Viking England How the Danes Became English

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Viking England How the Danes Became English Chad M. White April 8, 2016 Viking England How the Danes became English On the thirteenth of November in the year 1002, Æthelred, King of all England, ordered the slaughter of every Dane living in England.1 Such an insane order was apt for one who bears the soubriquet “Unræd” or the ill-advised. The command was an act was both dangerous in its implications and impossible to effect. The Scandinavians living in England had been established in the British Isles for generations, through settlement, warfare, and by treaty with King Alfred of Wessex, Æthelred’s great-great-grandfather. The acculturation process had begun long before and the peoples of the eastern and northern England were no longer so easily separated Dane from Saxon, but were now Anglo-Danish. The very language was infiltrated by Danish loan-words, so easily transferrable to english with his shared Germanic roots. Evidence exists that the English and the Scandinavians were living side by side, in both peace and hostility, in much the way that the various Anglo-Saxon tribes had been prior to the Viking Age. Many of the Danes were Christian by this point and even the de facto viking capital in the north, the city of Jorvik, retained its archbishopric, an appointment made by the English king in Wintancaester. The Danes that Æthelred ordered killed on that day, Saint Brice’s Day, would not be so easily removed and had become an integral part of the English peoples, both blending into English society and altering it forever. The Viking Age in Britain historically began with a raid on a defenseless coastal monastery, an isolated religious community, in the northwestern part of the island in 793. The preeminent English record, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, records the events thusly: 1 Anne Savage, trans., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, (Surrey: Colour Library Books, 1995), 148. Her wæron reðe forebecna cumene ofer Norðhymbra land, þæt folc earmlic bregdon, þæt wæron ormete þodenas ligrescas, fyrenne dracan wæron gesewene on þam lifte fleogende. Þam tacnum sona fyligde mycel hunger, litel æfter þam, þæs ilcan geares on .vi. Idus Ianuarii, earmlice hæþenra manna hergunc adilegode Godes cyrican in Lindisfarnaee þurh hreaflac mansliht. In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of the Northumbrians, and the wretched people shook; there were excessive whirlwinds, lightning, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and a little after those, that same year on 6th ides of January, the ravaging of wretched heathen people destroyed God's church at Lindisfarne.2 The date generally accepted for the attack on Lindisfarne is in fact 8 June rather than 8 January. It is presumed that “vi id Ianr” is an error for vi id Iun, or 8 June 793. A date in early summer would be more logical than one mid-winter, as sailing and ocean winds would be far more favorable to the longships.3 This was not truly the first attack on Britain, as other, smaller raids had taken place in preceding years. Scandinavian merchants had been known to frequent the British isles in the 8th century, trading between the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, Frisia, Frankia, and further afield. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry for the year 789, just four years before the attack on the monastery, tells us of three shiploads of “Northmen from Horthaland" who came into Wessex and killed a royal official. The king's reeve, a high-ranking magistrate of the king charged with defense and tax collection, went to the harbor south of Weymouth on the southwest coast of Britain. Assuming the men to be traders, the reeve presumably planned to escort to Dornwaraceaster, modern-day Dorchester, and local seat of government. The Chronicle tells us 2 Swanton, Michael, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, (New York: Routledge, 1998), 56. 3 Ibid., 57. White !2 that the reeve was killed and identifies his murderer as the first of the “Danish men” who would in the future seek out to control all of the land of the English.4. Typically the Chronicle identifies the attackers as Danes, a term used synonymously with another term, Northmen, and employed generically to signify all Scandinavian invaders. Hordaland, mentioned above, is actually in Norway, not Denmark. However, it would be the warriors from Denmark, the Danes, who would be the most frequent raiders on English soil. The entry above was written a century after the events it retells, drawn from other records now lost or from local histories or tales, therefore its content is reflective of the writer’s hindsight. Despite the attack on the southern coast, the raid and destruction of Lindisfarne in the north is used most often to signify the beginning of the Viking Age, a period of time deemed by historians and