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Geography Counterinsurgent Tipper Gore and the Encore december 16-31, 2012 tells the facts and names the names vol. 19, no. 22 Army’s geography programs, which Geography Counterinsurgent involve creating tools to collect, integrate, and analyze geospatial data By Joel Wainwright from the entire world. Some of this work ince the 1970s, the once-musty the newest arrow in the quiver isn’t a is coordinated by the Army’s “Human academic field of geography has fancy bomb; it’s human geography. The Geography Working Group,” but the enjoyed a renaissance. Global Summit’s theme was “maximizing force Army’s geography research stretches well Sclimate change, new geospatial efficiency through intelligence in the beyond the Pentagon. technologies, and the emergence of human domain.” Participants attended Consider the Bowman Expeditions, a critical form of human geography talks with titles like “Understanding a series of research projects carried out have transformed the discipline. Many the local culture and history of target by academic geographers who conduct departments have seen rapid growth populations” and “Thinking like the detailed fieldwork in various hot spots – in the number of majors and faculty natives”. The profs and GIS nerds were Colombia, Iraq, Jordan, and elsewhere. and geographical approaches to global there to teach the spies and generals how The Expeditions are designed to produce problems have attracted considerable to efficiently map the world and plan for detailed maps of local communities for attention. Recently geography has even their wars. the program’s funder: the US Army’s captured the attention of the US military. This Summit is only the latest sign Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) Consider the “Human Geography of a broader trend: the US military’s at Fort Leavenworth. When the Bowman Summit” held recently near the Pentagon. rediscovery of human geography. Of Expedition to Oaxaca in southern Generals and spies rubbed shoulders the four branches, the US Army has Mexico was revealed to be funded by with GIS geeks and staid geography been especially active and open about the FMSO, participating indigenous professors, plus the usual retinue of its investments in human geography. An communities rebelled, publishing a trio private contractors – eager as ever to unclassified US Army presentation of public denunciations of the project. sell the latest tools to the Pentagon. But provides a glimpse into some of the wainwright continued on Page 2 of the anti-rock hearings), future Music Censorship HUD Secretary Jack Kemp, soon to be Democratic vice-presidential candidate Tipper Gore and the Encore Lloyd Bentsen, past president of the American Bar Association Robert By Lee Ballinger Wallick, Merrill Lynch vice-president usic connects us. Music records, tapes, and CDs. Shortly after the Bruce Thompson, and Secretary of inspires us. Music helps us to 1985 hearings concluded, the Recording Agriculture John Block. Many other vent our anger. Music gives Industry Association of America (RIAA) luminaries attended, including a few Mus visions of a better world. As a result, agreed to put warning labels (Tipper foreign dignitaries. If the real purpose some people don’t like it. This was on stickers) on the music. was simply to raise money, these well- full display at the September 1985 Senate The hearings got tremendous heeled folks could have just sent a check. hearings on rock lyrics, which consisted publicity, which the PMRC used to help Instead it was a meeting of America’s of Al Gore and other politicians bashing construct its bully pulpit. But watching power elite, brought together to discuss music by trotting out raunchy lyrics the hearings on CSPAN doesn’t give a full the threat music posed to them. As the while three musicians—Frank Zappa, picture of what was at stake. Ramones sang on “Censorshit,” music John Denver, and Dee Snider—defended That could be seen in 1986 at a secret censorship was “just a smoke screen freedom of expression. gathering in the Maryland countryside. for the real problems, S&L deficit, the That same year, the Parents Music Billed as a “family picnic” and a “Pig homeless, the environment.” The people Resource Center (PMRC) came out of Pickin’ Barbecue,” it was also a benefit who created those problems wanted the woodwork. They were a group of for the PMRC. The “Benefit Committee” to solve a different one—the fact that Washington wives who used the clout included Marine Corps commandant music was the conscience of the world of their politician husbands to develop P.X. Kelly, Marriott vice-president and musicians were using the corporate some clout of their own. Their goal was Fred Malek, former Republican Party structure to spread their messages. music censorship, so they allied with chairman Dean Burch, Senator Al The Tipper stickers and pressure from the PTA to press for warning labels on Gore, Senator John Danforth (initiator the government and the police had an Ballinger continued P. 3 Col. 3 december 16-31, 2012 One reads: represent