INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT INNOVATION LAB rice yaleclimateconnections.org package

ice is an annual, self-pollinated, and semi-aquatic plant and belongs to the family . Asian rice (; subsp. japonica and indica), WHAT IS IPM? RAfrican rice (Oryza glaberrima), and wild rice (genus Zizania) are known to be consumed by humans. Oryza sativa subsp. indica was first domesticated Integrated pest management (IPM), an in , whereas Oryza sativa subsp. japonica was domesticated in . Rice environmentally-sound and economical is the most important food crop in the world and is a staple food across Asia approach to pest control, was developed and becoming important in Africa and Latin America. The traditional method of in response to pesticide misuse in cultivating rice is flooding the direct-seeded fields with or after transplanting the 1960s. Pesticide misuse has led to the young seedlings and is called irrigated rice production. Rice is also grown pesticide resistance among prevailing in the rainfed lowland, in mountains or plateaus, and the deep water. About pests, a resurgence of non-target pests, loss of , and environmental 90 percent of rice production occurs in Asia. Although rice consumption and and human health hazards. demand are increasing around the globe, especially in Asia, stability in rice production in Asia depends on social and political stability. Climate change plays a major role in rice production in Asia. Irrigated rice area provides

major production, but it is hard to increase irrigated rice area because of the WHAT ARE Integrated Pest Management Innovation Lab (IPM IL) problems of soil salinity, high cost of development, water scarcity, alternative IPM PACKAGES? and competing uses of water, and environmental concerns of the emission of greenhouse gases. Overall major issues faced in rice production in Asia are The IPM Innovation Lab has devel- variety development, a decline of productivity, declining production resources oped and tested robust IPM packages, due to deteriorating soil health, increasing costs of production, post-harvest holistic suites of IPM recommendations losses, and abiotic and biotic stresses (Papademetriou 1999, Mutert and and practices for the production of Fairhurst 2002). Major diseases are Rice blast, Sheath blight, Brown spot, vegetables and other crops. Farmers Sheath rot, Seedling blight/Stem rot, Bacterial blight, and Tungro Virus. Major who use IPM packages in planting, IPM PACKAGES CROP HEALTH FOR pests are Rice mealybug, Stem borers, Rice gall midge, Leafhoppers and production, and throughout the supply Planthoppers, Leaf folders, Case worm, Rice bugs, Rice hispa, and Rice swarming chain see enhanced profitability in their caterpillar. Rice root-knot nematode is also a major problem in Asia. crops. The recommended practices in IPM packages cover economically significant pest over a wide range of cropping systems across the tropical world, resulting in benefits to human health and the environment.

IPM Innovation Lab

This brochure was created and distributed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL). It was made possible through the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through USAID Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001 rice fungal diseases and viruses invasive.org naturepl.com

Photos (from left): • Seedling blight • Rice tungro • Brown spot Rice knowledge bank: IRRI

