DOCSLIB.ORG

Rice Package

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Rice INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT INNOVATION LAB rice yaleclimateconnections.org package ice is an annual, self-pollinated, and semi-aquatic plant and belongs to the family Poaceae. Asian rice (Oryza sativa; subsp. japonica and indica), WHAT IS IPM? RAfrican rice (Oryza glaberrima), and wild rice (genus Zizania) are known to be consumed by humans. Oryza sativa subsp. indica was first domesticated Integrated pest management (IPM), an in India, whereas Oryza sativa subsp. japonica was domesticated in China. Rice environmentally-sound and economical is the most important food crop in the world and is a staple food across Asia approach to pest control, was developed and becoming important in Africa and Latin America. The traditional method of in response to pesticide misuse in cultivating rice is flooding the direct-seeded fields with or after transplanting the 1960s. Pesticide misuse has led to the young seedlings and is called irrigated rice production. Rice is also grown pesticide resistance among prevailing in the rainfed lowland, in mountains or plateaus, and the deep water. About pests, a resurgence of non-target pests, loss of biodiversity, and environmental 90 percent of rice production occurs in Asia. Although rice consumption and and human health hazards. demand are increasing around the globe, especially in Asia, stability in rice production in Asia depends on social and political stability. Climate change plays a major role in rice production in Asia. Irrigated rice area provides major production, but it is hard to increase irrigated rice area because of the WHAT ARE Lab (IPM IL) Management Innovation Pest Integrated problems of soil salinity, high cost of development, water scarcity, alternative IPM PACKAGES? and competing uses of water, and environmental concerns of the emission of greenhouse gases. Overall major issues faced in rice production in Asia are The IPM Innovation Lab has devel- variety development, a decline of productivity, declining production resources oped and tested robust IPM packages, due to deteriorating soil health, increasing costs of production, post-harvest holistic suites of IPM recommendations losses, and abiotic and biotic stresses (Papademetriou 1999, Mutert and and practices for the production of Fairhurst 2002). Major diseases are Rice blast, Sheath blight, Brown spot, vegetables and other crops. Farmers Sheath rot, Seedling blight/Stem rot, Bacterial blight, and Tungro Virus. Major who use IPM packages in planting, FOR HEALTH CROP IPM PACKAGES insect pests are Rice mealybug, Stem borers, Rice gall midge, Leafhoppers and production, and throughout the supply Planthoppers, Leaf folders, Case worm, Rice bugs, Rice hispa, and Rice swarming chain see enhanced profitability in their caterpillar. Rice root-knot nematode is also a major problem in Asia. crops. The recommended practices in IPM packages cover economically significant pest species over a wide range of cropping systems across the tropical world, resulting in benefits to human health and the environment. IPM Innovation Lab This brochure was created and distributed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL). It was made possible through the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through USAID Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001 rice fungal diseases and viruses invasive.org naturepl.com Photos (from left): • Seedling blight • Rice tungro • Brown spot Rice knowledge bank: IRRI DISEASES nutritionally deficient soil conditions incidence increases with plant growth use of resistant varieties is important. and is indicative of a soil fertility and peaks at the flowering stage. problem. There are two different phases, the Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae/ leaf blight phase and the kresek phase. Pyricularia grisea/Magnaporthe grisea) Sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae) In kresek stage, the leaves turn pale yellow and wilt; hence, it is the most Rice blast is the most serious of This disease develops irregular spots destructive stage. In leaf blight phase, the rice diseases because it infects or lesions, with dark reddish-brown yellow lesions with wavy margins all plant growth stages. This disease margins and gray center on leaf appear on leaf blades. In rainy seasons attacks all parts of the plant except sheath, which causes discoloration of it can cause 50 percent yield loss. the leaf sheath and spreads rapidly. the sheath. Enlargement and coales- Resistant varieties play a major role in Depending on the site of the cence of lesions often covers the the management of this disease. symptoms, this disease is referred to entire leaf sheath, infected panicle gets as leaf blast, collar blast, node blast, rotten, and white powdery growth and neck blast (or neck rot). It stunts can also be seen. The disease appears or kills