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Rice Package Rice INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT INNOVATION LAB rice yaleclimateconnections.org package ice is an annual, self-pollinated, and semi-aquatic plant and belongs to the family Poaceae. Asian rice (Oryza sativa; subsp. japonica and indica), WHAT IS IPM? RAfrican rice (Oryza glaberrima), and wild rice (genus Zizania) are known to be consumed by humans. Oryza sativa subsp. indica was first domesticated Integrated pest management (IPM), an in India, whereas Oryza sativa subsp. japonica was domesticated in China. Rice environmentally-sound and economical is the most important food crop in the world and is a staple food across Asia approach to pest control, was developed and becoming important in Africa and Latin America. The traditional method of in response to pesticide misuse in cultivating rice is flooding the direct-seeded fields with or after transplanting the 1960s. Pesticide misuse has led to the young seedlings and is called irrigated rice production. Rice is also grown pesticide resistance among prevailing in the rainfed lowland, in mountains or plateaus, and the deep water. About pests, a resurgence of non-target pests, loss of biodiversity, and environmental 90 percent of rice production occurs in Asia. Although rice consumption and and human health hazards. demand are increasing around the globe, especially in Asia, stability in rice production in Asia depends on social and political stability. Climate change plays a major role in rice production in Asia. Irrigated rice area provides major production, but it is hard to increase irrigated rice area because of the WHAT ARE Lab (IPM IL) Management Innovation Pest Integrated problems of soil salinity, high cost of development, water scarcity, alternative IPM PACKAGES? and competing uses of water, and environmental concerns of the emission of greenhouse gases. Overall major issues faced in rice production in Asia are The IPM Innovation Lab has devel- variety development, a decline of productivity, declining production resources oped and tested robust IPM packages, due to deteriorating soil health, increasing costs of production, post-harvest holistic suites of IPM recommendations losses, and abiotic and biotic stresses (Papademetriou 1999, Mutert and and practices for the production of Fairhurst 2002). Major diseases are Rice blast, Sheath blight, Brown spot, vegetables and other crops. Farmers Sheath rot, Seedling blight/Stem rot, Bacterial blight, and Tungro Virus. Major who use IPM packages in planting, FOR HEALTH CROP IPM PACKAGES insect pests are Rice mealybug, Stem borers, Rice gall midge, Leafhoppers and production, and throughout the supply Planthoppers, Leaf folders, Case worm, Rice bugs, Rice hispa, and Rice swarming chain see enhanced profitability in their caterpillar. Rice root-knot nematode is also a major problem in Asia. crops. The recommended practices in IPM packages cover economically significant pest species over a wide range of cropping systems across the tropical world, resulting in benefits to human health and the environment. IPM Innovation Lab This brochure was created and distributed by the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL). It was made possible through the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through USAID Cooperative Agreement No. AID-OAA-L-15-00001 rice fungal diseases and viruses invasive.org naturepl.com Photos (from left): • Seedling blight • Rice tungro • Brown spot Rice knowledge bank: IRRI DISEASES nutritionally deficient soil conditions incidence increases with plant growth use of resistant varieties is important. and is indicative of a soil fertility and peaks at the flowering stage. problem. There are two different phases, the Rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae/ leaf blight phase and the kresek phase. Pyricularia grisea/Magnaporthe grisea) Sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae) In kresek stage, the leaves turn pale yellow and wilt; hence, it is the most Rice blast is the most serious of This disease develops irregular spots destructive stage. In leaf blight phase, the rice diseases because it infects or lesions, with dark reddish-brown yellow lesions with wavy margins all plant growth stages. This disease margins and gray center on leaf appear on leaf blades. In rainy seasons attacks all parts of the plant except sheath, which causes discoloration of it can cause 50 percent yield loss. the leaf sheath and spreads rapidly. the sheath. Enlargement and coales- Resistant varieties play a major role in Depending on the site of the cence of lesions often covers the the management of this disease. symptoms, this disease is referred to entire leaf sheath, infected panicle gets as leaf blast, collar blast, node blast, rotten, and white powdery growth and neck blast (or neck rot). It