DISEASES nutritionally deficient soil conditions incidence increases with plant growth use of resistant varieties is important. and is indicative of a soil fertility and peaks at the flowering stage. problem. There are two different phases, the Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae/ leaf blight phase and the kresek phase. Pyricularia grisea/Magnaporthe grisea) Sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae) In kresek stage, the leaves turn pale yellow and wilt; hence, it is the most Rice blast is the most serious of This disease develops irregular spots destructive stage. In leaf blight phase, the rice diseases because it infects or lesions, with dark reddish-brown yellow lesions with wavy margins all plant growth stages. This disease margins and gray center on leaf appear on leaf blades. In rainy seasons attacks all parts of the plant except sheath, which causes discoloration of it can cause 50 percent yield loss. the leaf sheath and spreads rapidly. the sheath. Enlargement and coales- Resistant varieties play a major role in Depending on the site of the cence of lesions often covers the the management of this disease. symptoms, this disease is referred to entire leaf sheath, infected panicle gets as leaf blast, collar blast, node blast, rotten, and white powdery growth and neck blast (or neck rot). It stunts can also be seen. The disease appears or kills seedlings and tillering plants late during the growing season of the VIRUSES and also reduces the number of rice crop and can cause yield losses panicles and lowers grain weight and from 20 to 85 percent. Note: The majority of rice viruses quality. Collar blast can also damage occur in Asia (about 12 viruses) and the entire leaf blade and the panicle. Seedling blight/Stem rot most of them are transmitted by leaf (Sclerotium oryzae) hoppers and plant hoppers. Rice grassy Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) stunt virus, Rice ragged stunt virus, and This disease is most noticeable in Rice Tungro are major issues in Asia. The characteristic symptoms of this rice fields during the latter stages of disease are water-soaked, circular/ maturity. On leaf sheath, it initially Rice Tungro (Rice tungro bacilliform oblong/ellipsoid/ovoid or even irreg- causes black, rectangular lesions with virus and Rice tungro spherical virus) ularly elongated discolored lesions distinct angular borders. At later on the leaf sheath at or above the stages, the lesions become larger Leaf discoloration is a characteristic water level in lowland and at ground and penetrate deep into the culm. feature of these viral diseases, which level in upland fields. This disease does Maximum injury to the stem occurs at begins from the leaf tip and extends not affect seedlings; however, under harvest, resulting in lodging of plants down to the lower leaf portion. very high humidity and at favorable and harvesting to become difficult. Infected leaves also show mottled temperatures, even the seedlings may The presence of tiny, black sclerotia or striped appearance and stunting. get wilted. No resistance variety is at the base of the stem indicates its Infection to rice plants reduces available. presence. tillering, delays flowering, and can Brown spot [Bipolaris oryzae Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas delay maturity. Panicles also become (Helminthosporium oryzae)] oryzae pv. oryzae) sterile or have partially filled grains and are covered with dark brown It is a seedborne disease. Leaf spots This is a vascular disease resulting in blotches. At the early crop growth can be observed shortly after seedling systemic infection of rice. It causes stage this disease can cause 100 emergence and continue to develop tannish grey to white lesions along percent yield loss. Symptoms of the until maturity. Damage from the the veins. Although the first symptoms disease are usually absent at the early brown spot is particularly noticeable are observed at the tillering stage, the growth stage. To manage this problem, when the crop is produced in rice insect pests invasive.org Rice knowledge bank: IRRI Rice knowledge bank: IRRI

Photos (from left): • Rice mealybug • Leaf folder • Brown plant hopper • Dark-headed stemborer IRAC

