Charles G Leland

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Charles G Leland 1 Streghe, Esseri Fatati ed Incantesimi nell’Italia del Nord La magia popolare delle sagae italiane dagli Etruschi all’800 Dall’autore di “Aradia, il Vangelo delle Streghe” Charles Godfrey Leland [1892] 2 Sommario Prefazione pag. 5 Introduzione pag. 6 Prima Parte Dei e Folletti Capitolo 1 – Tinia – Teramo - Buschet - Impusa della Morte- - Siero - Norcia, la Dea dei tartufi – Aplu – Turanna – Pano pag. 16 Capitolo 2 – Maso – Mania della notte pag. 37 Capitolo 3 – Feronia – Silviano – Palò – Esta – Carmenta – Il Sentiero pag. 41 Capitolo 4 – Faflon – Lo Spirito della Contentezza – Corredoio – Orco - Tesana – Spulviero – Urfia pag. 49 Capitolo 5 – Lari, Lasa e Lassi – Losna – Laronda – Lemuri – Tago – Fanio – Querciola – Sethano pag. 60 Capitolo 6 – Carradora – Vira – Bergoia – Bughin – Ganzio – Alpena pag. 78 Capitolo 7 – Tituno – Albina – Verbio – Dusio – Remle – Jano, Meana, Montulga, Talena – Pico pag. 89 Capitolo 8 – Floria – Ra – Bovo – Attilio – La bella Marta – Diana ed Erodiade – Offerte agli Spiriti pag. 101 Capitolo 9 – Lo spirito dello scaldino – Artemisia – Red Cap – La stregoneria nell’arte antica – La Dea dei 4 venti, l’erba rosolaccio – La Madonna del Fuoco pag. 118 Capitolo 10 – Cupra – Le streghe del noce – Le streghe e la stregoneria – Gli uomini della grandine e delle nuvole – Storie di streghe e goblin – Santi stregoni pag. 135 3 Seconda Parte Incantesimi, divinazione, talismani e cure, medicina, amuleti Capitolo 1 – La stalla del maiale – L’incantesimo dell’edera e della statua – L’incantesimo del ragno pag. 186 Capitolo 2 – Uccelli e tesori – L’incantesimo della stella cadente – L’incantesimo delle ghiande – L’incantesimo della rondine – Cure minori da Marcellus – I tre Saggi dell’Est e le medaglie delle streghe pag. 196 Capitolo 3 – L’esorcizzazione della morte – L’incantesimo della culla – Divinazione con il piombo – Divinazione per mezzo dell’olio – Piromanzia ed incenso – L’incantesimo della lampada pag. 214 Capitolo 4 – Incantesimi negativi – L’incantesimo della pietra forata e della salagrana – L’incantesimo della conchiglia e del tono della pietra – Il canto del gallo – Divinazione con le ceneri pag. 231 Capitolo 5 – L’ametista – L’incantesimo della campana – L’incantesimo della bollitura degli abiti – Stregoneria con gli anelli – Amuleti, presagi e piccole stregonerie – Piombo ed antimonio pag. 245 pa Turan, o Venere 4 Prefazione La versione originale di questo libro consta di alcune centinaia di pagine, di cui molte solo di introduzione. Abbiamo ritenuto, nell‟interesse del lettore, abbreviare l‟introduzione stessa togliendo tutte quelle ripetizioni sulla difficoltà di reperimento delle informazioni ivi contenute e notizie minori, nell‟ottica di ottenere un testo ugualmente interessante ma dando maggiore importanza alle informazioni sostanziali sulle Divinità, gli spiriti e gli incantesimi. Per quanto riguarda questi ultimi, abbiamo “tagliato” esclusivamente le parti in cui venivano descritti incantesimi cruenti, in cui si faceva scempio di vite animali, non ritenendole utilizzabili in alcun modo; si sa che a tutt‟oggi non si è purtroppo ancora sviluppata del tutto un‟ottica di rispetto verso le creature viventi non umane e che tantomeno vi era alcuna forma di rispetto per esse nei secoli e nei millenni passati. Culturalmente non riteniamo utile ricordare cose negative come se non lo fossero ed è per questo che ci siamo visti costretti ad operare questi tagli. Siamo certi che i lettori troveranno ugualmente interessante e valido questo testo e non ne sentiranno la mancanza. Come si potrà notare più volte nel corso del testo, l‟autore considerava la Romagna e la Toscana un‟unica regione all‟interno dell‟Italia. Così talvolta si trova nel testo “Toscana” e poche righe dopo, riferendosi alla stessa cosa, “Romagna”. Vi auguriamo una buona lettura!! Gli Editori 5 Introduzione Nel Nord dell‟Italia vi è una zona montagnosa conosciuta come Toscana Romagnola, i cui abitanti parlano una forma grezza di dialetto bolognese. Questi Romagnoli sono evidentemente una razza molto antica e pare abbiano conservato tradizioni ed usi quasi immutati da un periodo di tempo incredibilmente antico. Negli ultimi anni si è disquisito sulla possibile origine etrusca dei Bolognesi e pare si sia deciso che non lo sono. Nulla da dire, a questo riguardo: probabilmente loro erano lì prima degli Etruschi. Ma questi ultimi hanno in un certo periodo dominato tutta l‟Italia ed è molto probabile che abbiano lasciato in zone remote quelle tracce della loro cultura di cui parla questo libro. Il nome Romagna viene applicato a quella zona perchè un tempo essa faceva parte del dominio papale o romano. Per intenderci, la regione di cui parlo si può descrivere come quella tra Forlì e Ravenna. Tra questa gente la stregheria o stregoneria – o, come ho udito chiamarla, “la vecchia religione” – esiste ad un grado tale che molti Italiani ne rimarrebbero stupiti. Questa stregheria, o vecchia religione, è qualcosa di più della magia e qualcosa di meno di una fede. Consiste nelle rimanenze di una mitologia