seedlings and tillering plants late during the growing season of the VIRUSES and also reduces the number of rice crop and can cause yield losses panicles and lowers grain weight and from 20 to 85 percent. Note: The majority of rice viruses quality. Collar blast can also damage occur in Asia (about 12 viruses) and the entire leaf blade and the panicle. Seedling blight/Stem rot most of them are transmitted by leaf (Sclerotium oryzae) hoppers and plant hoppers. Rice grassy Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) stunt virus, Rice ragged stunt virus, and This disease is most noticeable in Rice Tungro are major issues in Asia. The characteristic symptoms of this rice fields during the latter stages of disease are water-soaked, circular/ maturity. On leaf sheath, it initially Rice Tungro (Rice tungro bacilliform oblong/ellipsoid/ovoid or even irreg- causes black, rectangular lesions with virus and Rice tungro spherical virus) ularly elongated discolored lesions distinct angular borders. At later on the leaf sheath at or above the stages, the lesions become larger Leaf discoloration is a characteristic water level in lowland and at ground and penetrate deep into the culm. feature of these viral diseases, which level in upland fields. This disease does Maximum injury to the stem occurs at begins from the leaf tip and extends not affect seedlings; however, under harvest, resulting in lodging of plants down to the lower leaf portion. very high humidity and at favorable and harvesting to become difficult. Infected leaves also show mottled temperatures, even the seedlings may The presence of tiny, black sclerotia or striped appearance and stunting. get wilted. No resistance variety is at the base of the stem indicates its Infection to rice plants reduces available. presence. tillering, delays flowering, and can Brown spot [Bipolaris oryzae Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas delay maturity. Panicles also become (Helminthosporium oryzae)] oryzae pv. oryzae) sterile or have partially filled grains and are covered with dark brown It is a seedborne disease. Leaf spots This is a vascular disease resulting in blotches. At the early crop growth can be observed shortly after seedling systemic infection of rice. It causes stage this disease can cause 100 emergence and continue to develop tannish grey to white lesions along percent yield loss. Symptoms of the until maturity. Damage from the the veins. Although the first symptoms disease are usually absent at the early brown spot is particularly noticeable are observed at the tillering stage, the growth stage. To manage this problem, when the crop is produced in rice insect pests invasive.org Rice knowledge bank: IRRI Rice knowledge bank: IRRI Photos (from left): • Rice mealybug • Leaf folder • Brown plant hopper • Dark-headed stemborer IRAC INSECT PESTS on leaves and within leaf sheaths. enlarges at base and elongates. Instead Bionomics and symptoms resemble However, when caterpillars feed of development of panicle, gall devel- brown planthopper. Nilaparvata Rice mealybug [Brevennia rehi within the culm on growing point opment occurs. Crop loss is ranges lugens eggs are parasitized by (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] and vascular tissue, they cut off the from 10-100 percent. Predatory mite Anagrus optabilis, Paracentrobia growing portion of the plant from Amblyseius imbricatus (Parasitiformes) andoi, and Tetrastichus formosanus This pest is a foliar feeder on rice in the base. At the vegetative stage of attacks eggs. Maggot parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Mirid bug Cyrtorhinus Asia. Severe drought, bad drainage, plant development, feeding of larvae Platygaster oryzae and Obtusiclava lividipennis (Miridae) and predatory and poor soil increase infestation. results in plants failing to produce oryzae (Hymenoptera) and pupal mite Amblyseius sp. (Parasitiformes) Presence of alternate hosts in fields or panicles (dead hearts). Even after parasitoids, Neanastatus oryzae and N. prey on the eggs. Nymphs and adults on field bunds, presence of ants, and damage, rice is capable of partly cinctiventris (Hymenoptera) are known. of N. lugens are parasitized by Elenchus irrigation water helps migration of the or fully compensating for losses of japonicus (Strepsiptera), Echthrodelphax bug. Nymphs and adults suck sap from tillers by putting forth additional Brown planthopper [Nilaparvata bicolor (Hymenoptera), and nematode the rice stem, which results in smaller tillers. Several native predators, lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)] Hexamermis sp. Fungal pathogen leaves, yellowing, abnormal tillering, parasitoids (braconid, eulophid, Beauveria bassiana infects them. This This pest is polyphagous and and stunted plants. When heavily mymarid,
Recommended publications
  • Defense and Counter-Defense in Rice–Virus Interactions Jiaqi Qin, Ci Wang, Leqi Wang, Shanshan Zhao* and Jianguo Wu*

