Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism

REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM PUBLICATIONS © Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Libraries and Publications 3351

Handbook Series 19

ISBN: 978-975-17-3607-9 www.kulturturizm.gov.tr e-mail: [email protected]

Translated by KNIKNV¼PQM

Photographs G\KJC¾IGNGP

PRODUCTION Binding and Printing {\[WTVTKPVKPIQ#

First Edition Print run: 5000 (2.000 hard cover, 3000 paperback). TKPVGFKPPMCTCKP'%&'#

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6QVJGGOQT[QH Karl Sester, Otto Puchstein, Osman Hamdi Bey, Karl Humann, Theresa Goell, CPF F.Karl Dörner YJQYQTMGFWPFGTGZVTGOGN[FKHHKEWNVEQPFKVKQPU CPF DGSWGCVJGFVJGCTEJGQNQIKECNTGOCKPUQH QOOCIGPGVQVJGYQTNF# INTRODUCTION

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TKGFTKEJCTNfTPGTFKUEQXGTGFTUCOGKC QPVJGDCPMUQHVJGCJVC5VTGCO[ORJCKQU CPF OCFG QOOCIGPG CPF QWPV GOTWV MPQYP YQTNFYKFG VJTQWIJ JKU RWDNKECVKQPU# P &.-)! JG UVCTVGF VQ YQTM QP VJG UKVG QH QWPV GOTWV VQ TGUVQTG VJG UVCVWGU CPF VQGZECXCVGVJGMKPIµUDWTKCNEJCODGTWPFGT VJGVWOWNWU# GJCFVQUVQRJKUCEVKXKVKGUKP WPG&.-)FWGVQNCEMQHUWHHKEKGPVHWPFUCPF QTICPK\CVKQPCNUWRRQTV!CHVGTVJGGTGEVKPIVJG ITGGVKPI Dexiosis TGNKGHU QP VJG YGUVGTP terrace.

QUVTGEGPVN[!KP&.-+!5GPEGT½CJKPVQQM QXGTVJGOCPCIGOGPVQHVJGQWPVGOTWV TQLGEV HTQO JKU RTQHGUQT! TKGFTKEJ CTN fTPGT! QP VJG UWIIGUVKQP QH VJG 6WTMKUJ KPKUVT[QHWNVWTGCPFVJG GTOCP ODCUU[ KPPMCTC#6JGRTQLGEVYCUECTTKGFQWVCUVYQ UGRCTCVGRTQITCOOGU!QPGDGKPIVJGUWTXG[ QHVJGKPPGTUVTWEVWTGQHVJGVWOWNWUCPFVJG QVJGTVJGEQPUGTXCVKQPCPFTGUVQTCVKQPQHVJG OQPWOGPVU# P VJG UWTXG[ QH VJG VWOWNWU! VJG CKO YCU VQ TGXGCN KVU KPPGT UVTWEVWTG YKVJQWV FQKPI CP[ JCTO! WUKPI VJG OQUV CFXCPEGF OGVJQFU# 6JWU! YKVJ UWRRQTV IKXGP D[ VJG GTOCP KPKUVT[ QH 4GUGCTEJ CPF 6GEJPQNQI[ WPFGUOKPKUVGTKWO HaT QTUEJ WPF 6GEJPQNQIKG VQ VJKU RTQLGEV! IGQ"RJ[UKECN GZRNQTCVKQPU UVCTVGF CPF VJG HKPFKPIU QH UGKUOKE FCVC! ITQWPF TCFCT CPF OCIPGVKE OGCUWTGOGPVU YGTG GXCNWCVGF D[ 5GPEGT½CJKPCNQPIYKVJKPHQTOCVKQPHTQOVJG KPUETKRVKQP#EEQTFKPIVQVJGUGCPCN[UGU!VJG NQECVKQP QH VJG MKPIµU VQOD EJCODGT KU XGT[ RTQDCDN[ KP VJG DGFTQEM WPFGT VJG VWOWNWU CVCRQKPVDGNQYVJGUWOOKVQPCNKPGTGHGTGF VQ CU ²The Zeus axis³# 6JKU J[RQVJGUKU CYCKVUXGTKHKECVKQP# HKVJCUPQVCNTGCF[DGGP NQECVGF CPF RNWPFGTGF! VJG WPEQXGTKPI QH VJGDWTKCNEJCODGTQHUWEJCPGZVTCQTFKPCT[ MKPICUPVKQEJWU YQWNFDGQPGQHVJGOQUV UGPUCVKQPCNGXGPVUKPVJGYQTNFQHCTEJGQNQI[! QPCRCTYKVJVJGFKUEQXGT[QH6WVCPMJCOQPµU VQODKPVJG²8CNNG[QHKPIU³KP I[RV# UKVGRNCPQHV#GOTWVFTCYPFWTKPIVJGUWTXG[QH 6JGTGUC QGNNKP&.*+# THE HIEROTHESION AND MONUMENTS OF KING ANTIOCHUS I OF COMMAGENE AT THE SUMMIT OF MOUNT NEMRUT