researchers to encompass the era of piracy and warfare stemming from those men and women coming mostly from lands that are now Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Another general term to encompass all of these disparate peoples from yet-to-be unified countries is Scandinavian. However this is problematic as the Scandinavian Peninsula does not include Denmark, which is located on the Jutland Peninsula, which is attached to northern mainland Europe. Also, settlers and decedents of these original settlers spread further out, to Ireland and Northern France, from where further attacks would later be staged. Eventually their willingness to explore would bring them to discover new lands, from Iceland, to Greenland, to the North American continent, as well as south, to Constantinople in Asia Minor. Another word used to encompass all of these people would be Norse which is a late-medieval term simply meaning “from the North” and refers to those whose origin lies in the shared culture of those who we 4 Savage, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 73. White !3 think of as Vikings. Both Norse and Scandinavian are used as a cultural-linguistic concept to encapsulate the various tribes and communities of these aforementioned northern Europeans. The term Viking itself is problematic for most scholars today. In the past, and today in modern pop culture, the term is used to encompass the entire culture of the Scandinavians. However the word is more akin to the term pirate or raider. It was an activity that one performed, and not so much a title one possessed. Many of the vikings that are known throughout history likely lived as farmers and herdsmen until it was time to go a-viking, or raiding for wealth, supplies, and slaves. Therefore the terms Danes, Scandinavians, Norse, and Northman are used almost interchangeably in order to describe the people from whom sprang the Viking warriors. The use of the term viking appears to have fallen out of use in the Middle Ages, only to later be reintroduced during in the late-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, about the same time when Richard Wagner famously wrote his Operas that began the erroneous associate of vikings with horned helmets.5 It is also important to note that while the Viking Age began with the attack on Lindisfarne in 879, Scandinavians were raiding and pillaging their neighbors and each other for centuries before they expanded beyond their local waters into more far-flung lands. There was steep competition for arable land in Scandinavia for a booming population brought on by climate change. Their society was an agrarian one and farmland was coveted and guarded voraciously. This provided them the chance to hone their skills and to develop the techniques and tools, mainly their superior ships, to the point where they were nearly an unstoppable force from the late 8th to mid-11th century.6 5 Julian D. Richards, Viking Age England, (London: Batsford Ltd, 1991), 10-11 6 Ibid.,11. White !4 After Lindesfarne, Viking attacks increased, with the raiders tending to choose isolated but wealthy monasteries, such as Monkwearmouth-Jarrow in Northumbria and Iona Abbey in Scotland.7 These attacks would have most-likely been in the warmer months, when the Scandinavian farmers could turn to warfare and fair seas. It wasn’t until 855 CE that “Heathen men first spent the winter at Sheppy,” an isle in the northern coast of Kent, Britain’s eastern coast, and located in the Thames estuary.8 Initially it appeared that the Scandinavian raiders were content with undefended church communities that were handily stocked with portable items of great wealth. The second half of the ninth century brought a change of tactics, and the various warlords, seeing the fertile fields of Britain when compared to their own fjords and mountainous lands, opted to band together and set out to completely conquer the English kingdoms. In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle this combined force is described as mycel hæþeb here, or “Great Heathen Army”.9 The number of warriors that comprised the Great Heathen Army has been debated, however as most fleets of viking longships that are recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are fewer than 100 ships. The average ship carried about 32 men loaded down with equipment, based on extant ships found today. Therefore a sound estimate puts the Great Heathen Army at about 1,000 men or fewer, despite what numbers contemporary English propagandists might supply.10 7 Savage, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 76. 8 Ibid., 89 9 Ibid., 89. 10 Katherine Holman, The Northern Conquest: Vikings in Britain and Northern Ireland, (United Kingdom: Andrews, 2012), iBooks edition. White !5 Steadily the Great Heathen Army moved to overpower over the seven kingdoms. Initially landing in Kent, the warriors were paid by their unwilling hosts in order to ensure peace as they wintered in Thanet.
