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Etude Volcano-Structurale Du Volcan Nemrut (Anatolie De L'est, Turquie)

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Etude Volcano-Structurale Du Volcan Nemrut (Anatolie De L'est, Turquie) Etude volcano-structurale du volcan Nemrut (Anatolie de l'Est, Turquie) et risques naturels associ´es Inan Ulusoy To cite this version: Inan Ulusoy. Etude volcano-structurale du volcan Nemrut (Anatolie de l'Est, Turquie) et risques naturels associ´es. Volcanologie. Universit´eBlaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2008CLF21855>. <tel-00730602> HAL Id: tel-00730602 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730602 Submitted on 10 Sep 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Numéro d’Ordre: D.U. 1855 UNIVERSITE BLAISE PASCAL – CLERMONT FERRAND II U.F.R. Sciences et Technologies ECOLE DOCTORALE DES SCIENCES FONDAMENTALES N° 577 THESE présentée pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR D’UNIVERSITE Spécialité : Volcanologie Par ULUSOY İnan Master Etude volcano-structurale du volcan Nemrut (Anatolie de l’Est, Turquie) et risques naturels associés Soutenue publiquement le 18 Septembre 2008, devant la commission d’examen Président : LENAT Jean-François Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand Examinateur : YÜRÜR Tekin Université Hacettepe - Ankara Rapporteur : LESAGE Philippe Université de Savoie - Le Bourget du Lac Rapporteur : BOZKURT Erdin Univ. Technique de Moyen Orient - Ankara Directeur de thèse : AYDAR Erkan Université Hacettepe - Ankara Co-directeur de thèse : LABAZUY Philippe Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand NEMRUT VOLKANI’NIN YAPISAL – VOLKANOLOJİK İNCELENMESİ VE DOĞAL RİSK POTANSİYELİNİN BELİRLENMESİ VOLCANO – TECTONIC INVESTIGATION OF NEMRUT VOLCANO AND DETERMINATION OF ITS NATURAL RISK POTENTIAL İNAN ULUSOY Hacettepe Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim – Öğretim ve Sınav Yönetmeliğinin JEOLOJİ Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı İçin Öngördüğü DOKTORA TEZİ olarak hazırlanmıştır. 2008 Résumé Le volcan actif Mont Nemrut, situé à l’ouest du lac Van, est l'un des volcans les plus importants d’Anatolie orientale. Il possède une caldeira sommitale de 8.5×7 kilomètres de diamètre. L'activité volcanique du Nemrut a commencé il y a ~1 Ma et s’est poursuivie jusque dans les périodes historiques. Les éruptions les plus récentes ont été signalées en 1441, 1597 et 1692 A.D. Parmi les volcans anatoliens orientaux; le Nemrut est le volcan le plus dangereux, compte tenu de sa proximité avec des sites urbanisés environnants ; il menace directement 135.000 habitants. Les manifestations actuelles de l’activité volcanique sont représentées par une activité hydrothermale et fumerollienne au sein de la caldeira. L'évolution structurale du volcan se subdivise en deux stades principaux (pré- caldeira et post-caldeira) séparés par l'effondrement catastrophique de la caldeira. Les produits de l’activité anté-caldeira sont majoritairement représentés par des écoulements et des dômes de lave felsiques. Les séries ignimbritiques du Nemrut et de Kantaşı, manifestations majeures de l’activité de la caldeira, sont constituées d’unités pliniennes et d’écoulements ignimbritiques. L'activité post-caldeira est représentée par une activité phréatomagmatique explosive et une activité effusive basaltique-rhyolitique bimodale, concentrées au sein de la caldeira et au niveau de la zone de rift récente du Nemrut, sur le flanc nord. L’analyse des données multisources (études de polarisation spontanée, modèles numériques de terrain et bathymétrie ainsi que leurs produits dérivés, images Landsat et ASTER) a permis de caractériser la structure de la caldeira du Nemrut et les circulations hydrothermales associées. La synthèse de ces approches pluri- thématiques et des interprétations correspondantes permet de proposer que la caldeira est constituée de trois blocs principaux, conséquence des processus de fragmentation générés lors des phases d’effondrement. Les frontières délimitant ces blocs et la frontière structurale principale de la caldeira contrôlent les principales activités hydrothermales intra-caldeira. Le régime tectonique régional de compression-extension existant au Pliocène est structuralement enraciné et est responsable du déclenchement du volcanisme du Mont Nemrut. Le jeu de systèmes décrochants surimposés aux structures pré- existantes a provoqué l’apparition d’une zone de faiblesse localisée au sein de laquelle le système volcanique du Nemrut s’est préférentiellement mis en place. La surveillance de l’activité du volcan Nemrut a été initiée avec l’installation d’un ensemble de trois sismomètres, ce qui constitue le premier réseau de