VVJGUWOOKVQHQWPVGOTWVCV C JGKIJV QH '!&*% OGVGTU KP VJG 6CWTWU OQWPVCKP TCPIG! KP VJG HKTUV EGPVWT[ ## MKPIPVKQEJWU QHQOOCIGPGEQXGTGFC DWTKCN EJCODGT KP VJG OKFFNG QH VJG VJTGG VGTTCEGU YKVJ CP CTVKHKEKCN JKNN VWOWNWU CDQWV *% OGVGTU JKIJ! OCFG QH CDQWV (% VJQWUCPFEWDKEOGVGTUQHETWUJGFTQEM#

ETQUU"UGEVKQPQHVJGVWOWNWUCPFVJGVGTTCEGU#

6QGCUVCPFYGUVQHVJGVWOWNWU!VJGTGKU CVGTTCEGQPGCEJQHYJKEJKOOGPUGHKIWTGU CPF TGNKGHU CTG NQECVGF# P GCEJ VGTTCEG PVKQEJWU ! GTGEVGF HKXG EQNQUUCN HKIWTGU! . OGVGTU KP JGKIJV! FGRKEVKPI VJG IWCTFKCP FGKVKGU QH JKU JQOGNCPF! UKVVKPI QP VJTQPGU! JKUQYPUVCVWGDGKPIQPGQHVJGHKXGFGKVKGU# P CGTKCN XKGY QH VJG VWOWNWU! UJQYKPI VJG GCUV! PQTVJCPFYGUVVGTTCEGUQHV#GOTWV#

6JGUG UVCVWGU QH VJG FGKVKGU! GCEJ EQORQUGF D[ RNCEKPI DKI UVQPG DNQEMU YGKIJKPITQWIJN[,"-VQPUGCEJ!QPVQRQHQPG CPQVJGT!CTGUGCVGFKPVJGUCOGQTFGTQPGCEJ VGTTCEG# TQONGHVVQTKIJV!VJGTGKUVJG QF" KPI PVKQEJWU ! JKOUGNH YKVJ VJG OQVJGT IQFFGUUQHVJGJQOGNCPFQOOCIGPGUGCVGF QPJKUTKIJV#6JGHCVJGTIQF

6JG HKIWTG QH VJG ITGCVGUV IQF QH VJG JGCXGPU!

9JKNG VJG HKIWTGU YGTG DGKPI UEWNRVWTGF! VJGKPUKFGUQHVJGDNQEMUQHVJGDQFKGUYGTG JQNNQYGFQWVVQTGFWEGYGKIJV#6JGKPUKFGU QHVJGOKFFNGRCTVUQHVJGUVCVWGDCUGUYGTG CNUQ NGHV JQNNQY CPF HKNNGF YKVJ NKOGUVQPG TWDDNG# 6JG ECTGHWNN[ CNKIPGF DNQEMU QH VJG DQFKGUCTGLQKPGFYKVJQWVOQTVCT!RQUUKDN[VQ RTQXKFGHNGZKDKNKV[KPECUGQHGCTVJSWCMGU#

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¾VWOWNWU#6JWU! YG ECP CUUWOG VJCV C U[UVGO TGUGODNKPI C YJGGNGF ETCPG YKVJ C NCFFGT YJKEJ EQWNF JQKUVDNQEMUQHCDQWV'VQPUCPFYJKEJYGCTG HCOKNKCTYKVJHTQOVJGYTKVKPIUQH8KVTWXKWU! YGTGWUGFQPVJGUWOOKVQHQWPVGOTWV CPFGNUGYJGTGKPQOOCIGPG#

PVJGKPUETKRVKQPUQHQWPVGOTWV!VJG FGKVKGUCTGPCOGFYKVJDQVJVJGKT TGGMCPF GTUKCPPCOGUKPCEEQTFCPEGYKVJPVKQEJWUµ DGNKGH KP VJG U[PVJGUKU QH VJG CUVGTP CPF 9GUVGTP TGNKIKQPU# 6JWU! VJG[ CTG FGHKPGF U[PETGVKUVKECNN[ CU

PDQVJVGTTCEGU!UCPFUVQPGTGNKGHUQHVJG TGGM CPF GTUKCP CPEGUVQTU QH PVKQEJWU !CPFVJGKTUQEMGVUKPVJGDGFTQEM!GPENQUG VJGHNCVEQWTVUKPHTQPVQHVJGFGKV[HKIWTGU# QYGXGT! QPN[ C HGY QH VJGUG TGNKGHU JCXG UWTXKXGFVQQWTFC[#