Recommended publications
  • Erik Bloodaxe Quest?
    Resource Pack Can you complete the Erik Bloodaxe quest? You may need to do a little extra research: • Visit the SCRAN website www.scran.ac.uk and access the relevant records using the SCRAN ID numbers provided under each resource • Visit places of interest • Do your own research by following links • Investigate the CD-ROM The Scottish People 800-1450 – People of a kingdom, Learning and Teaching Scotland www.ltscotland.org.uk, email: [email protected], tel: Customer Services +44 (0)8700 100 297 Erik Bloodaxe (d.954) • King of Norway from 930-934 • Raided and plundered the coasts of Scotland and northern England • Posed a serious threat to the kingdom of Alba Representation of a Viking warrior. SCRAN 000-000-099-796-C Finding Facts 1. In the late 9th century, Erik Bloodaxe’s father created the title of ‘Earldom of Orkney’. Who was his father? (a) Earl Thorfinn of Orkney (b) King Harald Finehar of Norway (c) King Olaf Tryggvessan of Norway 2. What is the name of the pagan god of battle, wisdom and knowledge? 3. Find out in which year Erik Bloodaxe first became the King of York. Looking at Evidence 4. (a) Fragments of a Viking warrior’s (b) This gilt copper mount is from an sword from a grave at Kiloran Bay, object of religious importance. It was Colonsay, Inner Hebrides. found in the west of Scotland and is probably an object of Viking looting. SCRAN 000-000-099-678-C SCRAN 000-100-043-837-C (c) These Anglo-Saxon coins are from a 10th century Viking hoard buried for safety at Iona Abbey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Old Norse on the English Language
    Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS AND KIDS: THE INFLUENCE OF OLD NORSE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HUSBANDS, OUTLAWS E KIDS: A INFLUÊNCIA DO NÓRDICO ANTIGO NA LÍNGUA INGLESA Antonius Gerardus Maria Poppelaars1 Abstract: What have common English words such as husbands, outlaws and kids and the sentence they are weak to do with Old Norse? Yet, all these examples are from Old Norse, the Norsemen’s language. However, the Norse influence on English is underestimated as the Norsemen are viewed as barbaric, violent pirates. Also, the Norman occupation of England and the Great Vowel Shift have obscured the Old Norse influence. These topics, plus the Viking Age, the Scandinavian presence in England, as well as the Old Norse linguistic influence on English and the supposed French influence of the Norman invasion will be described. The research for this etymological article was executed through a descriptive- qualitative approach. Concluded is that the Norsemen have intensively influenced English due to their military supremacy and their abilities to adaptation. Even the French-Norman French language has left marks on English. Nowadays, English is a lingua franca, leading to borrowings from English to many languages, which is often considered as invasive. But, English itself has borrowed from other languages, maintaining its proper character. Hence, it is hoped that this article may contribute to a greater acknowledgement of the Norse influence on English and undermine the scepticism towards the English language as every language has its importance. Keywords: Old Norse Loanwords, English Language, Viking Age, Etymology. Resumo: O que têm palavras inglesas comuns como husbands, outlaws e kids e a frase they are weak a ver com os Nórdicos? Todos esses exemplos são do nórdico antigo, a língua dos escandinavos.