INSECT PESTS on leaves and within leaf sheaths. enlarges at base and elongates. Instead Bionomics and symptoms resemble However, when caterpillars feed of development of panicle, gall devel- brown planthopper. Nilaparvata Rice mealybug [Brevennia rehi within the culm on growing point opment occurs. Crop loss is ranges lugens eggs are parasitized by (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] and vascular tissue, they cut off the from 10-100 percent. Predatory mite Anagrus optabilis, Paracentrobia growing portion of the plant from Amblyseius imbricatus (Parasitiformes) andoi, and Tetrastichus formosanus This pest is a foliar feeder on rice in the base. At the vegetative stage of attacks eggs. Maggot parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Mirid bug Cyrtorhinus Asia. Severe drought, bad drainage, plant development, feeding of larvae Platygaster oryzae and Obtusiclava lividipennis (Miridae) and predatory and poor soil increase infestation. results in plants failing to produce oryzae (Hymenoptera) and pupal mite Amblyseius sp. (Parasitiformes) Presence of alternate hosts in fields or panicles (dead hearts). Even after parasitoids, Neanastatus oryzae and N. prey on the eggs. Nymphs and adults on field bunds, presence of ants, and damage, rice is capable of partly cinctiventris (Hymenoptera) are known. of N. lugens are parasitized by Elenchus irrigation water helps migration of the or fully compensating for losses of japonicus (Strepsiptera), Echthrodelphax bug. Nymphs and adults suck sap from tillers by putting forth additional Brown planthopper [Nilaparvata bicolor (Hymenoptera), and nematode the rice stem, which results in smaller tillers. Several native predators, lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)] Hexamermis sp. Fungal pathogen leaves, yellowing, abnormal tillering, parasitoids (braconid, eulophid, Beauveria bassiana infects them. This This pest is polyphagous and and stunted plants. When heavily mymarid, scelionid, chalcid, pteromalid, pest does not transmit diseases. distributed throughout Asia. The weed infested, either no panicles are formed, trichogrammatid wasps, ants, lady functions as a primary Leaf folders [Cnaphalocrocis or they do not fully emerge from the beetles, staphylinid beetles, gryllid, alternate host. It infests all stages of medinalis, Marasmia patnalis and boot and may dry off. Lady beetles green meadow grasshopper, and mirid, plant growth. Both nymphs and adults Marasmia exigua (: Coccinella repanda, Menochilus sexmac- phorid and platystomatid , carabid of this pest damage rice plants by )] ulatus, and Harmonia octomaculata and lady bird beetles, chloropid , sucking sap and removing translo- (Coleoptera); parasitoids Cerapkron gerrid and pentatomid bugs, ants, cating nutrients, hence, reducing net Leaf folders are especially in sp., Adelencyrtus sp., Cheiloneurus and mites, earwigs, birds, asilid fly, photosynthesis. At early infestation, areas of high nitrogen fertilizer sp., Doliphocerus sp., Gyranusa sp., dragonflies, damselflies, and spiders) round yellow patches appear, which use. Larvae fold leaves longitudi- Mayeridia sp., Parasyrphophagus sp., and entomopathogens (Steinernema soon turn brownish on the plants. nally and fasten leaf margins with Xanthoencyrtus sp., Aprostocetus carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacte- This condition is called ‘hopperburn.’ stitches of silken threads. Larvae sp., Chrysocharis sp., Desostenus sp., riophora, Metarhizium anisopliae and Feeding and egg-laying sites expose feed by scraping green mesophyll Tetrastichus sp., Lymaemon sp., Callitula Beauveria bassiana) are known to plants to fungal and bacterial infec- from within folded leaves. Feeding sp. Diparini sp., and Thysanus sp. manage stemborers. (Hymenoptera); Anatrichus pygrnaeus tions. Honeydew excreted by the greatly reduces the photosynthetic and Mepachymerus ensifer (Diptera) Rice gall midge [(Orseolia oryzae) nymphs and adults at the base of the ability of infested rice plants and are reported to attack this mealybug. (Diptera: )] plants induce growth of sooty mold. heavily infested leaves dry up and Nilaparvata lugens also transmits the appear scorched. Damaged leaves Stem borers [(yellow stemborer Infestation leadsto silver shoot or virus diseases, such as Rice ragged stunt serve as entry points for fungal and (Scirpophaga incertulas), white induction of gall, which causes an virus (RRSV) and Rice grassy stunt virus bacterial infections. Several species stemborer (Scirpophaga innotata), onion leaf appearance. Newly hatched (RGSV). Increased nitrogen fertilizer of Diptera (e.g., Megaselia spp. and striped stemborer ( polychrysus), grey-white maggots move between use has been suggested to benefitN. Argyrophylax spp.), Hymenoptera dark-headed stemborer (Chilo the leaf sheath and the stem and lugens’s population growth. (Goniozus spp., Trichogramma spp., suppressalis) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae); approach the opening point of the Apanteles spp., and Bracon spp.), pink stemborer (Sesamia inferens) apical or side bud at a node. Next, the White-backed planthopper Coleoptera (Chlaenius spp. and (Lepidoptera: )] maggot feeds inside the developing [Sogatella furcifera, (Homoptera: Coccinella spp.), Orthoptera bud, which is a zone of differentiation Delphacidae)] (Anaxipha spp. and Metioche spp.), Damage caused by these stem-boring for new tillers. A hollow chamber Araneae (Argiope spp., Pardosa spp., This pest causes ‘hopper-burn.’ species is similar. Early instars do not (gall) formation happens around the and Tetragnatha spp.), and nematode Outbreaks are reported in Asia. cause severe damage when they feed maggot and as the maggot feeds, gall (Agamermis spp.) have been rice insect pests and nematodes