PCTGCQH&(!-*%CETGUQPQWPVGOTWV! YCUFGENCTGFCCVKQPCNCTMKP&.--VQIGVJGT CPF YCU KPENWFGF KP 7 5µU ²WNVWTCN GTKVCIGQH WOCPKV[³NKUV#

IGPGTCNCGTKCNXKGYQHVJGVWOWNWUQPVJGUWOOKV QHV#GOTWV#

6JGIGQNQIKECNUVTWEVWTGQHVJGUWOOKVQHV#GOTWV " CEJOCP!&.*%# THE TUMULUS

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

² JCXG VCMGP HQTGVJQWIJV VQ NC[ VJG HQWPFCVKQPQHVJKUUCETGFVQOD!YJKEJKUVQDG KPFGUVTWEVKDNGD[VJGTCXCIGUQHVKOG!KPENQUGUV RTQZKOKV[VQVJGJGCXGPN[VJTQPG!YJGTGKPVJG HQTVWPCVGN[RTGUGTXGFQWVGTHQTOQHO[RGTUQP! RTGUGTXGFVQTKRGQNFCIG!UJCNN!CHVGTVJGUQWN DGNQXGFD[ QFJCUDGGPUGPVVQVJGJGCXGPN[ VJTQPGU QH

6JGTGCTGVYQOQTGVWOWNKHTQOVJGUCOG GTCKPVJGQOOCIGPGTGIKQP!QPGCVCTCMW¾ CPFVJGQVJGTCV5GUfPM# PCGTKCNXKGYQHVJGGCUVVGTTCEGQPV#GOTWV#

6JGIGPGTCNRNCPQHVJGUVCVWGUCPFTGNKGHUQPVJGGCUV terrace. THE EAST TERRACE GQITCRJKECNQECVKQP/ (,_*-µ-*³ (-_))µ*%³

6JG GCUV VGTTCEG! DWKNV D[ PVKQEJWU ! KU VJG OQUV KORTGUUKXG QH VJG VJTGG CPF VJG OQUV KPVCEV VGTTCEGU# 6JG TQEM UQEMGVU HQT VJG UVQPG TGNKGHU YJKEJ HQTO C ICNNGT[ QH CPEGUVQTU!VJGCNVCTCVVJGGCUVGTPGPF!CPF VJGFGKV[VJTQPGUVQIGVJGTYKVJVJGIWCTFKCP NKQPCPFGCINGHKIWTGUUWTTQWPFCEQWTVQH'% D[+%OGVGTUKPUK\GHQTOGFD[NGXGNKPIVJG TQEM# 6JG DQFKGU QH VJG EQNQUUCN GPVJTQPGF HKIWTGU CTG CNN KPVCEV# 6JG GZECXCVKQPU TGXGCNGFVJCVVJGTGYGTGITGGVKPIDexiosis) TGNKGHUKPHTQPVQHVJGUGUVCVWGU#6JGJGCFQH

6JGGCUVGTPVGTTCEGYKVJVJGJGCFQHRQNNQ"KVJTCU" GNKQU" GTOGU# VYKIU barsom JG KU JQNFKPI KP JKU NGHV JCPF U[ODQNKUGU UCETGF HKTG! YJKEJ JCF CP KORQTVCPVTQNGKPGTUKCP"KVJTCKEUCETKHKEKCN TKVWCNU#

P RQNNQ"KVJTCU" GNKQU" GTOGU HKIWTG KU QP VJG NGHV QH

6JGUVCVWGQH6[EJG" QTVWPC!VJGIQFFGUU QH VJG HGTVKNG QOOCIGPG NCPFU! KU VJG QPN[ 6JGGCUVVGTTCEGYKVJVJGQOOCIGPGUVCVWGDGHQTG KVYCUHTCIOGPVGF# HGOCNG HKIWTG KP VJG RCPVJGQP QP QWPV GOTWV# 5JG KU QP VJG TKIJV QH

6JG UVCVWG QH KPI PVKQEJWU KU CV VJG UQWVJGTP GPF QH VJG ITQWR# G KU YGCTKPI GTUKCPDQQVUCUUGGPQPVJGHGGVQHVJGQVJGT OCNG HKIWTGU CPF JQNFKPI C barsom KP JKU NGHV JCPF NKMG

VGCEJGPFQHVJGTQYQHFGKVKGUKUCNQPI NQY RGFGUVCN CV CRRTQZKOCVGN[ VJG UCOG JGKIJV CU VJG HKTUV UVGRU QH VJG VJTQPGU# KICPVKEUVCVWGUQHCIWCTFKCPGCINGCPFNKQP YGTGUVCPFKPIQPGCEJGPFQHVJKURGFGUVCN# QYGXGT!VJGHTCIOGPVUQHVJGITQWRDGUKFG VJGPVKQEJWUUVCVWGCVVJGUQWVJGTPGPFCTG UECVVGTGF#6JGHTCIOGPVUQHVJGGCINGµUDQF[ HTQOVJGPQTVJGTPGPFECPUVKNNDGUGGP# GTEWNGU"TVCIPGUUVCVWGQPVJGGCUVVGTTCEG# 5CPFUVQPGTGNKGHUNCDUCPFVJGKTUQEMGVU#