    [Show full text]
  • Anne R Johnston Phd Thesis
    ;<>?3 ?3@@8393;@ 6; @53 6;;3> 530>623? 1/# *%%"&(%%- B6@5 ?=316/8 >343>3;13 @< @53 6?8/;2? <4 9A88! 1<88 /;2 @6>33 /OOG ># 7PJOSTPO / @JGSKS ?UDNKTTGF HPR TJG 2GIRGG PH =J2 CT TJG AOKVGRSKTY PH ?T# /OFRGWS &++& 4UMM NGTCFCTC HPR TJKS KTGN KS CVCKMCDMG KO >GSGCREJ.?T/OFRGWS,4UMM@GXT CT, JTTQ,$$RGSGCREJ"RGQPSKTPRY#ST"COFRGWS#CE#UL$ =MGCSG USG TJKS KFGOTKHKGR TP EKTG PR MKOL TP TJKS KTGN, JTTQ,$$JFM#JCOFMG#OGT$&%%'($'+)% @JKS KTGN KS QRPTGETGF DY PRKIKOCM EPQYRKIJT Norse settlement in the Inner Hebrides ca 800-1300 with special reference to the islands of Mull, Coll and Tiree A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Anne R Johnston Department of Mediaeval History University of St Andrews November 1990 IVDR E A" ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS None of this work would have been possible without the award of a studentship from the University of &Andrews. I am also grateful to the British Council for granting me a scholarship which enabled me to study at the Institute of History, University of Oslo and to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs for financing an additional 3 months fieldwork in the Sunnmore Islands. My sincere thanks also go to Prof Ragni Piene who employed me on a part time basis thereby allowing me to spend an additional year in Oslo when I was without funding. In Norway I would like to thank Dr P S Anderson who acted as my supervisor. Thanks are likewise due to Dr H Kongsrud of the Norwegian State Archives and to Dr T Scmidt of the Place Name Institute, both of whom were generous with their time.
    [Show full text]
  • Whyte, Alasdair C. (2017) Settlement-Names and Society: Analysis of the Medieval Districts of Forsa and Moloros in the Parish of Torosay, Mull
    Whyte, Alasdair C. (2017) Settlement-names and society: analysis of the medieval districts of Forsa and Moloros in the parish of Torosay, Mull. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8224/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten:Theses http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Settlement-Names and Society: analysis of the medieval districts of Forsa and Moloros in the parish of Torosay, Mull. Alasdair C. Whyte MA MRes Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Celtic and Gaelic | Ceiltis is Gàidhlig School of Humanities | Sgoil nan Daonnachdan College of Arts | Colaiste nan Ealain University of Glasgow | Oilthigh Ghlaschu May 2017 © Alasdair C. Whyte 2017 2 ABSTRACT This is a study of settlement and society in the parish of Torosay on the Inner Hebridean island of Mull, through the earliest known settlement-names of two of its medieval districts: Forsa and Moloros.1 The earliest settlement-names, 35 in total, were coined in two languages: Gaelic and Old Norse (hereafter abbreviated to ON) (see Abbreviations, below).
    [Show full text]
  • Viking Rules V44.Pdf
    1 English Housecarl 1. Choose a Faction 12 Blue Housecarl Faction Cards (01-12) GAME SETUP Each player chooses a Faction to play and 20 Blue Housecarl Units takes the corresponding Units (miniatures), 2 Blue Housecarl Battle Dice Battle Dice and Faction Cards of that Faction’s color. The English side’s Factions are the blue H H O H O U H O U S O U Housecarl and the green Thegn. The Viking S E U S E C S E C A E C A R C A R L A side’s Factions are the black and R Norsemen L R L the red Berserker. L When playing with fewer than four people, one or more players will control both Factions of one side. 2 All Factions must be played. H O U Kingdoms S E C A England is divided into four Kingdoms, R H L 5 O U each with its own color background. S E 2. Cards C A R L H O U Each of the four Factions prepares a Draw S E C A R Deck composed of Faction Cards 01-12. L (Cards numbered higher than 12 are used in the alternative ‘Advanced Setup’ described on the next page). Each Faction shuffles its Draw Deck and draws 3 cards, which it may look at. Each Faction’s Draw Deck consists of 12 customized cards: 6 Movement, 1 Treaty and 1 English Thegn 5 Event Cards. Each Faction must hold at 12 Green Thegn Faction Cards (01-12) least 1 Movement/Treaty Card in its hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Come and Experience the Iona Community's Island Centres
    Come and experience the Iona Community’s Island Centres We are an ecumenical Christian community with a dispersed worldwide membership of ‘When I came to Iona I thought Full Members, Associate Members and Friends. I was going to the end of the Inspired by our faith and loving concern for the world and its people, we pursue justice and world. It turns out I was coming peace in and through community. The Iona to the beginning of a world.’ Community welcomes guests to share in the common life in the Abbey and MacLeod Centre, Iona and Camas outdoor adventure centre, Mull. 1 At our Iona Centres we seek to nurture community through sharing a pattern for living together through the week. Staff and guests eat meals together. We have an ethical food purchasing policy and serve locally and ethically sourced food wherever possible. The meals are mainly vegetarian and most medical diets can be catered for given advance notice. Living in community involves giving and receiving and sharing tasks. ‘The rhythm of daily worship is deeply sustaining.’ 