PastSearch Newsletter Issue 75: March 2019

Welcome to PastSearch Newsletter

You can find a downloadable version at www.pastsearch-archaeo-history.co.uk

Contents

February Round February Round Up Up...... 1 Jorvik Viking Festival...... 1 Snippets from Navigable This month has been mainly spent undertaking archive research and writing Rivers, Canals, and reports, however, have had one site to attend in Everingham. Railways of Great Britain...... 2 Have two sites, so far, commencing in March. Artefact Corner...... 4 Book Review...... 4 Queen Henrietta Arrived in York...... 5 This Month in History...... 7 British Monarchs ...... 8 HOSM Local History Jorvik Viking Festival Society...... 8 Picture This...... 9 Just For Fun...... 9 This year was the 35th festival and once again there were many events Dates for Your Diary...... 10 throughout the seven days, including market stalls and the procession of more Just for Fun than 250 Vikings which concluded with a battle scene at the Eye of York. Answers...... 10 There was also a firework display from Clifford’s Tower. What’s Been in the News...... 11 Adverts...... 12

The Press

1 Historical Account of Navigable River, Canals and Railways of Great Britain

ANDOVER CANAL 29 George III. Cap. 72, Royal Assent 13th July, 1789.

The Andover Canal commences at Barlowes Mill, near the town of Andover, and passing the village of Upper Clatford, proceeds to the western bank of the little to the village of Fullerton; thence, after crossing the river, it takes its direction for a short distance to the Test, which having crossed, it proceeds on the eastern bank of that river, by the village of , to the town of Stockbridge, thence by Compton House, the villages of Mitchelmersh and Timsbury, to the town of ; from which latter place, its course is parallel with the Test River, by Nutshalling to Redbridge, where it enters the tideway of the . Its length is twenty-two miles and a half, and its fall from Barlowes Mill to Redbridge is 176⅛ feet. The dues upon this canal arise chiefly from the passage of coal and other fuel from the coast, and from the export of its surplus agricultural produce.

The engineer employed was Mr. Robert Whitworth, and the act for completing the same, which received the royal assent, as state above, is entitled, ‘An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal from near the borough of Andover, in the county of Southampton, to or near Redbridge, in the parish of Millbrook, in the said county.’ The owners of this navigation are incorporated under the name of “The Company of Proprietors of the Andover Canal Navigation,” and they are empowered to raise and contribute among themselves, for the execution of the works, a sum not exceeding £35,000, in three hundred and fifty shares of £100 each, with power to raise a further sum of £300,000, if necessary, for the purpose of carrying on and finishing the work, in the following manner: - that is, by permitting the original shareholders to take additional shares to the amount of £10,000, not exceeding ten additional shares by any original subscriber, and the remaining £20,000 by mortgage on the credit of the canal rates, tolls &v., with interest, not exceeding legal interest. The management of this concern is placed in the hands of a committee of fifteen persons annually chosen from among the proprietors.

TONNAGE RATES

d. For Coal, Stione, Timber, Corn, Grain, Malt, Meal, Flour, and other Goods, Wares, 2 per Ton, per Merchandize and Commodities...... Mile. And so in proportion for any less Quantity than a Ton. Vessels not to exceed Eight Feet in Breadth, and Sixty Feet in Length, and not to draw more than three Feet Six Inches Water. No Boat or Vessel to pass a Lock without paying Rates equal to Fifteen Tons.

At the termination of the canal at RedBridge, and where the same enter the river called Southampton Water, there is a wharf and quay, with warehouses, storehouses, cranes, &c., which, at the time the act was obtained, belonged to the Rev. Sir Charles Mills, Bart.; and, as it appears he was entitles to riverage, wharfage, and storehouse room, for the use of the same, certain rates, as under, were secured to him, or his tenants, by a clause in the act, for all articles conveyed or to be conveyed on the Andover Navigation.

