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Intégration De La Caractérisation De La Sévérité Du Feu Dans Les Outils D’Aménagement Écosystémique En Forêt Boréale

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Intégration De La Caractérisation De La Sévérité Du Feu Dans Les Outils D’Aménagement Écosystémique En Forêt Boréale Intégration de la caractérisation de la sévérité du feu dans les outils d’aménagement écosystémique en forêt boréale Thèse Jonathan Boucher Doctorat en Sciences forestières Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) Québec, Canada © Jonathan Boucher, 2016 Intégration de la caractérisation de la sévérité du feu dans les outils d’aménagement écosystémique en forêt boréale Thèse Jonathan Boucher Sous la direction de : Éric Bauce, directeur de recherche Christian Hébert, codirecteur de recherche Résumé Chaque année en forêt boréale, les feux génèrent de grandes quantités d’arbres morts au Québec. Considérés comme une perte de revenu potentiel pour l'économie, le gouvernement demande qu'une partie de ces arbres soit récupérée. C'est d'ailleurs une pratique connaissant une tendance à la hausse au niveau mondial. Par contre, la récupération de ce bois est régie par diverses contraintes, dont la rentabilité des opérations et le respect des normes d'aménagement forestier écosystémique (AFE) visant la conservation de la biodiversité associée aux forêts brûlées. La mise en application de l'AFE nécessite de connaître l'impact du feu sur la forêt et ce de façon spatialement explicite. Dans cette optique, nous avons d’abord évalué la sévérité du feu sur le terrain dans 60 sites d’études répartis à travers cinq brûlis. Nous avons ensuite évalué le potentiel du « differenced Normalized Burn Ratio » (dNBR), une méthode de télédétection développée par des chercheurs américains pour estimer la sévérité du feu, à offrir une représentation fidèle des conditions de terrain. Les résultats positifs de cette étape nous ont permis de considérer le dNBR pour bonifier les outils d’aménagement utilisés en forêts brûlées. Du point de vue de la rentabilité de la récupération, nous avons utilisé le dNBR pour prédire la densité des attaques de Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), qui constituent une source importante de dégradation de la qualité du bois et incidemment de sa valeur. Les connaissances acquises sur l’écologie des Monochamus spp. et les modèles établis permettent de prédire les niveaux d’attaques de ces insectes en fonction de l’essence, du diamètre des tiges et de la sévérité du feu (dNBR). Ensuite, suivant le cadre de l'AFE, nous avons cherché à identifier les forêts à haute valeur de conservation pour la biodiversité, en utilisant les coléoptères saproxyliques comme groupe indicateur, et les variables clés que sont l’essence, la dimension des arbres et la sévérité du feu (dNBR). Cela nous a permis d’identifier six groupes d’espèces écologiquement liées, desquels nous avons identifié trois groupes ayant un fort lien avec l'habitat brûlé. Puisque ces trois groupes contiennent des espèces associées aux brûlis et qu'elles sont liées à des habitats prisés par la récupération, comme le pin gris et les tiges de gros diamètres, ces espèces pourraient être négativement affectées par la récupération. Les résultats de nos travaux, grâce à l'utilisation d'un indicateur spectral de la sévérité du feu (dNBR) dans les outils d'aménagement, rendront III possible l'optimisation de la récupération après feu, tant des points de vue économique que de la conservation, et ce dans le respect de l'AFE. IV Abstract Each year in the boreal forest, wildfires generate large amounts of dead trees in Quebec. Considered a potential loss of revenue for the economy, the government asks that a part of those trees is salvaged. This is also a practice experiencing a rising trend worldwide. On the other hand, post-fire salvage logging is governed by various constraints, concerning both the profitability of operations and compliance with the standards of the forest ecosystem management (FEM) aiming at conserving the biodiversity associated with burned forests. The implementation of FEM requires knowledge on the impact that fire has on the forest in a spatially explicit manner. In this light, we first evaluated on site burn severity for 60 study sites distributed accross 5 burns. We then assessed the ability of the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR), a remote sensing method developed by US researchers to estimate burn severity, at providing an accurate representation of the terrain conditions. The positive results of this step allowed us to consider the dNBR improve management tools of burned forests. From the viewpoint of the profitability of salvage logging, we then evaluated the density of Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) attacks, which constitute an important source of quality degradation of wood and incidentally their value. The knowledge acquired on the ecology of Monochamus spp. and established models predict the levels of these insects attacks based on tree species, stem diameter and burn severity (dNBR). Thirdly, following part of the FEM, we sought to identify high conservation value stands for biodiversity, using saproxylic beetles as an indicator group, and key variables that are tree species and diameter, as well as burn severity (dNBR). This allowed us to identify six groups of ecologically related species, of which, we identified three groups having a strong association with the burned habitat. Since these three groups contain species associated to burns, that are linked to habitats often salvaged such as jack pine and large diameters, they may be adversely affected by salvage logging. The results of our work, by using a spectral index of burn severity (dNBR) in management tools, make possible the optimization of post-fire salvage logging, from both the economic and conservation points of view, in compliance with the FEM. V Table des matières Résumé ......................................................................................................................... III Abstract ......................................................................................................................... V Liste des tableaux ......................................................................................................... X Liste des figures ......................................................................................................... XII Liste des annexes ...................................................................................................... XIV Liste des abréviations et des sigles ........................................................................... XV Remerciements ......................................................................................................... XVI Avant-propos ......................................................................................................... XVIII INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE .................................................................................................... 1 I. Impacts des feux et caractérisation de la sévérité .................................................. 1 1. Terminologie reliée au feu ..................................................................................... 1 2. Caractérisation de la sévérité du feu ..................................................................... 3 3. Avantages et désavantages du « differenced normalized burn ratio » ................. 6 II. Aménagement des forêts brûlées ............................................................................ 7 1. Contexte boréal canadien ....................................................................................... 7 2. Cadre normatif de l’aménagement des forêts brûlées .......................................... 8 3. Problématiques associées à la récupération .......................................................... 8 3.1. Problématique économique .............................................................................. 8 3.2. Problématique écologique .............................................................................. 10 III. Contexte de l’étude et objectifs ........................................................................... 11 CHAPITRE I .......................................................................................................................... 17 Assessing the potential of the differenced normalized burn ratio (dNBR) for estimating burn severity in eastern Canadian boreal forests ........... 17 Résumé ......................................................................................................................... 18 Mots clés ....................................................................................................................... 18 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 19 Key words .................................................................................................................... 19 I. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 20 VI 1. Objectives ............................................................................................................... 22 II. Material & methods ............................................................................................... 23 1. Study area .............................................................................................................. 23 2. Field estimation of burn severity .......................................................................... 24 3. Remote sensing estimation of burn severity ......................................................... 25 4. Statistical analysis ................................................................................................
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