GPGTCNRNCPQHVJGPQTVJGTPVGTTCEGTGNKGHU# THE NORTH TERRACE

KHV["UGXGP UCPF UVQPG UNCDU RTGRCTGF D[PVKQEJWU !RQUUKDN[VQDGFGEQTCVGFKP TGNKGH YKVJ FGRKEVKQPU QH JKU CPEGUVQTU CPF HWVWTGIGPGTCVKQPU!VQFC[OQUVN[NKGDTQMGP QP VJG ITQWPF QH VJG PQTVJ VGTTCEG# 6JG UNCDUYGTGQTKIKPCNN[UGVWRTKIJVQPCYCNN-+ OGVGTUKPNGPIVJ# GTKCNXKGYQHVJGYGUVVGTTCEGQPV#GOTWV#

9GUVVGTTCEG!GCINGCPFNKQPRCKT# THE WEST TERRACE GQITCRJKECNNQECVKQP/ (,_*-µ-(µµ" (-_))µ)%µµ

P VJG GCUV UKFG QH VJG YGUVGTP VGTTCEG EQWTV CTG VJG FGKV[ VJTQPGU! VQ VJG UQWVJ CTGVJGUQEMGVUHQTVJGTGNKGHUQHVJGGTUKCP CPEGUVQTU QH PVKQEJWU! VQ VJG YGUV CTG VJGUQEMGVUHQTVJGTGNKGHUQHJKU GNNGPKUVKE CPEGUVQTU# QWT TGNKGHU QH VJG GTUKCP CPEGUVQTU CTG UVKNN VQ DG UGGP QP VJG TQEMU DGJKPF VJG UQEMGVU QP VJG UQWVJ UKFG# 6JG GPVJTQPGFHKIWTGUQPVJGYGUVGTPVGTTCEGCTG GZCEVN[ VJG UCOG CU VJGKT EQWPVGTRCTVU QP VJG GCUVGTP VGTTCEG GZEGRV HQT C HGY OKPQT FGVCKNU# 6JG KPUETKRVKQP QH VJG ITGCV nomos QN[GFKEVKUCPCNOQUVGZCEVTGRGVKVKQPQH VJCVQPVJGDCEMQHVJGVJTQPGDCUGUQPVJG GCUVGTP VGTTCEG# NOQUV CNN QH VJG DNQEMU QH VJG GPVJTQPGF FGKV[ DQFKGU CTG VQTP CRCTV CPFUECVVGTGFQXGTVJGEQWTVHNQQT!RTQDCDN[ CUCTGUWNVQHCPGCTVJSWCMG#

6JG CTEJKVGEVWTCN EQPUVTWEVKQP CPF QTFGT QHVJGHKIWTGUCTGVJGUCOGCUHQTVJGQPGUQP VJGGCUVGTPVGTTCEG#6JGIQFFGUUQOOCIGPG KU UGCVGF DGUKFG PVKQEJWU # QPG QH VJKU HKIWTG CDQXG VJG VJKTF NGXGN QH DNQEMU KU KP TGEQPUVTWEVKQP QH VJG

IGPGTCNRNCPQHVJGUVCVWGUCPFTGNKGHUQPVJGYGUV VGTTCEG/&#PVKQEJWU !'#QOOCIGPG"6[EJG!(#

6JG HKIWTGU QH VJG IWCTFKCP NKQPU CPF GCINGU QP DQVJ UKFGU QH VJG FGKV[ VJTQPGU JCXG CNUQ UWHHGTGF UGTKQWU FCOCIG CPF CTG UECVVGTGF CDQWV# 6JG NKQPU CPF GCINGU JCF UJCTGFCEQOOQPDCUGCVGCEJGPFQHVJGTQY QHFGKV[HKIWTGUCUJCFVJGKTEQWPVGTRCTVUQP VJGGCUVGTPVGTTCEG#VVJGHCTPQTVJGTPGPF QHVJGTQY!CHVGTVJGGCINGCPFNKQPHKIWTGU! VJGTGYGTGUOCNNGTGCINGCPFNKQPHKIWTGUCPF VJGPVJGTGNKGHMPQYPCUVJGKQP QTQUEQRG CPF VJGP UCPFUVQPG TGNKGHU QH PVKQEJWU ! ITGGVKPI VJG XCTKQWU IQFU! YKVJ KPUETKRVKQPU QPVJGKTTGXGTUG#