2 Experiencing the Iona Centres Programme Sessions times during the season are 9am (weather permitting) and are led by During ‘Gathering Space’ the and 7.30 pm, with short afternoon resident staff who provide reflections programme sessions are led by servicesfocused on Justice and and interpretation along the way. resident staff on diverse topics that Peace issues at 2 pm on weekdays The long pilgrimage goes off-road reflect the commitments and aims of in June, July and August. Morning and covers a distance of about 9 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Churches with Viking Stone Sculpture 53
    Durham E-Theses Early ecclesiastical organization:: the evidence from North-east Yorkshire Kroebel, Christiane How to cite: Kroebel, Christiane (2003) Early ecclesiastical organization:: the evidence from North-east Yorkshire, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3183/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Albstnllct Christiane Kroebel Early Ecclesiastical Organisation: the Evidence from North-east Yorkshire MA Thesis, University of Durham, Department of History, 2003 The aim of this thesis is to discover how parishes evolved in North-east Yorkshire. It seeks the origin ofthe parish system in the 7th century with the establishment of monasteria in accordance with the theory, the 'minster' hypothesis, that these were the minsters of the Middle Ages and the ancient parish churches of today. The territory of the monasterium, its parochia, was that of the secular royal vill, because kings granted these lands with the intention that monasteries provided pastoral care to the royal vill.
    [Show full text]
  • Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P
    Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal .
    [Show full text]
  • AN IRISH DAVID by PAUL HARRIS CANTLE
    BONO: AN IRISH DAVID by PAUL HARRIS CANTLE Thesis submitted to The Faculty of Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Theology) Acadia University Spring Convocation 2013 © by PAUL HARRIS CANTLE, 2012 This thesis by PAUL HARRIS CANTLE was defended successfully in an oral examination on NOVEMBER 26, 2012. The examining committee for the thesis was: ________________________ Dr. Anna Robbins, Chair ________________________ Dr. Kevin Whetter, External Reader ________________________ Dr. Carol Anne Janzen, Internal Reader ________________________ Dr. William Brackney, Supervisor This thesis is accepted in its present form by the Division of Research and Graduate Studies as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree Master of Arts (Theology). …………………………………………. ii" I, PAUL HARRIS CANTLE, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I, however, retain the copyright in my thesis. ______________________________ Author ______________________________ Supervisor ______________________________ Date ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! iii" Table!of!Contents! " Abstract"........................................................................................................................................................"vi" Acknowledgements"................................................................................................................................"vii"
    [Show full text]
  • How the Danelaw Was Established in England
    Vikings vs Anglo-Saxons Timeline Sheet How the Danelaw was established in England 793 806 The first Viking invasion in England. They ransack the In the third Viking attack on Iona (an island in Lindisfarne monastery, Scotland) 68 monks are killed. The Vikings massacre the monks and continue to raid monasteries and towns along burn down the priory. theth coasts of England, Scotland and Ireland. 852 The Vikings stay in Englandd for a 865 long period of time for the first time. The Danish ‘Grand Army’ lands on They camp on the Isle of Thanet in the east coast of England, led by Kent over the winter instead of King Ivan the ‘Boneless’ and King returning to Scandinavia. Halfdan. A new wave of attacks on East Anglia, Mercia and Northumberland begin. 869 The Vikings attack East Anglia. 867 King Edmund raises an army to The VikingsViking move south from York and fight them but the army is attack Nottingham.Not They take the city. defeated and King Edmund is Late that year, two Northumbrians were killed and decapitated. battling for the crown. The Vikings took advantage of this and took control of York. This city became Jorvik, the Viking capital in England. 871 The Vikings attack Wessex. King EtEthelred and his brother Alfred fight a series of battles against the 886 Vikings. Ethelred dies and passes the crown to Alfred. After a The Treaty of Wedmore is signed, givingin g humiliating defeat, King Alfred the northeast to the Vikings and leavingvi ng decides to pay the Vikings the rest of England to the Anglo-Saxons.
