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Ideological Bases for the Modernization of Uzbek Folk Instruments

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ISRA (India) = 4.971 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.126 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.716 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 5.667 OAJI (USA) = 0.350 QR – Issue QR – Article SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online) Year: 2019 Issue: 12 Volume: 80 Published: 13.12.2019 http://T-Science.org Bekzod Bahrom ugli Choriyev Termez State University Master’s student The Department of “Music Education” IDEOLOGICAL BASES FOR THE MODERNIZATION OF UZBEK FOLK INSTRUMENTS Abstract: This article discusses ideological bases for the modernization uzbek folk instruments. The origin and improvement of the first musical instruments on the territory of Uzbekistan are described in detail. In addition, the activities of masters of musical instruments, their activities, and the schools that they founded were widely analyzed in this extensive research. Key words: Rubab, Nay, Chang, Gijjak, Dutar, Tanbur. Language: English Citation: Choriyev, B. B. (2019). Ideological bases for the modernization of Uzbek folk instruments. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 12 (80), 83-87. Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-12-80-17 Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2019.12.80.17 Scopus ASCC: 1210. Introduction There are 3 types of reconstructed rubabs in the Uzbek Before talking ideological bases for the Orchestra of folk instruments: prima, alto, tenor [1]. modernization of Uzbek folk instruments, we decided Musicians play rubab with the bow, holding the to give some information about national Uzbek music instrument on their laps. Solo is performed on rubab intruments. Undoubtedly, the most favorite and with the help of rubab the singing is accompanied. percussion instrument of the Uzbeks is doira. One side Variety of rubab under different names are found of the wooden rim with diameter up to fifty among various peoples of the East .According to the centimetres is covered with tight leather membrane, location and distribution of certain features of the whereas sixty metal rings are fixed on the other side. instrument there are Afghan, Dulan, Kashgar, Pamir With fingers of both hands a musician beats out a and other rubabs. The most popular are Tajik (Afghan) tattoo on the tightly stretched leather and at the same and Kashgar rubabs. time he shakes doira thus accompanying the rhythmic Rubab is a common musical instrument of the sound strikes with melodical chime of the rings. In the peoples of Central Asia. We also know that Rubab is hands of a virtuoso doira-player performing usul - a played in North Africa and, as it is not surprising, in rhythmic accompaniment of dances and singing, doira the southern provinces of Spain. In the XII century can produce tender sounds resembling rustling of the rubab was borrowed to Europe under the name wind, or loud drumming, like a spring thunder. At the “rebek”. In Turkey, there is a three-stringed rubab. parties for lack of doira the girls accompany their The Persians have an instrument similar to rubab - dancing with improvised musical instruments: a metal "rabet barbitus" [1]. plate liagan or a tray which help them produce rhythm Nay - Uzbek wind instrument. In form and sound similar to that of a doira [1]. it resembles a flute. Usually nay is made of bamboo Rubab - stringed bowed instrument of Arab tree, as well as sheet metal and brass. origin. Rubab has a convex wooden case (round or Nay is a transverse flute with six playing holes. With oval), the leather deck, 4-6 gut, silk or metal strings, fingering combinations and partial covering the holes usually tuned in fourths, and the resonating strings. the modified chromatic sounds come out. The Rubabs of 800-1000 mm length are the most common. musicians perform technically floating plays at nay. The sound is usually extracted with the mediator. Nay is one of the most popular musical instruments in Philadelphia, USA 83 ISRA (India) = 4.971 SIS (USA) = 0.912 ICV (Poland) = 6.630 ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829 РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.126 PIF (India) = 1.940 Impact Factor: GIF (Australia) = 0.564 ESJI (KZ) = 8.716 IBI (India) = 4.260 JIF = 1.500 SJIF (Morocco) = 5.667 OAJI (USA) = 0.350 Uzbekistan. Nay is used as solo, ensemble and melody of his soul with the help of just two strings! orchestral instrument [1]. The sound is characterized by warm and gentle tones. Sato (or "tanbur") - is an ancient oriental stringed Dutor is an integral part of the centuries-old musical bowed musical instrument with a pear-shaped body, culture of the Uzbek people. Folk