6JGFKHHGTGPEGUKPUV[NGDGVYGGPVJGFGKV[ JGCFUQPVJGGCUVCPFYGUVVGTTCEGUUWIIGUV VJCV VJG[ YGTG OCFG D[ FKHHGTGPV CTVKUVU WUKPIFKHHGTGPVECTXKPIVGEJPKSWGU#6JGFGKV[ JGCFUQPVJGYGUVGTPVGTTCEGCTGNKXGNKGTCPF QHDGVVGTYQTMOCPUJKR# GZKQUKUTGNKGHU# THE GREETING (DEXIOSIS) RELIEFS (Hand Shaking Scenes)

6JG UCPFUVQPG TGNKGHU CV VJG PQTVJGTP GPF QH VJG TQY QH FGKVKGU QP VJG YGUVGTP VGTTCEGFKURNC[UEGPGUFGRKEVKPIPVKQEJWU ! ITGGVKPI 5JCMKPI JCPFU"FGZKQUKU VJG IQFFGUU QOOCIGPG! VJG IQF

6JGDQFKGUQHVJGHKIWTGU!ECTXGFUNKIJVN[ NCTIGT VJCP PCVWTCN UK\G! CTG HCEKPI HQTYCTF YJKNUVVJGKTJGCFUCTGKPRTQHKNG#6JGOQVJGT IQFFGUU QH QOOCIGPG KU FGRKEVGF KP C FTCRGF GNNGPKUVKECVVKTGWPKSWGVQVJGRGTKQF CPF KU CFQTPGF YKVJ C ETQYP EQPUKUVKPI QH HTWKVU!HNQYGTUCPFCkalathos#5JGKUJQNFKPI C ICTNCPF KP JGT NGHV JCPF YJKNG QHHGTKPI ITCRGU VQ PVKQEJWU ! YKVJ VJG TKIJV# 6JG 5WP QFRQNNQ"KVJTCUKUFTGUUGFKPGTUKCP UV[NGCPFJQNFKPICbarsomKPJKUNGHVJCPF# KUJKIJGTUKCP"UV[NGtiara!DGPVHQTYCTFCV VJGVKR!KUKPVJGUCOGUV[NGCUVJGQPGUQP VJGJGCFUQHVJGGPVJTQPGFHKIWTGU#RQNNQ" KVJTCUJCUCJCNQCPFUWPTC[UDGJKPFJKU JGCFCPFUJQWNFGTU# 5CPFUVQPG TGNKGHU FGRKEVKPI PVKQEJWU ! ITGGVKPI

4GNKGHUQHPVKQEJWUµUCPEGUVQTU#

6JGUVGNGFGRKEVKPIKPIPVKQEJWU !YKVJ

PCNNVJGUEGPGUPVKQEJWU KUKPGTUKCP UV[NGENQVJGUYKVJCHKXG"RQKPVGFtiara!WPKSWG VQVJGMKPI!QPJKUJGCFCPFYKVJJKUUEGRVGT KPJKUJCPF# THE LION HOROSCOPE

GVYGGP VJG ITGGVKPI TGNKGHU CPF VJG HKIWTG QH PVKQEJWU ! UVCPFU VJG HCOQWU TGNKGHMPQYPCUVJGKQP QTQUEQRG# PVJG DCEMITQWPF QH VJG TGNKGH CPF QP VJG DQF[ QH VJG NKQP! VJGTG CTG PKPGVGGP UVCTU# EQODKPCVKQPQHVJGETGUEGPVCPFVJGRNCPGVU WRKVGT!GTEWT[CPFCTUKUECTXGFQPVJG DTGCUVQHVJGNKQP#6JKUEQODKPCVKQPUJQYU VJGRQUKVKQPQHVJGOQQPCPFRNCPGVUQPVJG 7thQHWN[+'##YJKEJEQWNFGKVJGTKPFKECVG PVKQEJWUµ CUEGPUKQP VQ VJG VJTQPG QT VJG FCVGQHVJGHQWPFCVKQPQHVJGOQPWOGPVQP QWPVGOTWV#

6JGKQP QTQUEQRG# 6JGKQP QTQUEQRG#

²9KVJ VJKU! PVKQEJWU YCPVGF VQ RTQXG VQ VJG EQOKPI EGPVWTKGU VJCV VJKU OQPWOGPV YJKEJKUVQDG´KPFGUVTWEVKDNGD[VJGTCXCIGU QHVKOGµ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³ # CTN fTPGT! GT 6JTQP FGT fVVGT CWH FGOGOTWFCº¼!&.-,# 6JGVGZVQHVJGPQOQU/ C"D GTEWNGU"TVCIPGU! C"D RQNNQ"KVJTCU! C"D