2 WHARFAGE RATES, PAYABLE AT REDBRIDGE

s. d. For Coals not landed, but taken out of, or put into Vessels to be 0 3 per Chaldron. conveyed on the Canal...... For all other Goods or Merchandize...... 0 1 per Ton. For Coals landed on the Wharf...... 0 6 per Chaldron. Wheat, Flour and Beans so loaded 0 3 per Ten Sacks. Oats and Malt...... 0 3 per Ten Quaters. Barley...... 0 ½ per Quarter. Timber (including the expense of drawing the same on 1 0 Per Load of 50 Feet. Shore)...... Stones, Bricks, and all other Goods landed on the Wharfe, and not 0 3 per Ton. put into the Storehouse...... For all Goods were are landed and warehoused for the space of One Month, the following Rates are allowed, (which includes the Wharfage above, together with the expense of Porterage of such Goods Wheat, Flour and Beans...... 0 6 per Quarter. Oats, Malt and Grass Seeds...... 0 3 ditto. Hogsbeads of Sugar, Tallow, Soap, Starch and 0 8 per Hogsbead. Tobacco...... Vinegar, Spirits, Beer and other Liquors...... 0 6 ditto. Butter...... 0 1 per Firkin. Larger Casks of Butter...... 0 1½ each. Hemp...... 3 0 per Ton. Paper...... 1 0 ditto. Woollen Rags and Manure...... 0 3 ditto. For all other Rags...... 1 0 ditto. And for all other Goods in the same proportion. NB. Where Cranes are required for loading and unloading, an additional charge, not exceeding Three-pence per Ton.

For putting the powers of the act into execution, one hundred and thirteen commissioners, together with the bailiff and approved men of Andover, were appointed, whose qualification was a clear annual rental of £100, or personal property to the amount of £3,000, unless he be heir apparent to a peer, or be eligible to be elected as a Knight of the Shire.

Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways of Great Britain, J. Priestley 1831

Robert Whitworth: Born at Sowerby in 1734, died at the White Lion Inn, Halifax on 30 March 1799.

Projects include: 1761 produced plans of an estate in Errington. 1765-67 produced plans for Staffordshire and Worcester Canal (Birmingham to Aldersley Junction), (Coventry to Fradley Heath), Droitwich Barge Canal and Canal. 1770 Surveyed Andover Canal 1785-91 Chief engineer for 1790-99 Engineer for Liverpool and Liverpool Canal (Gargrave to Accrington).

References used: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Whitworth https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover_Canal

3 Artefact Corner

Kompo Registered : This bottle was collected from the topsoil of a site in Hayton in 2013. It had originally contained a liquid known as Kompo. Research at the time of writing the report discovered that this product was advertised as:

“The best-known remedy for colds, influenza, sore throats etc.”

I was also claimed to treat complaints such as diarrhoea, cold feet and bad circulation.

The website used at that time has now closed. I’ve done a little further research for this article, and found it suggested that the cough remedy was manufactured by J F White of Harrogate, however, I cannot find any more about either the product or J F White at this time.

If you remember either, please let me know at

[email protected]

Book Review

York Between the Wars: ISBN: 0 948929 69 3 Photographs by Donald Gaddes Sheldon; Captions by Michael Pocock.

If you enjoy looking at old photographs of York, and seeing how the streets have changed, the former shops and transport, then this is a lovely book with a collection of photographs from the years between the two wars, taken by D. G. Sheldon and compiled in 1993 by M. Pocock.

His introduction says “ ‘York is not conscious of its beauty like so many ancient towns: it is too old and too wise and too proud to trick itself out for the admiration of tourists. That is one of the many reasons why I love it and its little country-town streets’ H. V. Morton, writing in 1926, gives the true feel of the York of these pictures. It was a country town and cathedral city, existing only for its citizens, for the folk from the surrounding villages who came to buy and sell and for the clergy of the Minster.”

In 1993, M. Pocock seems to be noting the changes for the tourist, and since then, 26 years later, the inner city seems to be less and less for the resident, and more for the tourist with the well known shops disappearing and in there place another cafes, bars or restaurants. Those living in York 100 years ago, and in these photographs would be lost today.

4 Queen Henrietta Arrived in York

The (First) English Civil War officially began 22 August 1642, although there had been a number of events prior, including Charles I setting up his court in York 19 March. The fleet declares for Parliament on 2 July, accepting the Earl of Warwick as its Admiral. Also on 10 July a Royalist raiding party approached Hull to burn down buildings outside the town walls, however, it was driven away by gunfire from the defenders. By 22 August Charles was in Nottingham and raised the royal standard at the castle.

When war broke out Queen Henrietta was at the Hague, raising money for the Royalist cause. She concentrated on raising money on the security of the royal jewels. She was also there to persuade the Prince of Orange and the King of Denmark to support Charles I.

Henrietta’s negotiations were difficult. The larger pieces of jewellery were too expensive to be sold easily, and politically risky – many buyers were deterred in case a future English Parliament attempted to Maps of territory held by Royalists and Parliamentarians (1642-45) reclaim them, arguing they had been illegally sold by Henrietta. She was however able to sell the smaller pieces, although the English press wrote of her selling off the crown jewels to foreigners to buy guns for a religious conflict, which increased her unpopularity in England.

