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Special Bulletin A^^;^^ ifm^, %^D*^(^i»i(*t^'^: !;u>^*«*»?.j^g^«^ ^^^' ^f^r&^l ^ Qihuh^"^ f <^i*^M*i ;^p>'*,^' #*^»» S^sik^^M^"^ cemi \% ccc r?< CC C<^<^ C/<" < ( c cc € t €L< C Ccf Vfi c^rcrc ^^crx c r*f rf^ '1-'^ if tf ^' 4<3s ^ * fc< jrt ii% 4 C c?r fr c c ^ Jl "4r' t CC^iL tccr €f((C4fii cTiC .y cv< 5rpiii4 fed «i5*C t?^C <?C< ' tC^^( C(K.:Cfe CfCr € f CWC e <r 41:^ iT V rA € • i ^<* 4»iC<a 41 ^' ^«rTer .'• «^^ 4ii/ r4f jaK4i 11. ^^^< V <«45i:4HlM 'fer^ '. -#' ''< 1 <_^K r 43^y 41 ^ CCVVV r ±f-S «.^/ Yin 4 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SPECIAL BULLETIN. AMEEICAN HTDROIDS FA-RT III. THE CAMPANULAKID^ AND THE BONNEVIELLIDJE, WITH TWENTY-SEVEN PLATES. CHARLES CLEVELAND NUTTING, PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOaY, STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPPICE. 1915 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Issued April 10, 1915. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. During the 10 years which have elapsed since the publication of Part II of this work, in 1904, a number of new workers have arisen in the field of marine zoology and not a few of these have produced valuable works on the H5^droida and described many new species of Cam- panularidse. It remains true, however, that no one has attempted to give a comprehensive account of American forms, although the west coast of North America has been the recipient of special attention by several able writers, such as Harry Beal Torrey and Charles McLean Fraser. The east coast of North America has received but scant attention, and the South American hydroid fauna has been exploited almost exclusively by European writers, particularly Dr. Clemens Hartlaub and Dr. Elof Jaderholm. To both of these writers the author is indebted for specimens and literature. Here, as in the case of Part II, comparatively few new species have been described, and the rather imposing array of 82 species of Campanularidee is more the result of carefully con- sulting the literature of the subject both in America and abroad, and in obtaining material illustrating the forms therein described, than of the discovery of new species. In the extensive bibliographic work involved, the author gratefully acknowledges courte- sies by many private correspondents, and by the Librarians of the Congressional Library; the John Crerar Library in Chicago; the Field Columbian Museum, Chicago; the Harper Memorial Library, Chicago; and the Chicago Public Library. In addition to the help rendered by the above-mentioned friends and institutions, I take pleasure in acknowledging the assistance of the following: The directors of the British Museum (Natural History) for portions of some of the type specimens of Campanularidse collected by the Challenger; the United States Bureau of Fish and Fisheries, for permission to include descriptions of new Campanularidje found in their collections; Prof. Maurice Bedot, of Geneva; Mr. W. M. Bale, of Kew, Victoria; Dr. Armand Billard, Paris; Dr. Hjalmar Broch, Trondhjem, Norway; Mr. E. T. Browne, University Col- lege, London; Prof. Sydney J. Hickson, Manchester, England; Mr. Paul E. Kramp, Copenhagen; Mr. A. Kiihn, Freiburg; Prof. G. M. E. Levinsen, Copenhagen; Mr. James Ritchie, Edinburgh; Mr. B. Saemundsson, Reykjavik, Iceland; Dr. E. Stechow, Munich. I take pleasure also in expressing my obligation to the following American colleagues, who have generously aided me in the matter of literature or specimens, often both: Prof. Gary N. Calkins, Dr. C. M. Fraser, Dr. Charles W. Hargitt, Dr. A. G. Mayer, Dr. Harry Beal Torrey, and Prof. A. E. Verrill. ^ AMERICAN HYDROIDS. SEOTIOlSr III.-THE OAlVEPANULAliir)^: AND BONNEVIELLID^E. MORPHOLOGY OF THE CAMPANTJLARID^E. - This family seems to be more unspecialized, on the whole, than cither of the other families, Plumularidse and Sertularidse, thus far treated in this work, having neither the highly special- ized phylactogonia and other gonosomal structures of the former nor, in many cases, the fixed sporosacs of the latter. If these sporosacs are really degraded medusae, as claimed by Weis- mann,' they are more specialized than the medusae that characterize many of the Campanu- laridse and are hence evidence of the higher zoological rank of the Sertularidse. The members of the family Campanularidse have engaged the attention and elicited the admiration of lovers of nature ever since the microscope revealed the elegant hydro thecae, like fairy goblets, that characterize the group. John Ellis, in his "Essay towards a Natural History of Coralhnes" (1745), describes several species and his drawings show their char- acteristic features with rare fideUty. If we imagine minute crystalline chalices, crenated or plain round the margin and mounted on slender pedicels, twisted spirally or delicately ringed, which are all united and bound to the body on which they grow by the finest network of tubes, we have the form which the polypary assumes in one section of this exquisite group. In another the species are arborescent and sometimes