'(, NKPG nomos QT GFKEV! YTKVVGP D[ PVKQEJWU ! KU KPUETKDGF QP VJG TGXGTUG QH VJGUVQPGDNQEMUQHVJGVJTQPGUQHVJGFGKVKGU QP DQVJ VGTTCEGU# QWPV GOTWV KU NGXGNGF DGJKPF VJGUG EQNQUUCN UVCVWGU VQ RTQXKFG C RCUUCIGVQVJGKPUETKRVKQPUQPVJGDCUGU#6JKU RCUUCIG QRGPU QPVQ C TQCF NGCFKPI VQ VJG QVJGTVGTTCEGU#6JKUJQN[GFKEV!YTKVVGPD[VJG QOOCIGPG KPI PVKQEJWU ! KU KPUETKDGF KPVYQEQNWOPUQPVJGTGXGTUGQHVJGDNQEMU# 6JGVGZVUVCTVUQPVJGTGXGTUGQHVJGVJTQPGQH GTEWNGUYJKEJKUPWODGTGF² ³!CPFEQPVKPWGU VJTQWIJVQ²8³QPVJGTGXGTUGQHVJGVJTQPG QHKPIPVKQEJWU #PVJGTGXGTUGQHGCEJ VJTQPG VJG VGZV KU KP VYQ EQNWOPU TGHGTTGF VQD[VJGNGVVGTU²C³CPF²D³UOCP COFK G[CPFUICP HGPFKKP&--(0 WOCPPCPF WEJUVGKPKP&-.%#

6JG VGZV QH VJG nomos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nomos PVKQEJWU ! ENGCTN[ UVCVGU VJCV JKUUCETGFVQOD!YJGTGJGYCPVUVQTGUVKP GVGTPCNRGCEG!KUWPFGTVJGVWOWNWU# 6JGVGZVQHVJGPQOQU/ 8C"DQOOCIGPG"6[EJG!8 C"DKPIPVKQEJWU UOCP COFKG[!&--(# QWPVGOTWV!VJGGCUVVGTTCEG!VJGRCTVQHVJGJQN[ GFKEVQOQUQHKPIPVKQEJWU # THE TRANSLATION OF THE NOMOS (Holy Edict, Last Will)**

& $ 6JG TGCV KPI PVKQEJWU! VJG QF! VJG 4KIJVGQWU PG! VJG CPKHGUV GKV[! VJG TKGPF QH VJG 4QOCPU CPF VJG TGGMU! VJG 5QP QH KPI KVJTCFCVGU CNNKPKEWU CPF QH CQFKEG VJG TQVJGT"NQXKPI QFFGUU! VJG CWIJVGTQHKPIPVKQEJWU RKRJCPGU!VJG QVJGT"NQXKPI! VJG 8KEVQTKQWU! JCU TGEQTFGF HQT CNN VKOG! QP EQPUGETCVGF RGFGUVCNU YKVJ KPXKQNCDNGNGVVGTUVJGFGGFUQHJKUENGOGPE[#

&& $ JCXG EQOG VQ DGNKGXG VJCV! HQT OCPMKPF!QHCNNIQQFVJKPIURKGV[KUDQVJVJG OQUVUGEWTGRQUUGUUKQPCPFCNUQVJGUYGGVGUV GPLQ[OGPV#6JKULWFIOGPVDGECOG!HQTOG!VJG ECWUGQHHQTVWPCVGRQYGTCPFKVUDNGUUGFWUG0 CPFFWTKPIO[YJQNGNKHG JCXGCRRGCTGFVQ CNNOGPCUQPGYJQVJQWIJVJQNKPGUUVJGOQUV UGEWTGIWCTFKCPCPFVJGWPTKXCNGFFGNKIJVQH O[TGKIPQTMKPIFQO#[VJKUOGCPU JCXG! EQPVTCT[ VQ CNN GZRGEVCVKQPU! GUECRGF ITGCV RGTKNU!JCXGGCUKN[DGEQOGOCUVGTQHJQRGNGUU

**QPCNF ! 5CPFGTU! GF# &..+! 0GOTWF &CÛØ 6JG Hierothesion of Antiochus I of Commagene! 9KPQPC CMG! PFKCPC! KUGPDTCWPU# UKVWCVKQPUCPFKPCDNGUUGFYC[JCXGCVVCKPGF VQVJGHWNNPGUUQHCNQPINKHG#

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(+$PFCU JCXGVCMGPHQTGVJQWIJVVQNC[ VJGHQWPFCVKQPQHVJKUUCETGFVQOD!YJKEJKU VQDGKPFGUVTWEVKDNGD[VJGTCXCIGUQHVKOG! KPENQUGUVRTQZKOKV[VQVJGJGCXGPN[VJTQPG! YJGTGKP VJG HQTVWPCVGN[ RTGUGTXGF QWVGT HQTO QH O[ RGTUQP! RTGUGTXGF VQ TKRG QNF CIG!UJCNN!CHVGTVJGUQWNDGNQXGFD[ QFJCU DGGP UGPV VQ VJG JGCXGPN[ VJTQPGU QH