On 2 February1643, Queen Henrietta set sail from the Hague for Yorkshire with a convoy of arms money for the King's cause.

The trip across the North Sea was not easy, with storms driving them back, however on 22 February the convoy landed at Bridlington. The following day Parliamentarian warships bombarded Bridlington.

Henrietta rested at Bridlington for a few days, then proceeded to York where she was met at Heworth Moor by the Lord Mayor, aldermen and citizens.

“The Kingdom’s Weekly Intelligencer, 14 March, recorded that ‘on Wednesday last (8 March), the queen came to York. The recorder of York, a Parliament man, made her a speech, which was plain English to her majesty; that if she did not lend herself with all her faculties to a peace, (great distractions having been is England since her departure, occasioned by the great supplies from Holland,) greater would ensue, to the prejudice (he feared) of her majesty, and hoped to the utter extirpation of idolatry.’

Letter of Queen Henrietta

The queen stayed in York for several months, and some of the letters she wrote to Charles I, and other, have survived.

This letter was written 30 March 1643:

“My dear heart,

I need not tell you from whence this bearer comes, only I will tell that the propositions which he brings you are good, but I believe that it is not yet time to put them into execution; therefore fond some means to send them back, which may not discontent them, (and do not tell who gave you this advice).

5 Sir Hugh Cholmley is come with a troop of horse to kiss my hand; the rest of his people he left at Scarborough, with a ship laden with arms, which the ships of Parliament had taken and brought thither; so she is ours. The rebels have quitted Tadcaster, upon our sending forces to Wetherby, but they are returned with twelve hundred men; we send more forces to drive them out, though those we have already at Wetherby are sufficient; but we fear lest they have all their forces thereabouts, and lest they have some design, for they have quitted Selby and Cawood, the last of which they have burnt: between this and to- morrow night, we shall know the issue of this business; and I will send you an express. I am more careful to advertise you of what we do, that you and we may find means to have passports to send; and I wonder that, upon cessation, you have not demanded that you might send in safety: this shows my love. I understand to- day from London, that they will have no cessation, and that they treat at the beginning of the first two articles, which is of the forts, ships, and ammunition, and afterwards of the disbanding of the perpetual parliament first: and certainly, the rest will be easy afterwards. I do not say this of my own head alone, for generally, both those who are for you and against you in this country, wish and end of it; and I am certain that if you do demand it at the first, in case it not be granted, Hull is yours, and all Yorkshire, which is a thing to consider of; and for my particular, if you make a peace, and disband your army, before there is an end of this perpetual parliament, I am absolutely resolved to go into France, not being willing to fall again into the hands of those people, being well assured, that if the power remain with them, that it will not be well for me in England. Remember what I have written to you in three precedent letter, and be more careful of me than you have been, or at the least dissemble it, to the end that no notice be taken of it.

Adieu, the man hastens me, so that I can say no more.”

Letter of Queen Henrietta

Queen Henrietta seems to be of the opinion that Hull supported the Royalist, the city was in fact divided, and on 2 September 1643, the Siege of Hull began. Lord Fairfax had returned to Hull, following the retreat from Beverley in August.

The Earl of Newcastle’s army began the bombardment without great success.

On 14 September, Fairfax ordered the sluices t to be opened, breaking the banks of the Humber and flooding the surrounding land to a distance of up to 2 miles.

On 22 September, Cromwell crossed the Humber form Lincolnshire with arms and ammunition, and joined Fairfax defending Hull.

On 9 October the Royalists attempted to storm the defences, however the assault failed to seize the city. A counter attack was launched two days later, which pushed back the Royalists and captured several emplacements and heavy guns.

On 12 October, Newcastle admitted defeated and withdrew to York.

References Used: http://bcw-project.org/military/english-civil-war/northern-england/yorkshire-1643 http://bcw-project.org/timelines/the-english-civil-war https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hull_(1643) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France Green, Mary Ann Everett (1857). Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria, including her Private Correspondence with Charles the First. Collected from the Public Archives and Private Libraries of France and England.

6 This Month in History (March)

Below, is at least one event for each day of this month from around the world.

Links for more information about each of these events can be found by visiting the relevant page on the PastSearch website.

You can also find out about other events which have happened in history for each day of the year.