Pikist natureloveyou.sg Journal of Nematology

Photos (from left) • Stink bug • Rice hispa • Rice root-knot nem- atode

reported as parasitoids and even ripening grain. Diffused brown meeting points of glumes (lemma whitish and membranous and dry predators in Asia. Microbial insec- spots caused by the exudation of and palea). This insertion point has off. Braconid wasps Bracon hispae, ticide Bacillus thuringiensis is effective the sap mark points of insertion a white exudate that turns into Bracon sp., Campyloneurus sp., and against larvae. of mouthparts. In severe cases of a brown spot. Due to removal Macrocentrus sp. (Hymenoptera) are infestation, most grains in a field of stored assimilates from the known to parasitize grubs, as well Case worm [Nymphula depunctalis are sucked empty. Damage during developing grains, grains either as pupal parasitoids Eupteromalus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)] the dough stage causes discolor- remainPhotos unfilled or partially filled sp., Trichomalopsis apanteloctena, and ation of mature grain and causes with(From damageleft): symptoms. Feeding Serotenus sp. (Hymenoptera). weakness in the kernel. Such rice damage• Pieres causes rapae grain discoloration This pest is a problem in lowland bugwood at the vegetative stage of rice. Due has lower milling quality or is pecky or• Cabbagepecky rice, head which is more liable Rice swarming caterpillar to its semi-aquatic mode, it can rice of inferior grade. Predators to breakcaterpillar during damage milling. This pest [ mauritia (Lepidoptera: cause severe damage in paddy fields such as grasshopper, Conocephalus also transmits Sarocladium oryzae Noctuidae)] with standing water. Infestation is longipennis (Orthoptera) and and Sarocladium attenuatum, causing more severe in dwarf, compact, assassin bug Nabis stenoferus sheath rot disease. Predators, This pest causes severe damage to heavy tillering, and high-yielding (Hemiptera) feed on this pest. parasitoids, and entomopathogenic rice plants in nursery beds. It appears varieties and late maturing rice Trissolcus basalis (Hymenoptera) is fungus are known to manage this suddenly in masses and moves like crop. Larvae feed on tender used in several countries to manage pest (egg parasitoids: Gryon nixoni, an army from field to field, making leaves and make cases as they this pest. Beauveria bassiana also G. japonicum, G. nigricorne, Telenomus seedbeds or direct-seeded fields look grow. Damage is caused by larvae infects this pest. camperei, Ooencyrtus malayensis, grazed. Generally, a transplanted crop feeding and cutting off the leaf and O. nezarae and O. utetheisae is not severely affected. They migrate creating a ladder-like appearance Rice bug [Leptocorisa acuta, L. (Hymenoptera); predators: Micraspis from field to field and extensive losses on leaves. Damaged plants become chinensis, L. varicornis, L. oratorius discolor (Coleoptera), Neoscona theisi are often caused within a week. The stunted and produce fewer tillers (Hemiptera: Alydidae)] (Araneae), Neurothemis fluctuans, absence of standing water in the fields and smaller panicles, resulting in N. terminata, Orthetrum sabina facilitates migration. Egg parasitoids, delayed maturity. Trichogramma This pest is found in all rice (Odonata), entomopathogenic Telenomus nawaii (Hymenoptera) and japonicum, T. chilonis, and T. minutum environments but is more prevalent fungus: Beauveria bassiana). larval parasitoids Archytas cirphis and (Hymenoptera) are egg parasitoids in rainfed wetland or upland rice. Peribaea orbata (Diptera) are known of rice caseworm. Predators such as Adjacent woodlands, extensive Rice hispa [Dicladispa armigera to manage this pest. spiders, birds, and adult dragonflies/ weedy areas near rice fields, and (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)] damselflies are dominant natural staggered rice planting provide NEMATODES predators of caseworm adults, while a favorable condition for this Grubs and adults feed on rice aquatic beetle larvae, aquatic bug pest. Both nymphs and adults are plants. Adults scrape the upper Rice root-knot nematode, nymphs and adults, and ants feed on destructive to the crop, but damage surface of leaf blade, often leaving [Meloidogyne graminicola (Nematoda: caseworm larvae and snails feed on by nymphs is more severe. This only the lower epidermis. Damaged Meloidogynidae)]. caseworm eggs. pest completes 1–2 generations on areas appear as white streaks grassy weeds before migrating to parallel to the midrib. Tunneling It is a major pest in upland (rainfed) rice fields. A small number of adults of the grubs between the two Stink bug [Nezara viridula and lowland (irrigated) rice, and in usually appear in rice fields as soon epidermal layers results in irregular (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)] deep water ecosystems. It forms as the plants start flowering. When translucent white patches starting characteristic knots or galls on root about 80 percent of the grains from ovipositional sites near the Both nymphs and adults cause tips of rice seedlings, which retards have ripened, the adults migrate leaf tip and extending toward the damage but adults are particularly growth of root tips. Due to infes- to fields having rice plants of less base of the leaf blades. Affected damaging. Although they feed on tation, seedlings fail to elongate above maturity. Nymphs and adults feed parts of leaves usually wither off. other parts of the rice plant, they rising floodwater and 20-80 percent by inserting mouthparts at the In severe infestations, leaves turn prefer grains at the milk stage and yield loss occurs in flooded fields. rice ipm techniques