only a small side-project for ground.” “[The geographers] never informed the US Army and far more significant What do these initiatives amount to? us that the data they collected in our geographical projects are underway. They mark an unprecedented attempt to community would be given to the The hub for US military/intelligence integrate geographical data from various Foreign Military Study Office (FMSO) geographical research lies not in sources (open source data mining, of the Army of the United States, nor the US Army, but in the National fieldwork, satellites, and so on) to build did they inform us that this institution Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), platforms for geospatial analyses that are was one of the sources of financing an enormous, secretive organization capable of mapping people’s movements for the project. Because of this, we in the Beltway’s shadow lands: a sister across the entire planet—for potential consider that our General Assembly organization to the CIA, focused military applications. was tricked by the researchers, in order exclusively on mapping the world and David Price has published several to draw out the information the[y] producing fine-grained, real-time terrific articles inCounterPunch detailing wanted. The community did not request geographical analyses of anything the US the ‘weaponizing’ of anthropology the research[;] it was the researchers government or its military may desire. since the 1960s. Why is the military who convinced the community to The NGA’s website describes itself as ‘weaponizing’ human geography today? carry it out. Thus, the research was a “combat support agency” and the There are two broad ways to answer this not carried out due to the community’s “primary source of geospatial intelligence question. need, it was the researchers […] who […] for the Department of Defense and The first centers on geospatial designed the research method in order the US Intelligence Community.” In technology. Recent advances in to collect the type of information that a recent advertisement for geospatial satellite, surveillance, and mapping truly interested them. […] [W]e wish to analysts, the NGA asked: “Imagine being technologies have been nothing short express to the public […] our complete able to identify anything on, above, or of extraordinary. Couple this with the disagreement with the research carried ubiquity of geographical data-collection out in our community, since we were not “It’s one thing to – cellphones, video cameras, computers, properly informed of the true goals of and other components produce streams the research, the use of the information know where each of spatial data that allow everything obtained, and the sources of financing.” bomb will fall... to be located and tracked – and the When the ‘Oaxaca controversy’ possibilities for mapping people’s lives broke, many academic geographers were it’s quite anoth- around the world are revolutionized. shocked to learn about the US military’s er to know where The founder of the Bowman Expeditions, new investment in human geography geographer Jerry Dobson, once research. But the Bowman Expeditions the people are, and summarized the value of such tools: “It’s that requires GIS.” one thing to know where each bomb will fall, and GPS can tell you that. It’s quite another to know where the people are, beneath the Earth’s surface and display and that requires a GIS.” The US military that information visually to provide a EDITOR-IN-CHIEF has been at the forefront of developing meaningful foundation for decision- Jeffrey St. Clair these technologies and, together with making to ensure the safety of the world. the NGA, sees geospatial technologies MANAGING EDITOR That’s the job of the National Geospatial- as critical for success in what they Joshua Frank Intelligence Agency.” call “battlespace” (the totality of a war Apart from collecting data and environment). The soldier not only SOCIAL MEDIA EDITOR producing maps for the military and needs constant access to information Nat St. Clair State Department, the NGA is the about his battlespace; he also produces coordinating body for an extraordinary BUSINESS data through multiple sensors that project called the “World-wide Human Becky Grant feed information, all of it spatial, back Geography Data Working Group” (or Deva Wheeler to the ‘geospatial intelligence’ analysts WWHGD). Its stated purpose is to build DESIGN (‘GEOINT’). “partnerships around human geography A second answer emphasizes Tiffany Wardle data” – i.e., find ways to collect datasets geopolitics and the recent failures of the on human geography from as many Alexander Cockburn US in Iraq and Afghanistan. Thanks to sources as possible – and make that 1941- 2012 the overwhelming dominance enjoyed information “available to promote human in air power, the US military was able security”. But who will have access to all P.O. Box 228 - Petrolia, CA 95558 to quickly control airspace and, at least this data, and who will decide what form nominally, these country’s territories.
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