Start your search by using this link: http://pastsearch-archaeo-history.co.uk/on-this-day/

Date Year Country Event 1 1700 Sweden Swedish Calendar introduced. 2 537 Roman Empire Siege of Rome began. 3 1875 France George Bizet’s ‘Carmen’ premiered at Opéra-Comique, Paris. 4 1890 Scotland Forth Rail Bridge opened. 5 2012 Romania Shooting at hair salon in Bucharest, 2 killed. 6 845 Byzantine Empire Execution of the 42 Martyrs of Amorium. 7 1793 Pyrenees War of the Pyrenees began (War of the First Coalition). 8 1655 America John Casor became first African to be legally recognized as a slave. 9 1841 USA US Supreme Court ruled that Captive Africans who had seized Amistad ship should be freed. 10 1922 India Mahatma Gandhi arrested. 11 1872 Wales Construction of Seven Sisters Colliery began. 12 1967 Mauritius Independence from UK. 13 1781 UK William Herschel discovered Uranus. 14 1903 USA Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge established. 15 220 China Warlord Cao Cao died. 16 1870 Russian Empire First version of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’ premiered. 17 1963 Bali Mount Agung erupted, 11,000 killed. 18 1915 YORK Train derailed at Chaloner’s Whin Junction, during snow storm. 19 1932 Australia Sydney Harbour Bridge opened. 20 1852 USA Harriet Beecher Stowe’s ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ published. 21 2006 USA Twitter founded. 22 1943 Belarus Khatyn Massacre (WWII). 23 687BC China Meteor shower observed. 1829 YORK Pre- trial hearing of Jonathan Martin at County Court. 24 1663 England/America Charles II granted Province of Carolina to 8 Lords Proprietor. 25 1199 France Richard I (of England) wounded at Battle of Chalus. 26 1830 USA Book of Mormon published. 27 1963 UK Dr. Richard Beeching issued a report for huge cuts to rail network. 28 1930 Turkey Constantinople became Istanbul and Angora became Ankara. 29 1683 Japan Yaoya Oshichi burnt at stake for arson. 30 1981 USA Attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan in Washington DC. 31 1913 Austria The Vienna Concert Society rioted at Skandalkonzert.

7 British Monarchs – John

Name: King John Born: December 24, 1166 at Beaumont Palace : Oxford Parents: Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine House of: Angevin Ascended to the throne: April 6, 1199 aged 32 years Crowned: May 27, 1199 at Westminster Abbey Married: 1) Isabella of Gloucester, (annulled 1199), (2) Isabella, Daughter of Count of Angouleme Children: Two sons including Henry III, three daughters and several illegitimate children Died: October 18, 1216 at Newark Castle, aged 49 years, 9 months, and 24 days Buried at: Worcester Reigned for: 17 years, 6 months, and 13 days Succeeded by: his son Henry III

John’s nickname was Lackland, it is thought because, beingthe youngest of Henry II's five sons, it was difficult to find a portion of his father's French possessions for him to inherit.

He was acting king from 1189 whilst his brother, Richard the Lion-Heart's was on the Third Crusade and when Richard was killed in battle in France in 1199, John became king.

Most of his reign was dominated by war with France.

What he is probably best known for though is the signing of the Magna Carta. This came about because of his ruthless taxation to fund the war in France, this caused conflict with his barons which became known beginning the Barons War. In 1215 rebel baron leaders marched on London their demands had been produced in a document (the Magna Carta). John, wanting peace, met them at Runnymede and on 15th June 1215 he agreed to their demands and sealed the Magna Carta.

The Magna Carta set limits on the powers of the king, laid out the feudal obligations of the barons, confirmed the liberties of the Church, and granted rights to all freemen of the realm and their heirs forever, being the first written constitution.

However, peace was not maintained, the Barons War continued, with the barons gaining support from Prince Louis of France and Alexander II of Scotland. John fled across, and on 18 October 1216 died of dysentery at Newark Castle.

References used: https://www.britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=john https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England

HOSM Local History Society

Meetings are held on the 3rd Monday of each month at the Social Club, next door to the Village Hall, High Street.

Start time 7.00pm 2019 Price £2.00 18 Mar – Mr Stewart & the Romanovs – Peter Rogers

15 Apr – Richard III & the Middleham Jewel – Kate Giles

8 Just For Fun Picture This

This is Colin the digging hamster, he is hiding on one of the pages in this newsletter, can you find him?

Mothers Day Word Search Knaresborough This is part of Waterside, where the cliffs of dolostone are clearly visible.

“Knarre” is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning rocky outcrop, and “burgh” meaning fortress, therefore at that time it was the “fortress on the rock”, and over the succeeding time grew to the town of today.