    Defense and Counter-Defense in Rice–Virus Interactions Jiaqi Qin, Ci Wang, Leqi Wang, Shanshan Zhao* and Jianguo Wu*

    Qin et al. Phytopathology Research (2019) 1:34 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42483-019-0041-7 Phytopathology Research REVIEW Open Access Defense and counter-defense in rice–virus interactions Jiaqi Qin, Ci Wang, Leqi Wang, Shanshan Zhao* and Jianguo Wu* Abstract Rice viruses, known as “rice killer”, are vector-borne pathogens that cause severe disease and significant yield loss in rice production around the world. Rice virus disease is characterized by uncontrolled virus replication and the activation of host responses that contribute to pathogenesis. Underlying these phenomena is the potent suppression of rice antiviral responses, particularly the RNA silencing pathway and plant hormone pathways, which play vital roles in antiviral immunity. Classical rice virus disease control strategies include chemotherapeutics and use of disease resistance rice varieties. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the mechanisms behind the immune evasion and rice viral pathogenesis. Based on these mechanistic insights, we discuss how to combine different strategies for maintaining the effectiveness of rice resistance to viruses, and propose theoretical basis for the next generation of virus-resistant rice plants. Keywords: Rice virus, Antiviral defense, Pathogenesis Background the biggest challenge is how to control rice virus dis- Rice is the most important crop in Asia and provides eases effectively and in an environmentally friendly staple food for half of the world’spopulation.Rice way. virus disease causes severe disease of rice in China Rice viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that and many other East Asia countries (Nicaise 2014). replicate, express viral proteins and establish infection Up to now, 17 rice virus diseases have been reported process in host cell.
  • Nilaparvata Lugens, Stal) Population Of

    Nilaparvata Lugens, Stal) Population Of

    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(5): 1445-1449 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Baseline susceptibility of sulfoxaflor 24 SC JEZS 2017; 5(5): 1445-1449 © 2017 JEZS insecticide on paddy brown planthopper, Received: 06-07-2017 Accepted: 07-08-2017 (Nilaparvata lugens, Stal) population of Mahantesh Kapasi Northeastern Karnataka Assistant Professor of Entomology, Agricultural College Kalaburagi, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka, India Mahantesh Kapasi, Bheemanna M, Guruprasad GS and Vijaykumar Ghante Bheemanna M Professor and Head, PRFQAL, UAS, Raichur, Abstract Karnataka, India Baseline susceptibility of sulfoxaflor 24 SC insecticide was investigated by collecting field populations of brown planthopper from different locations of northeastern Karnataka during 2014-15 and 2015-16. Guruprasad GS All the selected populations differed in their susceptibility to sulfoxaflor. In general, Gangavati and Scientist, ARS, Gangavati, Sindhanur BPH population recorded higher LC50 values of 29.95 and 27.75 ppm respectively, followed UAS, Raichur, Karnataka, India by Ballari (26.16 ppm), Manvi (25.03 ppm) and Devadurga (22.68 ppm). Lowest LC50 value was observed in population collected from Kembhavi (21.56 ppm) during 2014-15. The similar trend was Vijaykumar Ghante noticed during 2015-16 season. The comparison studies were made with dinotefuran 20 SG and Scientist, MARS, UAS, buprofezin 25 SC insecticides for a population collected from Gangavati. Raichur, Karnataka, India Keywords: Nilaparvata lugens, Insecticide resistance, baseline susceptibility and sulfoxaflor Introduction The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) is continuing to be a serious pest of rice in Asia. In 1927 it was first time reported as sporadic pest on rice crop of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh, India [1].
  • Estimation of Rice Yield Losses Due to the African Rice Gall Midge, Orseolia Oryzivora Harris and Gagne

    Estimation of Rice Yield Losses Due to the African Rice Gall Midge, Orseolia Oryzivora Harris and Gagne