surveillance sismo-volcanique sur un volcan en Turquie. Les données temps réel sont acquises, traitées et archivées depuis octobre 2003. L’interprétation des signaux volcaniques acquis dans le cadre de cette surveillance sismologique, couplée aux résultats de l’étude du système hydrothermal, confortent clairement l’existence d’une chambre magmatique active localisée aux environs de 4-5 kilomètres de profondeur. La surveillance à long terme de ce volcan potentiellement actif est essentielle pour la prévention des risques associés et fournira de plus une base de données essentielle pour une meilleure connaissance et compréhension du mode de fonctionnement de ce volcan. Mots Clés: Nemrut, Lac Van, Anatolie de l’Est, Turquie, Polarisation spontanée, ASTER, Imagerie Infrarouge thermique, système hydrothermal, Surveillance Sismologique, Collision Continentale, Extension, Ignimbrites. Directeur de thèse : Prof. Dr. Erkan AYDAR, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Mineraloji – Petrografi Anabilim Dalı. Co-directeur de thèse : Dr. Philippe LABAZUY, Blaise-Pascal Univ., Laboratoire de Magmas et Volcans. Öz Van gölünün batısında yeralan Aktif Nemrut volkanı, Doğu Anadolu’da yeralan volkanların en önemlilerinden biridir. Zirvesinde 8.5x7 km çapında bir kaldera yeralmaktadır. Nemrut dağının volkanik faaliyeti ~1 My önce başlamış ve tarihsel çağlara kadar devam etmiştir. Volkanın en genç patlamaları M.S. 1441, 1597 ve 1692’de gerçekleşmiştir. Doğu Anadolu’da yeralan volkanlar arasında Nemrut dağı, çevresi için en tehlikeli volkandır ve etrafında yaşayan 135.000 kişiyi tehdit etmektedir. Güncel volkanik faaliyet, kaldera içindeki hidrotermal faaliyet ve buhar çıkışları ile belirgindir. Volkanın yapısal gelişimi, katastrofik kaldera çökmesi ile ayrılan iki ana evrede (kaldera öncesi ve kaldera sonrası) incelenmiştir. Kaldera öncesi ürünler esas olarak felsik lav akıntıları ve domlardan oluşmaktadır. Pliniyen üniteler ve ignimbirit akıntılarından oluşan Nemrut ve Kantaşı ignimbirit serileri kaldera oluşturan faaliyeti temsil etmektedir. Kaldera sonrası faaliyet ise kaldera içindeki patlayıcı hidrovolkanik ve riyolitik lav akıntıları/domları ile Nemrut rift zonundaki bimodal bazaltik-riyolitik efüzif faaliyet ile temsil edilmektedir. Nemrut kalderası içindeki hidrotermal akışkan hareketleri ve kaldera’nın yapısallığı, doğal-potansiyel ölçümleri, batimetri verisi, SAM (Sayısal Arazi Modeli) türevleri ve Landsat - ASTER uydu görüntüleri yardımıyla açığa çıkarılmıştır. Kaldera’nın üç ana bloktan oluştuğu ve parçalı tipte çökme ile oluştuğu düşünülmektedir. Bu blokların arasındaki yapısal sınırlar ve ana kaldera sınır fayı kaldera-içi hidrotermal faaliyeti kontrol etmektedir. Pliyosen’de sıkışma-açılma tektonik rejiminin başlaması Nemrut volkanizmasını tetiklemiş ve yapısal anlamda köklerini oluşturmuştur. Daha önceden var olan yapılara doğrultu-atımı bileşeninin dahil olması, Nemrut volkanının oluşumuna olanak tanıyan yerel açılmalara izin vermiştir. Nemrut volkanının gözlemlenmesi amacıyla üç adet sismometre ile yerel bir sismik ağ kurulmuştur. Bu ağ, Türkiye’de bir volkanın etrafına kurulan ilk sismik volkan gözlem ağıdır ve 2003 yılından beri gerçek-zamanlı veri sağlamaktadır. Hidrotermal durum ve gözlenen volkanik kökenli sinyaller, 4-5 km derinlikte bir aktif magma odasına işaret etmektedir. Sessiz bir dönemde olan bu aktif volkanın uzun süreli gözlemlenmesi elzemdir ve volkan hakkındaki bilgilerimizi artıracaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Turkiye, Doğu Anadolu, Nemrut, Doğal-potansiyel, hidrotermal sistem, ASTER, Gece termal kızılötesi, Sismik gözlem, Kıtasal çarpışma, Açılma, İgnimbiritler, Van Gölü. Danışman: Prof. Dr. Erkan AYDAR, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü, Mineraloji – Petrografi Anabilim Dalı. Eş Danışman: Dr. Philippe LABAZUY, Blaise-Pascal Univ., Laboratoire de Magmas et Volcans. Abstract Active Mt. Nemrut volcano, situated at the west of Lake Van, is one of the most important volcanoes of the Eastern Anatolia. It has a summit caldera with 8.5×7 km diameter. Volcanic activity of Mt. Nemrut started ~1 Ma ago and has continued in historical times. The most recent eruptions of the volcano were in 1441, 1597 and 1692 A.D. Amongst the Eastern Anatolian volcanoes; Mt. Nemrut is the most hazardous volcano for its vicinity, threatening 135,000 habitants living nearby. The present volcanic activities are represented by hydrothermal and fumarolic output within the caldera. Structural evolution of the volcano is mainly investigated in two stages (pre- caldera and post-caldera) separated by catastrophic caldera collapse. Pre-caldera products are dominated by felsic lava flows and domes. Nemrut
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