‘The disappeared’ Power over the dead in the aftermath of 9/11 Chip Colwell- The issue of disposition of and control over human way by family, these remains point to disappeared individ- Chanthaphonh remains is a sensitive subject in all human societies, usu- uals, left in limbo as the result of a terrorist attack. The fol- Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh ally marked by taboos and rituals. That the unidentified lowing article by Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh, advocate is Curator of Anthropology at human remains from the World Trade Center destruction for four 9/11 family advocacy groups, receives a response the Denver Museum of Nature should generate controversy is therefore not surprising. from Alice M. Greenwald, director of the 9/11 Memorial and Science. Since 2009, he has been an adviser to four Without the possibility of burial or cremation in the usual Museum. Editor 9/11 family advocacy groups, which have sought to consult On the morning of 11 September 2001, Scott Kopytko, with the 9/11 Museum on the human-remains issue. His a 32-year-old firefighter, was returning to his station in email is [email protected]. New York’s South Street Seaport just as fire engines were pulling out. Scott had been a firefighter for almost three years. It was the happiest period of his life. Though he was just coming back, no doubt exhausted, from a night shift, Scott soon realized that something big was happening on that bright September morning. He felt a duty to join his fellow firefighters, and as his vehicle was leaving, he told a probationary firefighter, ‘Get off, you’re in my spot’, leaping on in the rookie’s place. As Scott arrived with his company at the World Trade Center, they all watched as the second plane slammed into the south Fig. 1 (top). Russell Mercer, R CE tower. The 14 men rushed into the burning skyscraper. Joyce Mercer, and their son R Scott Kopytko. None came out alive. Scott’s body was never found. Fig. 2 (below). A missing CE ME In the years since 9/11, Scott’s missing remains have OY poster for Christian J haunted his family. ‘I don’t care if it’s the size of my pinky Regenhard, placed in New AND nail, something to make it almost real’, Scott’s mother, York City’s Grand Central LL Station, with messages from Joyce Mercer, said to me in an interview. Scott’s parents friends and family. RUSSE want to bury their son. The family has a memorial, but they also have a cemetery plot that lies empty. ‘I know he was there, I know he died’, Joyce said. ‘My son died not five miles from where he lived. He wasn’t a soldier fighting in a foreign land. He was on American soil. And he just disappeared off the face of this earth.’ Unidentified remains In the Western cultural tradition, burial or cremation of the dead is understood to be a basic duty of the living. For centuries, common law in many countries has held that kin have the right to determine where and how the deceased will repose. In religious terms, cemeteries are traditionally ‘God’s acre’, where men and women are placed in the earth in veneration of the soul’s vessel. Conversely, the inability to honour the body in death is an insult to the conscience. As far back as the Iliad we see this connection of moral duty and respect with the repose of the dead, as Achilles, demonstrating his enduring hatred, drags Hector’s slain body across the battlefield for nine days. Many of the parents, siblings and spouses of the 9/11 dead have never had the chance to bury their loved ones. Nearly a decade after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, of the 2,749 murder victims, remains have not been identified for some 1,122 people, or 41% of the total.1 Only 292 ‘whole’ bodies – the New York City Medical Examiner’s Office defines ‘whole’ as 75% or more of the body – have been recovered. Most of the identified victims have been identified from only pieces of their remains. Thus there are fragments of nearly all the victims that have yet to be identified. Given the horrifying violence of the World Trade Center’s destruction, it is all too easy to imagine that people simply vaporized, turned incorporeal in a flash. In truth, thousands of fragments of human bodies descended NHARD with the grey ash of the World Trade Center that rained E G E over the city. The human detritus ended up on rooftops and in sewers and intermixed with the steel and concrete ALLY R ALLY S of the skyscrapers. ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY VOL 27 NO 3, JUNE 2011 5 from 1947 to 2001. In the first weeks after 9/11, policemen and sanitation workers untrained in forensic recovery searched for remains at Fresh Kills. One police officer involved recalled: ‘I was issued a Tyvex suit and boots and a paper mask, and was told, “Here’s your rake – there’s the pile” … There was a constant pressure to move quickly. It was a rush job.’2 An estimated 223,000 tonnes of World Trade Center rubble were not screened at all before being buried or sold as scrap. Diane Horning, who lost her 26-year-old son Matthew, W YORK W a technology employee at a financial firm on the 95th E floor of the north tower, visited Fresh Kills in July 2002. ITY OF N ITY She saw the World Trade Center debris, which had been C sifted through quarter-inch screens. What slipped through these screens was referred to as ‘fines’. Fines contained ANITATION ANITATION soil and other debris, but also victims’ cremated remains: S human ash, small tissue particles and tiny bone fragments. PT OF PT E For reasons unknown, and contrary to promises made to D Diane and other families, the New York City Department of Sanitation subsequently had the fines recombined with the rest of the World Trade Center debris and dumped back in the landfill. A construction worker later testified that the department even used portions of the cremated remains to pave roads and fill potholes in Fresh Kills.3 In 2003, Diane organized an advocacy group called WTC Families for Proper Burial. Despite petitions, pleas and lawsuits from the group and other 9/11 family mem- bers, the City of New York has refused to either resift the debris at Fresh Kills or to collect and rebury it at a more respectful site, citing the time and costs involved. The City is working on turning the landfill into a memorial park, but has admitted that this will take least 30 years, if it can be done at all. In the meantime, the bureaucracy and N SE insalubrious conditions at Fresh Kills make it difficult for R E T families to visit the site. PE IO The remains at Fresh Kills are not the only ones to have Z E been overlooked by city authorities. A number of chance PI/ U discoveries of remains in and around the World Trade Fig. 3 (top). Front end In the aftermath of the attack, the collection of human Center site over the years have led many to doubt the thor- loader at Fresh Kills Landfill remains was rushed and haphazard. As a result, many were oughness of the original searches. In 2005, hundreds of handling material from Ground Zero in the search for lost or discarded. Those that were found were sent to the bone fragments were discovered on the roof of the former remains. city’s Medical Examiner’s Office, whose forensic scien- Deutsche Bank building. In late 2006, electricity workers Fig. 4 (above). Workers tists and researchers have worked diligently to link bones found 160 pieces of bone, including whole limbs, next to monitor a conveyer belt and tissue to known victims. But after nearly 10 years, a podium that had been erected for families to use to read at Fresh Kills for human 4 remains and personal items in 9,022 of these fragments of human biology are still ‘uni- out the names of their loved ones on 9/11 anniversaries. In January 2002. dentified’, largely because the force of the attack created 2008, city administrators, prompted by the media attention so many small pieces and interwove everyone’s biological paid to these discoveries and the demands by family mem- traces, making each sample of DNA now like a ball of bers, organized a systematic search, which resulted in the knotted strings that cannot be unwound. unearthing of 1,796 new pieces of remains. Then in April That these remains have not been identified is due to 2010, officials began another search, which turned up 72 the limits of forensic science, but that many were not even further pieces. All were sent to the Medical Examiner’s retrieved or properly handled, if they were found at all, is a Office. consequence of a political, economic and legal system that In view of the fact that it has taken almost a decade has largely relinquished the principle of reverence. The for more than $800 million in compensation to be paid post-9/11 clean-up and the work on the memorialization to thousands of ‘first responders’ exposed to toxic dust at of the New York 9/11 dead have prioritized expediency Ground Zero, it is perhaps unsurprising that the issue of and exercises in museum curation above the rights of kin. caring for the dead has received little attention.5 But many From a scholarly perspective, this story interlinks multiple 9/11 families have refused to abandon the issue, fighting an themes in cultural anthropology (ritual, symbols, kinship, ongoing battle to get the remains of their relatives returned law), physical anthropology (forensics, human-remains and buried.