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 1996 Estimation of Rice Yield Losses Due to the African Rice Gall Midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne Souleymane Nacro E. A. Heinrichs D. Dakouo Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Entomology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in International Journal of Pest Management 42:4 (1996), pp. 331–334; doi: 10.1080/09670879609372016 Copyright © 1996 Taylor & Francis Ltd. Used by permission. Published online November 13, 2008. Estimation of Rice Yield Losses Due to the African Rice Gall Midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne Souleymane Nacro,1 E. A. Heinrichs,2 and D. Dakouo2 1. Institut d’Etudes et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Station de Farako-Ba, BP 910, Bobo Dioualasso, Burkina Faso 2. West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), 01 BP 2551, Bouake, Côte d‘Ivoire Abstract The African rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagne (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an im- portant pest of rice, Oryza sativa, in Burkina Faso as well as other countries in West and East Africa. In spite of its importance, little is known regarding the relationship between gall midge populations and grain yield losses. To determine yield losses, the gall midge was reared in cages, and adult midges were placed on caged plants of the rice variety ITA 123 at different population levels.
  • Detection and Transmission of Rice Stunt Virus on Ciherang and Situ Bagendit Varieties

    Detection and Transmission of Rice Stunt Virus on Ciherang and Situ Bagendit Varieties

    J.Helina HPT etTropika. al. Detection and Transmission of Rice StuntISSN: Virus 1411-7525 169 Vol. 18, No. 2, September 2018 E-ISSN: 2461-0399 Pages: 169–176 DOI : 10.23960/j.hptt.218169-176 DETECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF RICE STUNT VIRUS ON CIHERANG AND SITU BAGENDIT VARIETIES Selvi Helina1, Sri Sulandari1, Sedyo Hartono2, & Andi Trisyono2 1Department of Phytopathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia Jl. Flora No. 1 Bulaksumur Sleman Yogyakarta 55281 2Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia Jl. Flora No. 1 Bulaksumur Sleman Yogyakarta 55281 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Detection and Transmission of rice stunt virus on Ciherang and Situ Bagendit Varieties. The explosion of brown planthoppers recently has caused reduction of rice production in Indonesia. Brown planthoppers do not only act as pest, but also transmit Rice grassy stunt virus (RGSV) and Rice ragged stunt virus (RRSV). Detection of the existence of the two viruses in rice plants and vector insects is important to be done to ensure that the virus is infected with the vector. The aim of this research is to detect the existence of virus in varieties of Ciherang and Situ Bagendit as a result of transmission in the laboratory and to find out the ability of brown planthoppers to transmit stunt virus to both of the varieties. This research was compiled using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments, namely healthy rice plants of Ciherang and Situ Bagendit varieties, Ciherang and Situ Bagendit varieties which were infested by brown planthoppers each with 5 repetitions.
  • Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest

    Genetically Modified Baculoviruses for Pest

    INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS This page intentionally left blank INSECT CONTROL BIOLOGICAL AND SYNTHETIC AGENTS EDITED BY LAWRENCE I. GILBERT SARJEET S. GILL Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press, 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BU, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA ª 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved The chapters first appeared in Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, edited by Lawrence I. Gilbert, Kostas Iatrou, and Sarjeet S. Gill (Elsevier, B.V. 2005). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) 1865 843830, fax (þ44) 1865 853333, e-mail [email protected]. Requests may also be completed on-line via the homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Insect control : biological and synthetic agents / editors-in-chief: Lawrence I. Gilbert, Sarjeet S. Gill. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests–Control. 2. Insecticides. I. Gilbert, Lawrence I. (Lawrence Irwin), 1929- II. Gill, Sarjeet S. SB931.I42 2010 632’.7–dc22 2010010547 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-12-381449-4 Cover Images: (Top Left) Important pest insect targeted by neonicotinoid insecticides: Sweet-potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci; (Top Right) Control (bottom) and tebufenozide intoxicated by ingestion (top) larvae of the white tussock moth, from Chapter 4; (Bottom) Mode of action of Cry1A toxins, from Addendum A7.
  • Rice Hoja Blanca: a Complex Plant–Virus–Vector Pathosystem F.J