Where is this?

Answer in Issue 76 Answers on page 10

9 Dates for Your Diary

18 Mar HOSM Local History Society – Mr 15 Apr HOSM Local History Society – Richard III Stewart & the Romanovs – Peter & the Middleham Jewel – Kate Giles. 7pm Rogers. 7pm 19 Mar North Duffield History Society – The 16 Apr North Duffield History Society – “Alice NDCHS Archives – Mark Simpson. Through the Looking Glass” – Jackie Reid 20 Mar ERAS Lecture – Findings from the 17 Apr ERAS Lecture – Excavating Engels: 19th C Dig Ventures Elmswell Project – Chris Industrial Housing in Manchester & Casswell. Hull University, 7pm Salford – Dr. Mike Nevell. Hull University, 7pm 30 Mar Southburn Archaeological Museum – Open Day. 10am – 4pm

If you have an event you would like to include in Dates for Your Diary, please send details to Karen at [email protected]

Just For Fun Answers

Find Colin on page 8

10 What’s Been in the News

These articles were shared on Facebook during the last month. To see similar articles as they come into the news follow PastSearch on Facebook.

York Guildhall set for £16.5m overhaul Bed Used in Hotel for 15 Years Turns Out to Be Henry VII’s Marriage Bed

“ONE of York’s most historic buildings is set The Langley Collection for its first major restoration in more than 60 “An ornately carved oak bed that spent 15 years years.” in the honeymoon suite of a hotel in Chester, in the United Kingdom, had a remarkable hidden Read more at: history: Experts recently found that it is likely to https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/17420502.yo be a long-lost royal marriage bed dating to the rk-guildhall-set-for-165m- 15th century.” overhaul/?fbclid=IwAR1_nzqQ4TClq7MQ6KT WDjiu4mWKj7mF2PeC6Ef0Y8x6J4Hb5Mh2lJ Read more at: C-3bk https://www.livescience.com/64718-henry-vii- marriage- bed.html?fbclid=IwAR21KoZgobADyay4vXztS BAdGi_9ud2carhMYiwU03lsZNv3rK08lJkVA Sc

From the council leader’s loo to hidden The battle for the future of Stonehenge underground passageways – 36 amazing pix of York Guildhall

“This is the Guildhall that few have ever seen.” Jasper Rietman “Stonehenge, with the possible exception of Big Ben, is Britain’s most recognisable monument. As a symbol of the nation’s antiquity, it is our Parthenon, our pyramids although, admittedly, Read more at: – less impressive.” https://www.yorkmix.com/life/from-the-council- Read more at: leaders-loo-to-hidden-underground- https://www.theguardian.com/uk- passageways-36-amazing-pix-of-york- news/2019/feb/08/the-battle-for-the-future-of- guildhall/?fbclid=IwAR3N6dIn3YiS2G_G6cyb stonehenge?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other&fbclid 9BejtPhQ7RyUB8IsVTVerGfCgMbtJxOcTLV =IwAR3AS_B__wG5YonhxXdgmqgmphDdm- MLzU c3oI3Uqb2hkfOIRwedDvymy4qYASk

11 Visit the PastSearch Website

Have you visited the PastSearch Website? Here you will find information on the archaeological services, talks and workshops available from PastSearch.

There are also reports, newsletters and other pdf files to download for free.

Go to http://pastsearch-archaeo-history.co.uk/ Or access on mobile phone by scanning

Follow PastSearch on Facebook and Twitter

https://www.facebook.com/PastSearch- 109488651355/

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12 Archaeological Services

http://pastsearch-archaeo-history.co.uk/archaeological-services/

PastSearch offers archaeological services including Heritage Statements, Written Scheme of Investigations, Watching Briefs and Evaluations, working in the North Yorkshire and East Riding.

With 30 years of local knowledge, PastSearch aims to provide a reliable and flexible service regarding small and medium sized projects, including private and commercial developments. We also aim to keep costs to the client at a reasonable rate whilst maintaining professional standards.

CAD Illustration service also available.

For more information please email: [email protected] or ring Karen on 07811 877 469.

13 Presentations, Workshops and Walking Tours

http://pastsearch-archaeo-history.co.uk/illustrated-talks/

There are currently 39 illustrated talks available which can be booked by groups and societies, and the list keeps growing!!

Workshops are also available and can be adapted to suit your group’s needs.

Alternatively if your group would like to explore areas of York on foot, tours can also be individually created.

For more information please email: [email protected] or ring Karen on 07811 877 469.

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