di spiriti, i principali dei quali conservano i nomi e gli attributi degli antichi Dei Etruschi come Tinia – o Jupiter -, Faflon – o Bacco – e Teramo (in Etrusco Turms) – o Mercurio -. Accanto ad essi continuano ad esistere, nei ricordi di pochi, le Divinità rurali Romane più antiche come Silvanus, Palus, Pan ed i Fauni. A tutti loro vengono tuttora indirizzate - o almeno conservate – le invocazioni o preghiere in grezze forme metriche e vi sono molte storie attuali a loro riguardo. Tutti questi nomi, con i loro attributi, le descrizioni di spiriti o Dei, invocazioni e leggende si trovano in quest‟opera. Strettamente unita alla credenza in queste antiche Divinità vi è la vasta massa di curiosa tradizione, che dice per esempio che vi è uno spirito in ogni elemento o cosa creata, come per esempio in ogni pianta e minerale, ed un guardiano o uno spirito guida per tutti gli animali; o, come nel caso dei bachi da seta, due: uno buono ed uno cattivo. Ed anche che i maghi e le streghe talvolta rinascono dai loro discendenti; che tutti i tipi di goblin, 6 brownies, red-cap ed esserini alti tre pollici vivono nelle foreste, nelle rocce, nelle torri in rovina, nei focolari e nelle cucine o nelle cantine, dove alternativamente fanno ammattire o deliziano le fanciulle – in breve, tutta quella compagnia pittoresca di spiriti familiari che vengono considerati con orgoglio di ascendenza nordica dagli archeologi tedeschi ma che l‟investigazione indica fossero di casa in Italia quando Roma era ancora giovane, o forse nemmeno era stata costruita. Che questa tradizione sia teutonica o italiana o di origine ariana o asiatica o, come insegna la nuova scuola, sia “cresciuta” da sé spontaneamente e sporadicamente dapperutto, non pretendo di essere io a determinarlo; è sufficiente dire che sarò soddisfatto se questa mia raccolta si dimostrerà essere di qualche valore per coloro che si pongono questa domanda. Collegata a questa credenza nei folletti, o spiriti minori, ed alle loro osservanze e tradizioni vi sono moltissime cure magiche con incantesimi appropriati, magie e cerimonie per attirare l‟amore, per eliminare ogni influenza negativa o portare certe cose a compimento; per vincere un gioco, per evocare spiriti, per assicurarsi buoni raccolti o un felice ritorno per un viaggiatore e per fare divinazione o cose malvagie in molti modi curiosi – tutte cose antiche, come dimostrato dalle allusioni degli scrittori classici che hanno conosciuto questi incantesimi. Ed io credo che in certi casi ciò che ho raccolto e scritto fornirà probabilmente molto di ciò che manca negli autori precedenti – sit verbo venia. Molti contadini nella Romagna e nella Toscana hanno familiarità con i resti di questi incantesimi, ma la loro abile ripetizione ed esecuzione è nelle mani di certe oscure streghe ed oscuri stregoni che appartengono a famiglie mistiche, in cui l‟arte occulta viene preservata di generazione in generazione con gelosa paura dei preti, della gente acculturata e di tutti coloro che diffidano di tutto ciò che non è “sulla via”, tutta quella “gente onesta”, così che non è esagerato dichiarare che i “viaggiatori” non hanno fiducia nella verità di nessun uomo, perché li hanno beccati a dire delle bugie. Come accadde a me un giorno a Bath, dove venne dichiarato in un vasto accampamento di zingari che io dovevo essere o Rumeno o di sangue rumeno, perché ero il bugiardo più grosso che avessero mai incontrato – la bugia, in questo caso, era un‟arrogante quanto vanagloriosa asserzione da parte mia in cui dicevo che, nonostante al momento fossi senza un penny, avevo a casa 24 sovrane d‟oro, 18 scellini d‟argento e due pence in bronzo. “Ed io non credo” aggiunse lo zingaro “che lui abbia sei dannati penny. Ma lui è a posto.” Così questi viaggiatori della scura strada della magia riconobbero nel portatore della Pietra Nera del Voodoo, il pupillo dell‟Indiano rosso medaolin ed il rye zingaro (ed uno che aveva anche il 7 borsellino sempre pieno di feticci in sacchettini rossi), qualcuno che era degno di fiducia, anche se non era prodigo di caffè, piccole bottiglie di rhum, sigari ed altri requisiti minori che generalmente favoriscono molto la convivialità e la reciproca comprensione nella saggezza. Tra queste sacerdotesse dell‟incantesimo nascosto una dama più anziana ha generalmente in mano alcune ragazze più giovani, che istruisce prima nell‟arte dello stregare o del colpire i nemici e poi nei procedimenti più importanti per annullare o sciogliere gli incantesimi altrui, causare amore reciproco e donare fortuna. E qui posso osservare che molti degli incantesimi descritti in questo libro vengono considerati gelosamente come segreti che, mi è stato assicurato, se uno non è in confidenza con coloro che possiedono tale tradizione, potrebbe cercarla invano. Una grande parte di essa è quasi estinta ed è in articolo mortis, vel in extremis, mentre altri dettagli sono generalmente conosciuti. Una parte molto interessante e curiosa di questo mio libro consiste in una quantità di rimedi occulti tuttora conservati tra i contadini della montagna fin dall‟antichità.
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