    Rice Hoja Blanca: a Complex Plant–Virus–Vector Pathosystem F.J

    CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 2010 5, No. 043 Review Rice hoja blanca: a complex plant–virus–vector pathosystem F.J. Morales* and P.R. Jennings Address: International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, AA 6713, Cali, Colombia. *Correspondence: F.J. Morales. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 30 April 2010 Accepted: 24 June 2010 doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20105043 The electronic version of this article is the definitive one. It is located here: http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews g CAB International 2009 (Online ISSN 1749-8848) Abstract Rice hoja blanca (RHB; white leaf) devastated rice (Oryza sativa) plantings in tropical America for half a century, before scientists could either identify its causal agent or understand the nature of its cyclical epidemics. The association of the planthopper Tagosodes orizicolus with RHB outbreaks, 20 years after its emergence in South America, suggested the existence of a viral pathogen. However, T. orizicolus could also cause severe direct feeding damage (hopperburn) to rice in the absence of hoja blanca, and breeders promptly realized that the genetic basis of resistance to these problems was different. Furthermore, it was observed that the causal agent of RHB could only be trans- mitted by a relatively low proportion of the individuals in any given population of T. orizicolus and that the pathogen was transovarially transmitted to the progeny of the planthopper vectors, affecting their normal biology. An international rice germplasm screening effort was initiated in the late 1950s to identify sources of resistance against RHB and the direct feeding damage caused by T.
  • Highlights in the History of Entomology in Hawaii 1778-1963

    Highlights in the History of Entomology in Hawaii 1778-1963

    Pacific Insects 6 (4) : 689-729 December 30, 1964 HIGHLIGHTS IN THE HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY IN HAWAII 1778-1963 By C. E. Pemberton HONORARY ASSOCIATE IN ENTOMOLOGY BERNICE P. BISHOP MUSEUM PRINCIPAL ENTOMOLOGIST (RETIRED) EXPERIMENT STATION, HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION CONTENTS Page Introduction 690 Early References to Hawaiian Insects 691 Other Sources of Information on Hawaiian Entomology 692 Important Immigrant Insect Pests and Biological Control 695 Culex quinquefasciatus Say 696 Pheidole megacephala (Fabr.) 696 Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) 696 Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) 697 Spodoptera exempta (Walker) 697 Icerya purchasi Mask. 699 Adore tus sinicus Burm. 699 Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) 700 Hedylepta blackburni (Butler) 700 Aedes albopictus (Skuse) 701 Aedes aegypti (Linn.) 701 Siphanta acuta (Walker) 701 Saccharicoccus sacchari (Ckll.) 702 Pulvinaria psidii Mask. 702 Dacus cucurbitae Coq. 703 Longuiungis sacchari (Zehnt.) 704 Oxya chinensis (Thun.) 704 Nipaecoccus nipae (Mask.) 705 Syagrius fulvitarsus Pasc. 705 Dysmicoccus brevipes (Ckll.) 706 Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirk. 706 Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) 708 Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki 710 Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) 710 690 Pacific Insects Vol. 6, no. 4 Tarophagus proserpina (Kirk.) 712 Anacamptodes fragilaria (Grossbeck) 713 Polydesma umbricola Boisduval 714 Dacus dorsalis Hendel 715 Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides (Guenee) 716 Nezara viridula var. smaragdula (Fab.) 717 Biological Control of Noxious Plants 718 Lantana camara var. aculeata 119 Pamakani,
  • Comparison of Pheromone Trap Design and Lures for Spodoptera Frugiperda in Togo and Genetic Characterization of Moths Caught

    Comparison of Pheromone Trap Design and Lures for Spodoptera Frugiperda in Togo and Genetic Characterization of Moths Caught