stunts can also be seen. The disease appears or kills seedlings and tillering plants late during the growing season of the VIRUSES and also reduces the number of rice crop and can cause yield losses panicles and lowers grain weight and from 20 to 85 percent. Note: The majority of rice viruses quality. Collar blast can also damage occur in Asia (about 12 viruses) and the entire leaf blade and the panicle. Seedling blight/Stem rot most of them are transmitted by leaf (Sclerotium oryzae) hoppers and plant hoppers. Rice grassy Sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani) stunt virus, Rice ragged stunt virus, and This disease is most noticeable in Rice Tungro are major issues in Asia. The characteristic symptoms of this rice fields during the latter stages of disease are water-soaked, circular/ maturity. On leaf sheath, it initially Rice Tungro (Rice tungro bacilliform oblong/ellipsoid/ovoid or even irreg- causes black, rectangular lesions with virus and Rice tungro spherical virus) ularly elongated discolored lesions distinct angular borders. At later on the leaf sheath at or above the stages, the lesions become larger Leaf discoloration is a characteristic water level in lowland and at ground and penetrate deep into the culm. feature of these viral diseases, which level in upland fields. This disease does Maximum injury to the stem occurs at begins from the leaf tip and extends not affect seedlings; however, under harvest, resulting in lodging of plants down to the lower leaf portion. very high humidity and at favorable and harvesting to become difficult. Infected leaves also show mottled temperatures, even the seedlings may The presence of tiny, black sclerotia or striped appearance and stunting. get wilted. No resistance variety is at the base of the stem indicates its Infection to rice plants reduces available. presence. tillering, delays flowering, and can Brown spot [Bipolaris oryzae Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas delay maturity. Panicles also become (Helminthosporium oryzae)] oryzae pv. oryzae) sterile or have partially filled grains and are covered with dark brown It is a seedborne disease. Leaf spots This is a vascular disease resulting in blotches. At the early crop growth can be observed shortly after seedling systemic infection of rice. It causes stage this disease can cause 100 emergence and continue to develop tannish grey to white lesions along percent yield loss. Symptoms of the until maturity. Damage from the the veins. Although the first symptoms disease are usually absent at the early brown spot is particularly noticeable are observed at the tillering stage, the growth stage. To manage this problem, when the crop is produced in rice insect pests invasive.org Rice knowledge bank: IRRI Rice knowledge bank: IRRI Photos (from left): • Rice mealybug • Leaf folder • Brown plant hopper • Dark-headed stemborer IRAC INSECT PESTS on leaves and within leaf sheaths. enlarges at base and elongates. Instead Bionomics and symptoms resemble However, when caterpillars feed of development of panicle, gall devel- brown planthopper. Nilaparvata Rice mealybug [Brevennia rehi within the culm on growing point opment occurs. Crop loss is ranges lugens eggs are parasitized by (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] and vascular tissue, they cut off the from 10-100 percent. Predatory mite Anagrus optabilis, Paracentrobia growing portion of the plant from Amblyseius imbricatus (Parasitiformes) andoi, and Tetrastichus formosanus This pest is a foliar feeder on rice in the base. At the vegetative stage of attacks eggs. Maggot parasitoids (Hymenoptera). Mirid bug Cyrtorhinus Asia. Severe drought, bad drainage, plant development, feeding of larvae Platygaster oryzae and Obtusiclava lividipennis (Miridae) and predatory and poor soil increase infestation. results in plants failing to produce oryzae (Hymenoptera) and pupal mite Amblyseius sp. (Parasitiformes) Presence of alternate hosts in fields or panicles (dead hearts). Even after parasitoids, Neanastatus oryzae and N. prey on the eggs. Nymphs and adults on field bunds, presence of ants, and damage, rice is capable of partly cinctiventris (Hymenoptera) are known. of N. lugens are parasitized by Elenchus irrigation water helps migration of the or fully compensating for losses of japonicus (Strepsiptera), Echthrodelphax bug. Nymphs and adults suck sap from tillers by putting forth additional Brown planthopper [Nilaparvata bicolor (Hymenoptera), and nematode the rice stem, which results in smaller tillers. Several native predators, lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)] Hexamermis sp. Fungal pathogen leaves, yellowing, abnormal tillering, parasitoids (braconid, eulophid, Beauveria bassiana infects them. This This pest is polyphagous and and stunted plants. When heavily mymarid,
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