    [Show full text]
  • Southwell Minster 1
    20 OCTOBER 2014 SOUTHWELL MINSTER 1 Release date Version notes Who Current version: H1-Southwell-2014-1 20/10/14 Original version RS Previous versions: ———— This text is made available through the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs License; additional terms may apply Authors for attribution statement: Charters of William II and Henry I Project Richard Sharpe, Faculty of History, University of Oxford SOUTHWELL MINSTER Collegiate church of St Mary County of Nottinghamshire : Diocese of York The manor of Southwell was given to Archbishop Oscytel by King Eadwig in 956, according to a diploma (S 659), copied in York Minster Archives, D&C, MS L2/1, Magnum Registrum Album (s. xiv), pt 1, fols. 58r–59r; Farrer, Early Yorkshire Charters, i. 5–10 (no. 2), now re-edited with commentary by Woodman, Northern Houses, 97–110 (no. 2). An Anglo-Saxon saint Eadburh is said to have been venerated here, giving rise to debate about the antiquity of the minster itself. By the eleventh century Southwell minster along with the ancient minsters of Beverley and Ripon were three major collegiate churches held by the archbishop of York. This may explain why, when Nottinghamshire became a shire, it was included in the diocese of York. The archbishops acquired other lands in the county over time, and these were in some cases used to build up prebends for the canons of Southwell, as we see from the documents printed here. Southwell minster came to represent the cathedral to the men of Nottinghamshire, and in the time of Archbishop Thomas II they were allowed by the archbishop to make their processions (a custom at Whitsuntide) to the church of Southwell instead of to York (Burton, EEA 5 York, 1070–1154, 22–3, no.
    [Show full text]
  • How Significant Are the Scandinavian Migrations for the Creation of Identities in the Early Middle Ages?
    Volume 1: 2008-2009 ISSN: 2041-6776 School of English Studies How significant are the Scandinavian migrations for the creation of identities in the early middle ages? Jayne McErlean T he significance of Scandinavian migration to the British Isles, for the identities of both the indigenous people and the Scandinavian settlers during the early middle ages, is dichotomous and complex. Identity is not one dimensional and fixed; it is multiple and fluid. Ethnic identity might be expressed through language, religion and culture, but could arguably be defined by history, geographical origin or parentage. National identity can be undermined by regional identities. Social roles, for example mother, farmer and earl, imply other identities. It is clearly impossible to define what underpins identity. Indeed, the Vikings have several ‘labels’ in medieval texts which suggest several assigned identities. The scholar Alcuin wrote from the court of Charlemagne to Bishop Higebald, following the first recorded Viking raid in 793 on the monastery at Lindisfarne. Outraged, he describes the Vikings as ‘heathens [who] desecrated god’s sanctuaries’.1 Despite conflict between tribes in Ireland, the Irish sense of shared polity and Christianity set the non-Christian Vikings in such striking opposition that they are repeatedly referred to as ‘Gaill’ or foreigners in The Annals of Ulster. In contrast, in Orkneyinga Saga, Svein Asleifarson, a prolific Viking is described as ‘the greatest man the western world has ever seen’.2 The word ‘Viking’, is in itself not an ‘ethnic label, but is descriptive of what they did’.3 It refers to the act of travelling to raid, steal and plunder.
    [Show full text]