    DOI: 10.1111/eea.12795 Comparison of pheromone trap design and lures for Spodoptera frugiperda in Togo and genetic characterization of moths caught Robert L. Meagher Jr1* ,KomiAgboka2, Agbeko Kodjo Tounou2,DjimaKoffi3,Koffi Aquilas Agbevohia2,Tomfe€ı Richard Amouze2, Kossi Mawuko Adjevi2 &RodneyN. Nagoshi1 1USDA-ARS CMAVE, Insect Behavior and Biocontrol Research Unit, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA , 2Ecole Superieure d’Agronomie, UniversitedeLome, 01 BP 1515, Lome 1, Togo , and 3Africa Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana Accepted: 29 November 2018 Key words: fall armyworm, monitoring, host strain markers, maize, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, integrated pest management, IPM, rice, Leucania loreyi, COI gene, Tpi gene Abstract Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a pest of grain and vegetable crops endemic to the Western Hemisphere that has recently become widespread in sub- Saharan Africa and has appeared in India. An important tool for monitoring S. frugiperda in the USA is pheromone trapping, which would be of value for use with African populations. Field experiments were conducted in Togo (West Africa) to compare capture of male fall armyworm using three com- mercially available pheromone lures and three trap designs. The objectives were to identify optimum trap 9 lure combinations with respect to sensitivity, specificity, and cost. Almost 400 moths were captured during the experiment. Differences were found in the number of S. frugiperda moths cap- tured in the various trap designs and with the three pheromone lures, and in the number of non-tar- get moths captured with each lure. The merits of each trap 9 lure combination are discussed with respect to use in Africa.
  • Downloaded from BOLD Or Requested from Other Authors

    Downloaded from BOLD Or Requested from Other Authors

    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Towards a global DNA barcode reference library for quarantine identifcations of lepidopteran Received: 28 November 2018 Accepted: 5 April 2019 stemborers, with an emphasis on Published: xx xx xxxx sugarcane pests Timothy R. C. Lee 1, Stacey J. Anderson2, Lucy T. T. Tran-Nguyen3, Nader Sallam4, Bruno P. Le Ru5,6, Desmond Conlong7,8, Kevin Powell 9, Andrew Ward10 & Andrew Mitchell1 Lepidopteran stemborers are among the most damaging agricultural pests worldwide, able to reduce crop yields by up to 40%. Sugarcane is the world’s most prolifc crop, and several stemborer species from the families Noctuidae, Tortricidae, Crambidae and Pyralidae attack sugarcane. Australia is currently free of the most damaging stemborers, but biosecurity eforts are hampered by the difculty in morphologically distinguishing stemborer species. Here we assess the utility of DNA barcoding in identifying stemborer pest species. We review the current state of the COI barcode sequence library for sugarcane stemborers, assembling a dataset of 1297 sequences from 64 species. Sequences were from specimens collected and identifed in this study, downloaded from BOLD or requested from other authors. We performed species delimitation analyses to assess species diversity and the efectiveness of barcoding in this group. Seven species exhibited <0.03 K2P interspecifc diversity, indicating that diagnostic barcoding will work well in most of the studied taxa. We identifed 24 instances of identifcation errors in the online database, which has hampered unambiguous stemborer identifcation using barcodes. Instances of very high within-species diversity indicate that nuclear markers (e.g. 18S, 28S) and additional morphological data (genitalia dissection of all lineages) are needed to confrm species boundaries.
  • Armyworms Factsheet

    Armyworms Factsheet

    Fact sheet Plant biosecurity: ENT-15 Armyworms There are a number of armyworms and loopers commonly found in the Northern Territory (NT), these include cluster caterpillar (Spodoptera litura), day-feeding armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), lawn-feeding armyworm (Spodoptera Mauritia) and Oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata). They are not to be confused with fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), which is an exotic species. This group of insects is commonly called ‘armyworm’ because they will often ‘march’ in large numbers to find foo. Distribution • Cluster caterpillar (Spodoptera litura): Asia (widespread), Africa (Ghana, Réunion), North America (USA), Europe (France, Portugal, Russian Federation) and Oceania (widespread). • Day-feeding armyworm (Spodoptera exempta): Asia (widespread), Africa (widespread), • Lawn-feeding armyworm (Spodoptera Mauritia): Asia (widespread), Africa (widespread), North America (USA) and Oceania (widespread). • Northern armyworm (Mythimna separate): Asia (widespread), Europe (Russian Federation) and Oceania (widespread). • Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda): North America (widespread), South America (widespread), Africa (widespread), Asia (widespread) and, recently, Australia (Torres Strait and Queensland). Appearance Cluster caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) Eggs are spherical, pale pink and 0.6mm in diameter. They are laid in clusters of up to 300 and are covered in a layer of pale-brown ‘furry or cottony’ hair-like scales. Young larvae have a partly translucent green body with a dark thorax and head. Half-grown larvae are variable in colour and have a red and yellow pattern with green lines and black spots running along each side of the body. There is a dark patch on the ‘hump’ behind the head. Mature larvae are brown with three thin, pale yellow/orange lines running down the length of the body.
  • Introduction to Fall Armyworm