IPM Innovation Lab

Photos (from left) • Rodent trap with plastic barrier • Trichoderma production IPM Innovation Lab OTHER IMPORTANT DISEASES, at recommended spacings to facilitate inter-weeding • If pesticide applications are necessary, apply PESTS, AND NEMATODES operations. biopesticides e.g., Metarhizium, Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis, NPV or a botanical insecticide e.g., neem. Bakanae (Fusarium moniliformae), Bacterial grain • The normal spacing of transplants rice plants and seedling rot (Burkholderia glumae), False smut should be 30–36 hills/m2 (depending on the (Ustilaginoidea virens), Rice gundhi bug (Leptocorisa duration of the variety). • Release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma japonicum acuta), Mealybug (Ripersia oryzae), Armyworm and T. chilonis @100,000/ha on appearance of leaf (Mythimna seprata), Plant hoppers and leaf hoppers folder, stemborer egg masses as biocontrol agents • Remove disease infected plants and insect infested (Nephotettix virescens, Nephotettix apicalis, Nephotettix (both natural enemies parasitize the pest egg plant parts in the nursery before transferring to the nigropictus, Recilia dorsalis Ceeadela spectra), Termites masses). main field. (white ants), Rice panicle mite (Steneotarsonemus spinki), Blue beetle (Leptispa pygmoea), Stem borer • Both foliar and seed treatments are used to (Chilo partellus sp). • Seedlings should be free of weed seedlings at the protect rice crops. Need-based pesticide appli- time of transplanting. cation at the various stages of growth to manage IPM Package for Rice diseases and insect pests. Use pesticides as last option, and do not use pesticides with the same Field preparation, seed selection, vegetative growth, and • Mechanical weed control methods applied at mode of action. Follow the recommended dose of field management 2–3 weeks after sowing and a second time at 4–6 the manufacturer. Consult local extension officials weeks, if necessary. for pesticide selection. • Raise pre-crop of sun hemp or other green manure crops and incorporate 45 days old crop in • No pesticide spray period for the first 40 days the soil during land preparation. after sowing or transplanting. FOR MORE INFORMATION • Till, remove weeds, and level the field to maintain • Plant marigold, sesamum, or vegetables on the an even level of water to minimize weed growth. bunds, which serve as nectar and pollen sources to parasitoids and predators. The Integrated Pest Management Innovation • Clean bunds (levees) to remove alternate hosts of Lab develops sustainable and economical pest pests and diseases. • Set up plastic sheet barrier strips around the field control methods to improve livelihoods for for rodent control. farmers worldwide. Our eight projects in • Select insect/disease resistant varieties. seven countries work with scientists, extension • Set up yellow sticky traps to minimize thrips and agents, students, and farmers in the tropical and whiteflies. subtropical world. We are funded by USAID and • Select pure high-quality seeds free of disease, housed at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. weed seeds, and insect damage. • Set up pheromone traps for stemborers to Contact us: monitor and to take up timely interventions. • Apply seed sorting by floatation. Center for International Research, Education, and Development (CIRED), Virginia Tech 526 Prices Fork Road • Balanced use of fertilizers as per local recommen- • Treat seeds with Trichoderma/Pseudomonas to dations to reduce planthopper outbreaks. Blacksburg, VA 24061 protect from soil-borne diseases. 540-231-3516 | [email protected] https://ipmil.cired.vt.edu/ • Splitting nitrogen applications to reduce plantho- • In direct sown rice, crop should be sown in lines ppers, bacterial blight and stem rot.

Developed by Dr. A. Sharma and Dr. R. Muniappan