of considerable size, their tree-like tufts presenting the most lovely shapes, the branches laden with the hyaline ealycles (variously formed and adorned) and with the vase-like capsules, and the whole structure exhibiting an indescribable delicacy of texture and gracefidness of habit. McCrady^ mentions but three colonial forms that belong to the family Campanularidae as here used, but describes five medusae belonging to his ' 'group" Campanulariidae. One of these, EpentJiesis foUeata, is probably the medusa of his hydroid Clytia noliformis. Mayer *' says that the hydroid of another, Eucheilota ventricularis, is a Campanularia. The hydroid of the two species of Eutima is a Cam.panopsis, and Phortis gihhosa has a hydroid form that can not be regarded as belonging to the Campanularidae as used in this work. Louis Agassiz ^ was the fu'st American naturalist to give extended description and illustra- tion to the colonial forms of the Campanularidae. No more careful and accurate descriptions have ever been made of these forms than are found in this work, where the following species are described with the attention to detail so characteristic of the older Agassiz : Clytia poferium { = Orthopyxis caliculata of the present work), Clytia hicophora, Clytia cylindrica, Laomedea amphora ( = Campanularia amphora) , Ohelia commissuralis, and Eucope diaphana ( = Ohelia geniculata). The figures illustrating these species in detail are by H. J. Clark and Sonrel, and these figures have not, in the opinion of the writer, been surpassed in beauty and fidelity to nature by any of the very numerous illustrations that have appeared during the half century ' Die Entstehung der Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen, 1883, p. 185. 2 Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 137. ' Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor, 1858, pp. 92-95. * Medusse of the World, vol. 2, 1910, p. 282. « Cent. Nat. Hist.U. S., vol. 4, 1862, pp. 297-325. pis. 28, 31, .and 33. 2 AMEBICAN HYDROIDS. that has elapsed since the pubUcatioii of Agassiz's monumental work. Nothing at all com- parable with this work has been produced by any subsequent American writer on the Campan- ularidis, considered from the standpoint of the colonial fixed forms rather than from that of the medusae. Alexander Agassiz/ in his "North American Acalephse," adds but Uttle to our knowledge of the morphology of this group, and most of the work done by subsequent writers in this country has been in the way of faunal lists and systematic discussions. An excejition to this statement should, however, be made in the case of Dr. A. G. Mayer's beautiful monograph of the Medusas of the World,^ in which are a number of excellent descriptions and figures of medusa of Ameri- can hydroids belonging to the Campanularidse, although that author places them in the family "Eucopiidaj," which contains several medusas whose hydroidj forms would not go into the Campanularidse as used in this work. A number of beautifully colored figures, both of medusae and hydroid forms, are found in this work. Many important treatises on the morphology of the Hydroida, including descriptions of species now known to occur in American waters, have been produced by European naturaUsts. Among the earher writers to discuss morphological details was P. J. van Beneden,'' who pub- lished some excellent descriptions and drawings giving details of structure of both trophosome and gonosome, including free medusee, of several well known campanularians. He seems to have been among the first to clearly demonstrate the connection between the medusae and hydroid colonies of this group. The earliest recognition of this connection that I have found, however, is given by Johnston,* who describes how Mr. Peach, in 1842, demonstrated the connection between the medusae and colonial forms of Ohelia dichotoma and of a Campanularia which appears to have been Olytia johnstoni. While Hincks ^ gives an excellent general account of the gross morphology of the Campanu- laridae, the first comprehensive and detailed description must be accredited to Alhnan," who discusses many points of interest concerning the Campanularidas, including the true nature of the sex buds of the medusae of Olytia johnstoni, the homology of the medusa and hydranth, details of the gonangia and gonophores of several species of Campanularia, Ohelia, and Gono- ihyrasa, the development of ova and spermatozoa in Oampanularia Jlexuosa, the development of the hydranth and blastostyle in the same species, a masterly description of alternation of generation, and a study of the hthocysts of Olytia johnstoni and Ohelia geniculata. Haeckel's splendid monograph "Des Systemes derMedusen," 1880, contains brief descrip- tions of a few medusae belonging to the genus Ohelia, and descriptions and figures of Eucope campanulata and Olytia johnstoni. Thallwitz^ worked out with great care the origin of the spermatozoa in Oampanularia jlezuosa, and Weismann * describes and figures the origin of the ova in Gonothyrsea loveni.
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