    Introduction to Fall Armyworm

    Introduction to fall armyworm: background, introduction to Africa, its identification and management options Srinivasan Ramasamy (SRINI) Flagship Program Leader – Safe & Sustainable Value Chains, and Lead Entomologist World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) Shanhua, Tainan, Taiwan [email protected] Armyworms • Genus Spodoptera, in the family Noctuidae • Known to contain 31 species worldwide (Pogue, 2002) Armyworms in Africa Seven Spodoptera species known to occur • Spodoptera exigua (Beet armyworm) • Spodoptera littoralis (African cotton leafworm) • Spodoptera mauritia (Lawn armyworm) • Spodoptera exempta (African armyworm) • Spodoptera triturata (Lawn worm) • Spodoptera cilium (Dark Mottled Willow) • Spodoptera malagasy (Madagascar armyworm) (Pogue, 2002; Brown & Dewhurst, 1975) Spodoptera exigua Spodoptera littoralis http://www.pyrgus.de/Spodoptera_exigua_en.html http://www.pyrgus.de/Spodoptera_littoralis_en.html Spodoptera Spodoptera mauritia exempta Wikipedia © Buck Richardson Spodoptera Spodoptera triturata cilium © Nick Dean © Jim Hodgkinson Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) • Native to Americas - the tropical regions of the Americas from the United States to Argentina and the Caribbean region (Pogue, 2002) Fall armyworm in Africa Season Crop Location Country January 2016 Maize Rainforest zone of South-West Nigeria and IITA (Ibadan & Ikenne) February – Maize --- Northern Nigeria, March 2016 Benin, Togo April 2016 Maize --- São Tomé and Príncipe June 2016 Maize Edo and some adjacent states Nigera in the South West • Subsequently,
  • Map-Based Cloning of the Hessian Fly Resistance Gene H13 in Wheat

    Map-Based Cloning of the Hessian Fly Resistance Gene H13 in Wheat

    Map-based cloning of the Hessian fly resistance gene H13 in Wheat by Anupama Joshi B.S., Panjab University, 2006 M.S., Panjab University, 2008 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Interdepartmental Genetics College of Agriculture KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2018 Abstract H13, a dominant resistance gene transferred from Aegilops tauschii into wheat (Triticum aestivum), confers a high level of antibiosis against a wide range of Hessian fly (HF, Mayetiola destructor) biotypes. Previously, H13 was mapped to the distal arm of chromosome 6DS, where it is flanked by markers Xcfd132 and Xgdm36. A mapping population of 1,368 F2 individuals derived from the cross: PI372129 (h13h13) / PI562619 (Molly, H13H13) was genotyped and H13 was flanked by Xcfd132 at 0.4cM and by Xgdm36 at 1.8cM. Screening of BAC-based physical maps of chromosome 6D of Chinese Spring wheat and Ae. tauschii coupled with high resolution genetic and Radiation Hybrid mapping identified nine candidate genes co-segregating with H13. Candidate gene validation was done on an EMS-mutagenized TILLING population of 2,296 M3 lines in Molly. Twenty seeds per line were screened for susceptibility to the H13- virulent HF GP biotype. Sequencing of candidate genes from twenty-eight independent susceptible mutants identified three nonsense, and 24 missense mutants for CNL-1 whereas only silent and intronic mutations were found in other candidate genes. 5’ and 3’ RACE was performed to identify gene structure and CDS of CNL-1 from Molly (H13H13) and Newton (h13h13). Increased transcript levels were observed for H13 gene during incompatible interactions at larval feeding stages of GP biotype.