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+, $ FGSWCVG RTQRGTV[ KP NCPF CPF CP KPCNKGPCDNG KPEQOG VJGTGHTQO JCXG UGV CUKFGHQTVJGCORNGRTQXKUKQPQHUCETKHKEGU0P WPEGCUKPI EWNV CPF EJQUGP RTKGUVU CTTC[GF KPUWEJXGUVOGPVUCUCTGRTQRGTVQVJGTCEG QH VJG GTUKCPU JCXG KPCWIWTCVGF! CPF JCXG FGFKECVGF VJG YJQNG CTTC[ CPF EWNV KP C OCPPGT YQTVJ[ QH O[ HQTVWPG CPF VJG OCLGUV[QHVJGIQFU#

JCXG FGETGGF VJG CRRTQRTKCVG NCYU VQ IQXGTP VJG UCETGF QDUGTXCPEGU VJWU GUVCDNKUJGF HQT GXGTNCUVKPI! UQ VJCV CNN VJG KPJCDKVCPVU QH O[ TGCNO OC[ QHHGT DQVJ VJG CPEKGPV UCETKHKEGU! TGSWKTGF D[ CIG"QNF EQOOQP EWUVQO! CPF CNUQ PGY HGUVKXCNU KPJQPQTQHVJGIQFUCPFKPO[JQPQT#6JG DKTVJFC[ QH O[ PCVWTCN DQF[! VJG UKZVGGPVJ QH WFPCKQU! CPF VJG VGPVJ QH QQU! VJG FC[ QH O[ CEEGUUKQP VQ VJG VJTQPG! JCXG EQPUGETCVGFVQVJGOCPKHGUVCVKQPQHVJGITGCV FGKVKGU!YJQYGTGO[IWKFGUKPCRTQURGTQWU DGIKPPKPI CPF JCXG DGGP VJG UQWTEG QH WPKXGTUCN DNGUUKPI HQT O[ YJQNG MKPIFQO# GECWUG QH VJG OWNVKVWFG QH QHHGTKPI CPF VJG OCIPKHKEGPEG QH VJG EGNGDTCVKQP JCXG EQPUGETCVGF VYQ CFFKVKQPCN FC[U! GCEJ QH VJGOCUCPCPPWCNHGUVKXCN#6JGRQRWNCVKQPQH O[GORKTG JCXGFKXKFGFWRHQTVJGRWTRQUG QHVJGUGCUUGODNKGU!HGUVKXCNICVJGTKPIU!CPF UCETKHKEGU! CPF FKTGEVGF VJGO VQ TGRCKT D[ XKNNCIGUCPFEKVKGUVQVJGPGCTGUVUCPEVWCTKGU! YJKEJGXGT KU OQUV EQPXGPKGPVN[ NQECVGF HQT VJG HGUVKXCN QDUGTXCPEG# QTGQXGT! JCXG CRRQKPVGF WPFGT VJG UCOG VKVNG VJCV! KP CFFKVKQP VQ VJG QDUGTXCPEG LWUV PCOGF! O[ DKTVJQPVJGUKZVGGPVJCPFO[CEEGUUKQPQP VJGVGPVJUJCNNDGQDUGTXGFGXGT[OQPVJD[ VJGRTKGUVU#