singers perform on passing into a long neck with frets and three strings. dutors at all Uzbek festivals: wedding public holidays The body of sato is made of mulberry, pear trees, and and others [2]. the neck and head - from the nut tree. Sato can be used The first steps (experiments) to adapt Uzbek folk as a solo and ensemble instrument. instruments to the level of modern performance were Sato has a thousand-year history, and today it in the 20s and early 30s of the last century. The idea sounds as charming as a thousand years ago. In was first made by the well-known Tashkent Central Asia people began to play tanbur with a bow choreographer Shorahim Shoumarov, the Khorezm- in the IX-X centuries. At the beginning of the XX based musician Matyusuf Kharratov and the famous century sato became the history, almost nobody used musician Usta Usman Zufarov. Their main purpose it. But in 1937 a master Usman Zufarov revived the was to increase the sound of the musical instruments forgotten tradition and created the present shape of and to expand the range of the instrument (from the sato [1]. lowest to the highest) with the peculiar curtains. As we all know, national music instruments from The main results and findings ancient times were intended solely for indoors, and Uzbek national wind instrument in the form of a their timbre features were exactly that. Gradually the tube, broad at the base. Its length is about 450-550 band had to play large circles and big scenes. Existing mm. In the narrow upper part of the instrument there instruments was not meet the requirements of the time. is a small wooden pipe, which carries a thin metal tube Then the musicians realized that they needed to inside. This small metal tube is made of bamboo increase the sound of the instruments and began to plates, surrounded by a metal ring. There is a small realize their first ideas. As a result, several plate below the metal pipe, which is called sadat. experimental types of dutar, tanbur were created. Musicians firmly press their lips to the little plate [1]. Shorahim Shoumarov (1876-1958), honored artist and Double-reed of this instrument sounds only if the artist master, honored artist of Uzbekistan,was the first makes a lot of effort. Location of holes not only musician to adapt Uzbek musical instruments to the expands the range of the sound device, but also level of performance [3]. produces clearer sounds. Surnay, because of its rare At that time, he was the head coach of the Uzbek and powerful sound, became one of the main folk instruments at the Turkestan Conservatory (1919- instruments. Surnay is widely used in the ensembles 1920). Musician showed a very talented artist at the in a variety of national celebrations such as wedding conservatory. As a coach, Shorahim Shoumarov, an ceremonies, the birth of a child. The repertoire is independent positive student, appreciated the diverse, that is why surnay is widely used. Surnay is a commitment and encouraged his students in every singing instrument; it can also make a continuous way. legato. The methods used for playing on surnay Among his students there were Y.Rajabiy (flute), include melismathics and frequent forschlags with I.Ikramov (gijjak), P.Rahimov, F.Sadykov (chang), jumps and relatively wide intervals. These jumps are M.Abdullaev (tanbur), Z.Sadykov (dutor), used not only at the beginning of melodic declines but A.Maksudov (flute). Shoumarov with R. Rajabiy, also in the middle [1]. I.Ikramov worked for a long time in the ensemble of Dutor literally means "two strings". It is a popular musicians under Uzbek radio [4]. traditional two-stringed musical instrument among the During his time in the ensemble, he began a peoples of Central Asia and South Asia. Usually vigorous search for sound and vibration dutor’s length is from 1 to 2 meters with a pear-shaped improvements to instruments such as gijjak, dutar, and resonator and a highly elongated neck with a tanbur. He has put forward a lot of creative fingerboard. Dutor appeared in about XV century suggestions and initiatives to adapt the instruments to among the shepherds. At the beginning the strings for the times. During the modernization of the Uzbek folk dutor were made of animal guts. Later, thanks to the instruments in the laboratory, he made a bowl of gijjak development of trade along the Silk Road, the strings in various forms, from coconut oil, pumpkin, copper were made of twisted silk. In the producing of modern and wood. Throughout the live performance, their strings silk or nylon is also used. The body of dutor is voices were listened to, and as a result of the made of mulberry wood, and is encrusted with a bone. comparison, the bowl was found to be suitable for a Dilettantes may think that this musical wooden instrument.
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