.org/stable/4466502. 0, 2013. ins ad h Fn e ice Csooiaimad Nationalism and Cosmopolitanism Siècle: de Fin the and Zionism prats` ykh

sk uid i obdv kul`turno rozbudova i uriady ns`ki v Ukra v

), edited by O.M. Zavalniuk, vol. 9, vol. Zavalniuk, O.M. by edited ), yo Ptir i erito Smn elua n Jewry) and Petliura (Symon ievreistvo i Petliura Symon byI.F. Kuras, 209 th ї sk rvlusi db Tsentral`noi doby revoliutsiia ns`ka

- and Early 20 Early and tinsky. 25. aft ad ui Eooa 1 Egorova, Yulia and Parfitt - The Anti The 29. - 1920)” (“Ukrainian governments and the development of the of development the and governments (“Ukrainian 1920)”

ї ni na pochatok XX st.” (“Jews in Ukraine at the Beginning the at Ukraine in (“Jews st.” XX pochatok na ni

ї v Ukra v Ukra Jews, Muslims, and Mass Media: Mediating the ‘Other’ the Mediating Media: Mass and Muslims, Jews, -

Berkeley: University of CaliforniaBerkeley: UniversityPress, 2001. 90” ( 1920)” eih oil Studies Social Jewish Ukra ( dcto, cec, n Clue A olcin of Collection A Culture. and Science, Education, - ї

Imperial Choice: The Making of the Ukrainian Jew Ukrainian the of Making The Choice: Imperial ї y a o`et zeeonvhh doslidzhennia dzhereloznavchoho ob`iekt iak ny - zhurnal istorychnyi ns`kyi

- 2. cesd aur 1, 2013. 12, January Accessed 225. phy and source and phy ( ї 90) In 1920”). th Problems of the Holocaust in Ukraine) in Holocaust the of Problems ny v 1920 v ny ї - ski soyhy zhurnal istorychnyi ns`kyi

90”. Mnsrp o PD is) Kyiv: diss.), PhD of (Manuscript 1920)”). Century).” In Century).” - “ 226. Kiev, 1 226. Kiev, 70 kana proias s n bet f source of object an as periodicals Ukrainian

f h Cnrl oni Pro: nlss of Analysis Period: Council Central the of

- - 30s in Ukrainian Historiography”). In In Historiography”). Ukrainian in 30s 30 sia nua kltr n Podilli. na kul`tura i nauka Osvita,

- - i study named by Grushevsky, NSA Grushevsky, by named study 997. Jews roky u vitchyznianii istoriografi vitchyznianii u roky

1 3 Jl, 99: 184 1969): (Jul., 3 31, Ukrainian of Issues he - 190

osvitn`o East European Jewish Affairs Jewish European East in - 1 Lno, e York: New London, 11.

Ukraine - ї 202. Kamianets Podilsky, Kamianets 202.

ay aai dosvidu analiz Rady:

( ( kana Historical Ukrainian ї kana Historical Ukrainian

fr n Pdli za Podilli na sfery - : eih Relations, Jewish History , v ,

, ol. 1, 13 1, ol. 2 . Culture - Jewish Jewish nd - 213.

The The the ed. ї ” - - , . ,

CEU eTD Collection “Ievreis`ka O.M. Zavalniuk, Serhy. Yekelchyk, PedagogicalHistory University, nauky In istorychni University”). KPDPU, State pratsi Podilsky Kamianets the and community (“Jewish University 2007. Press, 135 Articles Scholarly of Collection A Culture. and kul`tura i nauka Osvita, cultural - 142. Kamianets Podilsky, 2007. - educational sphere in Podillia during the Direct the during Podillia in sphere educational kan: it o a oen Nation Modern a of Birth Ukraine:

h oaa Kam`ianets` i romada na Podilli. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats` naukovykh Zbirnyk Podilli. na ), v

ol. 5(7), 338 (

coal Wrs f aint Podilsky Kamianets of Works Scholarly 71

- ), edited by O.M. Zavalniuk, vol. 10, vol. Zavalniuk, O.M. by edited ), oi``y drhvy universytet” derzhavnyi Podil`s`kyi - 344. Kamianets 2001. Podilsky, . Oxford; New York: Oxford Oxford York: New Oxford; . ory period (1919 period ory

( Education, Science, Education, - 1920)”). In 1920)”). Naukovi

State State