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&(' $ P VJG DKTVJFC[U YJKEJ JCXG GUVCDNKUJGF HQTGXGT CU OQPVJN[ CPF CPPWCN HGUVKXCNUQHVJGIQFUCPFQHO[QYPRGTUQP! VJTQWIJQWVVJGYJQNG[GCTJGUJCNN!JKOUGNH FGEGPVN[ ICTDGF KP GTUKCP TCKOGPV! CU O[ DGPGHCEVKQPCPFVJGCPEGUVTCNEWUVQOQHQWT TCEGJCXGRTQXKFGF!ETQYPVJGOCNNYKVJVJG IQNF ETQYPU YJKEJ JCXG FGFKECVGF CU VJG UCETGFJQPQTUFWGVQVJGFGKHKGFCPEGUVQTU0 PFQWVQHKPEQOGHTQOVJGXKNNCIGU!YJKEJ JCXGFGUKIPCVGFHQTVJGUCETGFJQPQTUQHVJG JGTQKETCEG!JGUJCNNQHHGTQPVJGUGCNVCTUTKEJ CFFKVKQPCNQHHGTKPIUQHKPEGPUGCPFCTQOCVKE JGTDU CPF CNUQ URNGPFKF UCETKHKEGU KP JQPQT QHVJGIQFUCPFKPO[JQPQT!KPYQTVJ[YKUG UGVVKPI WR UCETGF VCDNGU YKVJ CRRTQRTKCVG HQQFU CPF HKNNKPI LCTU HTQO VJG YKPGRTGUU YKVJRTGEKQWUFTKPMVJCVKU!YKPGOKZGFYKVJ YCVGT# GUJCNNJQURKVCDN[YGNEQOGVJGYJQNG QHVJGCUUGODNGFRGQRNG!DQVJVJGPCVKXGCPF VJGHQTGKIPGTUYJQUVTGCOJKVJGT!CPFJGUJCNN RTQXKFG HQT VJG EQOOQP GPLQ[OGPV QH VJG HGCUVD[VJGCUUGODNGFOWNVKVWFGU!KPVJCV! CUKUVJGEWUVQO!JGUJCNNVCMGHQTJKOUGNHC RQTVKQP!CUCIKHVKPJQPQTQHVJGRTKGUV[QHHKEG! CPFVJGPFKUVTKDWVGVJGTGUVQHO[DGPGHCEVKQP VQVJGQVJGTUHQTVJGKTHTGGGPLQ[OGPV!UQVJCV FWTKPI VJG JQN[ FC[U GXGT[QPG OC[ TGEGKXG CPGXGTHCKNKPIUWUVGPCPEGCPFOC[VJWUDG CDNGVQEGNGDTCVGVJGHGUVKXCNYKVJQWVTWPPKPI VJGTKUMQHOCNKEKQWUECNWOP[#6JGFTKPMKPI EWRU!YJKEJ JCXGFGFKECVGF!CTGVQDGWUGF D[VJGOCUNQPICUVJG[TGOCKPKPVJGJQN[ RNCEGCPFRCTVKEKRCVGKPVJGIGPGTCNCUUGON[ HQTVJGHGCUV#

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&,#CQFKEG DAREIUS I. ALEXANDER THE GREAT (522-486 B.C.E.) (336-323 B.C.E.)

XERXES I. SELEUCUS I. NICATOR (486-465/4 B.C.E.) (312-281 B.C.E.)

ORONTIDS SELEUC‹DS

SAMOS II. ANTIOCHUS VII. GRYPHOS (c. 130-100 B.C.E.) (125-96 B.C.E.)

MITHRADATES I. CALLINICUS & LAODICE THEA PHILADELPHOS (c.100-69 B.C.E.) (I. Antiochus’ father) (I. Antiochus’ mother)

PHILADELPHE (His sister) ANTIOCHUS I. THEOS & ISIAS (PHILOSTORGOS?) (c.69-36 B.C.E.) (his wife)

SON MITHRADATES II. ANTIOCHUS II. ANTIOCHIS LAOD‹CE & ORODES II. (c.20 B.C.E.) (c.36-20 B.C.E.) (29 B.C.E.) (38/37 B.C.E.) (58/7-38/7) (Parthian)

MITHRADATES III. ACHA A son (20-12 B.C.E.)

ANTIOCHUS III. (12 B.C.E. - 17 C.E.)

ANTIOCHUS IV. (38-72 B.C.E.) Family Tree of King Antiochus I SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bentley, Pauline

&.+* ²GOTWFCIJ/GU CTFKGPU rCPVUFµCW5GETGVKNNrPCKTG³! Archeologia 2, 9-17. Campbell, Leroy A.

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Degeorge, Gérard

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Doerrie, Heinrich

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Dörner, Eleonore

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Dörner, Friedrich Karl

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Goell, Theresa B.-Friedrich Karl Dörner

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Grant, Frederick Clifton, ed.

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Haase, Wolfgang

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Hawkins, J. David

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Hoepfner, Wolfram

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Humann, Karl-Otto Puchstein

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Kalkandelen, A. Hayrettin

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Kaspar, E - H. D.

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Mommsen, Theodor

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Neugebauer, Otto

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Neugebauer, Otto-H. B. Hoesen

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Önen, Ülgür

1988 Kommagene, Mit Dem Götterberg Nemrut!»\OKT# Puchstein, Otto &--( ²GTKEJVaDGTGKPG4GKUG KPWTFKUVCP#³R#'."+)KP 5KV\WPIUDGTKEJVGFGTMfPKINKEJ RTGWUUKUEJGPMCFGOKGFGT 9KUUGPUEJCHVGP\WGTNKP#

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Ritter, Hans-Werner &.+* KCFGOWPFfPKIUJGTTUEJCHV! WPKEJ!GEM# Sanders, Donald H, ed. &..+ GOTWFCº¼#6JG KGTQVJGUKQP QHPVKQEJWU QHQOOCIGPG! 9KPQPCCMG! PFKCPC! KUGPDTCWPU# Speidel, Michael Alexander '%%* ² CTN[4QOCP4WNGKP QOOCIGPG³!5ETKRVCNCUKUKEC UTCGNKEC:: 8!-*"&%%# Sullivan, Richard D.

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Ulansey, David

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Wagner, Jörg

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Waldis, Joseph

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