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An Assessment of a Proposal to Eradicate Non-Native Fish From This article was downloaded by: [University of Stellenbosch] On: 25 January 2013, At: 06:30 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK African Journal of Aquatic Science Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taas20 An assessment of a proposal to eradicate non-native fish from priority rivers in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa SM Marr a , ND Impson b & D Tweddle c a Freshwater Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa b CapeNature, Private Bag X5014, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa c South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa Version of record first published: 29 Jun 2012. To cite this article: SM Marr , ND Impson & D Tweddle (2012): An assessment of a proposal to eradicate non-native fish from priority rivers in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, African Journal of Aquatic Science, 37:2, 131-142 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2012.666654 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. African Journal of Aquatic Science 2012, 37(2): 131–142 Copyright © NISC (Pty) Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AQUATIC SCIENCE ISSN 1608-5914 EISSN 1727-9364 http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2012.666654 An assessment of a proposal to eradicate non-native fish from priority rivers in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa SM Marr1*, ND Impson2 and D Tweddle3 1 Freshwater Research Unit, Zoology Department, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa 2 CapeNature, Private Bag X5014, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa 3 South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Non-native fish are considered the most important threat to the survival of the indigenous freshwater fishes in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). A pilot project to evaluate the use of the piscicide rotenone to eradicate non-native fish from selected reaches in four rivers has been proposed by CapeNature, the conservation authority of the Western Cape province, South Africa. Each river has unique characteristics and challenges to achieving the eradication of non-native fish and the restoration of its indigenous fish assemblage. The proposal is described and the management methods available for reducing the impact of non-native fish on indigenous species are discussed. An environmental impact assessment (EIA) concluded that the project was justified and necessary, the choice of rivers sound, and supported the use of piscicides. The need for the project, the selection of sites and the findings of the EIA are discussed. It is expected that the project will be successful while having minimal impact on other aquatic fauna. The successful completion of the pilot project could help establish methods to eradicate non-native fish from critical biodiversity areas in South Africa. Such projects must, however, be part of a comprehensive conservation management plan to be implemented by conservation agencies in the CFR. Keywords: conservation, eradication, piscicides, river rehabilitation Introduction The Cape Floristic Region (CFR), an 88 000 km2 (2011) recognise 43 genetic lineages of primary freshwater Mediterranean-climate region on the south-western tip of fishes in the CFR. Of the currently recognised 27 taxa, six Africa, is a recognised biodiversity hotspot with high levels are listed as Critically Endangered (22%), ten as Endangered of endemicity (Myers et al. 2000a, Cowling and Pressey (37%), three as Vulnerable (11%), three as Near Threatened 2003, Darwall et al. 2009). Internationally acclaimed for its (11%), two as Least Concern (7%), and three as Data plant biodiversity, the CFR is also a centre of endemism for Deficient (11%) in the 2007 IUCN assessment (Impson freshwater fauna, including aquatic invertebrates, amphib- 2007, Tweddle et al. 2009). Diadromous taxa are present ians and fishes (Skelton et al. 1995, Wishart and Day 2002, in the CFR but are not addressed in this paper because all Younge and Fowkes 2003, Darwall et al. 2009). The propor- are currently listed as Least Concern (Tweddle et al. 2009). Downloaded by [University of Stellenbosch] at 06:30 25 January 2013 tion of endemic freshwater species is higher than that of With the imminent recognition of additional endemic taxa, plants, although species numbers are lower (Wishart and most with extremely limited distributions, the present number Day 2002). The freshwater fishes of the CFR exhibit typical of threatened taxa is considered conservative (Swartz and characteristics of old, well-established mountain faunas, Tweddle 2011). The 2007 IUCN assessment lists the major including a high degree of endemicity (89%), geographically threats to the CFR’s 24 endemic primary freshwater fish taxa restricted ranges, relative inflexibility in life-history styles, as: non-native fish (23 taxa), habitat destruction (18 taxa), and a low resilience to disturbance, especially by introduced pollution including pesticides (2 taxa), utilisation (3 taxa) and piscivorous fish (Skelton 1987). Most species are relatively genetic integrity (4 taxa) (Tweddle et al. 2009). Researchers small, <150 mm SL when adult. None are entirely piscivo- and conservation officials agree that non-native fish are the rous, although the Cape kurper Sandelia capensis (Cuvier most significant threat to the long-term survival of indigenous 1831) and some of the larger cyprinids, e.g. Clanwilliam freshwater fish assemblages in the CFR (Barnard 1943, yellowfish Labeobarbus capensis (A. Smith 1841), are partly Coke 1988, Skelton et al. 1995, Impson and Hamman 2000, piscivorous as adults (Skelton 2002). Skelton 2000, Impson et al. 2002a, 2002b, Skelton 2002, Twenty-seven taxa of primary freshwater fish are currently Cambray 2003a, 2003b, Impson 2007, Tweddle et al. 2009, recognised for the CFR (Impson 2007, Tweddle et al. 2009), Swartz and Tweddle 2011). but this number will increase following taxonomic revisions of A proposal by CapeNature, the conservation agency for the genera Pseudobarbus Smith 1841, Galaxias Cuvier 1816 the Western Cape province (South Africa), to eradicate non- and Sandelia Castelnau 1861, and Swartz and Tweddle native fish from four rivers in the CFR is described. The African Journal of Aquatic Science is co-published by NISC (Pty) Ltd and Taylor & Francis 132 Marr, Impson and Tweddle proposal justifies the need for the project and the site escapees into natural watercourses could have an impact selection, and reports the findings of the environmental on both aquatic vegetation and invertebrates (Pípalová impact assessment undertaken to review the project. 2006). This paper reviews available literature on the impacts of Three endemic taxa have been translocated between non-native fish on indigenous freshwater fishes in the catchments within the CFR. Cape kurper was illegally CFR and discusses the management methods available to introduced into a dam in the Twee River catchment (Olifants– reduce those impacts. Doring System) in the 1950s (Hamman et al. 1984) and subsequently invaded this catchment following the rupture Non-native fish introductions of the dam during a rainfall event (Impson et al. 2007, Marr et al. 2009). In the 1980s, the conservation authority in the The CFR has a long history of freshwater fish introductions Western Cape, the then Cape Department of Nature and (de Moor and Bruton 1988, Skelton 1990, Skelton et al. Environmental Conservation, intentionally introduced the 1995, Skelton 2000, 2002), dating back to those by Dutch Clanwilliam yellowfish above waterfall barriers in the Twee and English settlers in the late 1700s (de Moor and Bruton (Impson et al. 2007), Ratels (Impson 2010) and Boontjies 1988, Picker and Griffiths 2011). To date, 24 species of rivers (Impson and Tharme 1998) in the Olifants–Doring freshwater fish have been introduced to the inland waters of catchment as a conservation measure. Breede River redfin the CFR for recreational angling, aquaculture, or the biocon- Pseudobarbus sp. ‘burchelli Breede’ were unwisely cultured trol of aquatic weeds and mosquitoes (Table 1). Of these, by the conservation authority at Jonkershoek hatchery in seven have failed to establish self-sustaining populations outdoor ponds, from which they escaped and invaded the and one, Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus 1758, is Eerste River near Stellenbosch in the 1980s. believed to have been
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